ANNALS OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE, vol. 9, no.2, 2011 ИЗВЕСТИЯ АГРАРНОЙ НАУКИ, Том 9, Ном. 2, 2011
HISTORY OF SCIENCE ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ
200 YEARS DDEPARTMENTEPARTMENT OF FOREST SCIENCES IN THARANDT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURE CONSERVATION IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH
Peter A. Schmidt Dresden University of Technology, Department of Forest Sciences 7 Pienner str., Tharandt, 01737 Germany; [email protected] dresden.de Received: 02.09.10; accepted: 22.11.10
Starting with the history of the Royal Saxon Forest Academy in Tharandt since 1811 the development of the present Department of Forest Sciences of the Dresden University of Technology is shortly outlined. Special attention is drawn to the field of nature conservation in teaching and research from the beginning in the 19 th century up to selected activities of the present time. Currently many institutes teach environmental subjects and carry out investigations in environmental management and nature conservation. The Professorship of Land Improvement and Nature Conservation is in the focus of the paper, because several projects were performed in the Caucasus Region.
ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FOREST SCIENCES The Department of Forest Sciences in Tharandt belongs to the Dresden University of Technology, Faculty of Forest, Geo and Hydro Sciences. Beside the Forest Technical Academy St. Petersburg (Russia) it is the oldest institution for academic teaching in forestry worldwide. In 2011 the Department of Forest Sciences is celebrating the 200 anniversary, i.e. 200 years of academic education and research in Tharandt. The program is following the motto “200 Years Ideas for the Future” and includes scientific conferences as well as other highlights during the whole year.
The today’s Department of Forest Sciences was founded in 1811 as a private forest college by the famous forester Heinrich Cotta (1763 1844), often called one of the “Fathers of Forest Sciences”. Cotta was since 1809 the director of the Saxon Forest Surveying Establishment. He was permitted to continue his private forestry teaching institute which was founded in 1786 in Thuringia. Financial difficulties because of the liberation wars endangered the further existence of his institute. Since the Saxon state was interested in qualified forest specialists, it was transferred into state authority. The Royal Saxon Forest Academy (Koeniglich Saechsische Forstakademie Tharandt) was founded in 1816. Cotta was appointed as the director and held this office until his death in 1844. At first the study lasted two years, and since 1830 three years were required for the higher careers in forest services. The curriculum comprised lectures on mathematics and natural sciences, silviculture, forest management planning, forest protection, forest utilization and wildlife management, but also exercises, practical instructions in the forest and field trips.
In 1830 an agricultural department was founded, and the institution was called Royal Saxon Academy for Foresters and Agriculturists, but only up to 1869, when this department was transferred to the Leipzig University. In 1904 the Royal Saxon Forest Academy was awarded the status of a Forest College (Forstliche Hochschule Tharandt) with the right for postdoctoral lecturing qualifications (habilitation). In 1929 it became a department of the Dresden College of Technology (Technische Hochschule Dresden), but with a certain independence being kept on. Only in 1941 it became one of the faculties, the Faculty of Forestry. Already since the 19 th century Tharandt has attracted foreign students (1479 from 1816 to 1945, not only from other German countries, but from all over the world (Europe, Japan, China, India), among them one student of Georgia (1920 1923 Nikolay Pirzchalaischwili from Kutaisi).
Many outstanding personalities and scientists taught and worked in Tharandt, only some of them can be mentioned here. In the the 19 th century besides H. Cotta (taught the main subjects of forestry) the professors K.L. Krutzsch (general nature sciences), A.E. Rossmaessler and M. Willkomm (zoology and botany), J.A. Stoeckhardt (agrochemistry, research in effects of air pollution on forests), M.R. Pressler (mathematics, developed soil rent theory and measuring instruments for mensuration of trees and stands, e. g. the increment borer, called in may languages Pressler borer), J.F. Judeich (forest management planning) and F. Nobbe (botany, development of seed control in Germany, first seed testing station of the world) shall be mentioned. In the first half of the 20 th century among others the professors H.H. Vater (founder of forest site ecology), K. Rubner (silviculture, in a book of him and F. Reinhold the forest regions of Europe are described, among them the Caucasus Region, [1]), F.W. Neger and E. Münch (botany, research in plant pathology and physiology), F. Heske (forest management planning, founded the Institute of Foreign and Colonial Forestry, which was transferred in 1940 from Tharandt to Hamburg), R. Hugershoff (mathematics and surveying sciences, founder of the forest photogrammetry) and H. Prell (zoology, introduced the regular pest registration service in forest protection) went down in the annals of Tharandt history.
After the 2 nd World War the professors H. Prell, H.F. Sachsse (soil science) and H. Wienhaus (phytochemistry) as well as the two representatives of the Soviet Military Administration Dashkevich and Malinovski (educated foresters and well acquainted with the Tharandt tradition) prevented the intended disintegration of the Forest Faculty. In 1946 the faculty was reopened as one of the first three faculties of the Dresden College of Technology. Since 1961 foreigners again were educated at the Forest Faculty. The Dresden College in 1961 was conferred upon the status of a university (Dresden University of Technology) with nine faculties, one of them the Faculty of Forestry in Tharandt. In 1968 the faculty was transformed into the Department of Forestry, which was allocated to the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Water Management and Forestry. The political turn in 1989 and the following time, but also the increasing significance of the environmental topics in education and research caused changes in the structure of the faculties of the Dresden University [2,3].
The Faculty of Forest, Geo and Hydro Sciences as a complex faculty of environmental sciences was founded in 1994. At present the new Department of Forest Sciences of this faculty comprises nine institutes with the Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection having been founded only in 1992: Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Institute of Soil Science and Site Ecology (Soil Science and Soil Protection, Site Ecology and Plant Nutrition), Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry (Phytochemistry and Pulp Technology), Institute of Forest Economics and Forest Management Planning (incl. Forest Policy and Forest Resources Economics), Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences (Forest Growth and Forest Mensuration, Forest Biometrics and Forest Systems Analysis). Institute of Forest Utilization and Forest Technology, Institute of International Forestry and Forest Products (Tropical Forestry, Forestry and Forest Products of Eastern Europe), Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection (incl. Wildlife Ecology and Management), Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection (General Ecology, Land Improvement and Nature Conservation).
A new lecture and laboratory building (“Judeich Bau”), was inaugurated in 2000. In 2002 during a catastrophic flooding in the valley of the river Wilde Weisseritz where the campus is situated, a considerable part of the infrastructure was destroyed. After that a modern building (“Rossmaessler Bau”) for the library (State and University Library Dresden, Tharandt branch) and canteen was constructed and other buildings (“Cotta Bau”, “Stoeckhardt Bau”) were renovated and modernized.
In 2011 the Tharandt Botanic Garden and Arboretum also is celebrating 200 years of academic education and research. A Forest Botanical Garden was founded in 1811 by H. Cotta and J.A. Reum. It is the oldest among the arboreta affiliated with Forest institutions worldwide. Because of its comprehensive stock of woody plants (about 3000 taxa and cultivars) the Botanic Garden and Arboretum is of basic significance for teaching (study courses Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture, Spatial Planning and Natural Resources Management etc.), research (e.g. botany, site ecology, climate tolerance, growth behaviour, pathology, species protection), public education (among others since 1997 a special Environmental Interpretation Programme for children and young people) and recreation. In the geographic quarters of Caucasus plants species as Fagus orientalis, Picea orientalis, Abies nordmanniana, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Rhododendron caucasicum, R. ponticum, R. smirnowii, R. luteum or Buxus colchica are cultivated. The Tharandt Botanic Garden and Arboretum is member of Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).
Over the about 200 years of its changeful history the forest sciences at Tharandt have gained worldwide reputation. Also today, sustained efforts are needed to secure and to further develop the ”academic place Tharandt” with its high level educational and research standing. The introduction of several bachelor (BSc) and master (MSc) programs in forest and wood sciences as well as in environment management widened the educational profile in the last two decades. Besides teaching in forest science courses the institutes at Tharandt are also involved in other study programs at the Dresden University, e.g. geography, biology, landscape architecture, and water resources management. Furthermore, there is a significant contribution in the interdisciplinary master course “Spatial Development and Natural Resources Management”. The Tharandt Campus of Forest Sciences has continued to be a place of international exchange. Hence, there are vital cooperation’s in the frame of research projects and scientific networks. Furthermore, the Department of Forest Sciences participates in major international programs for the exchange students within Europe (notably via Erasmus Mundus) and numerous overseas countries (e.g. supported by DAAD scholarships). The Institute of International Forestry and Forest Products has been handling the two year MSc course “Tropical Forestry and Management” since 1995. With its working language English the course provides complex knowledge of forestry in tropical and subtropical regions. It aims at the education of executives with the qualification for the development of scientifically based, innovative and sustainable management concepts directed to natural forests, forest plantations, agroforestry systems and urban green spaces, the control of their implementation and monitoring. Since 2006 the Erasmus Mundus program (SUTROFOR) is integrated in "Tropical Forestry and Management" which has been awarded as one of the top ten master courses 2008 at German universities [4,5].
NATURE CONSERVATION IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH In Germany environmental problems arose already in the 18 th century because of overuse of forests and degradation of soils and in the 19 th century, the century of industrialization. The Royal Saxon Forest Academy played an important role for the forest surveying, the reforestation and afforestation management at the beginning of the 19 th century. The establishment of spruce and pine stands were forced. The idea of sustainability, which was born by H. von Carlowitz 1713 in Saxony because of need of wood for mining and iron works already in the 18 th century [6], was implemented now in the forest sciences and the forestry, but that time focussed on timber production, not yet involving other forest ecosystem services as protection and recreation functions. But H. Cotta already was thinking about land improvement, too.
The German term “Naturschutz” for nature conservation was created only in 1888, but first protected areas (not yet called Nature Reserves) were established in Germany already in the 1830 th , preventing them from further destruction. The dedication of protected areas in the 19 th century mostly considered beauty and characteristic features of a landscape. Already at the beginning of this century the famous German natural scientist Alexander von Humboldt for the first time used the term “natural monument”, not only for remarkable trees, but also for mountains or other parts of a landscape. It should be mentioned, that Humboldt in 1830 visited H. Cotta in Tharandt. C.H.E. von Berg, who succeeded Cotta as the director of the Forest Academy published in 1853 an overview of trees of extraordinary beauty, size or shape of the Saxon State forests in the yearbook of the Forest Academy [7], which was not only of interest from scientific viewpoint, but should also be seen as the basis for their protection. In 1866 investigations and since 1871 publications started about the influences of air pollution on the forest vegetation, which became one of the main foci of the research in Tharandt up to the end of the 20 th century [8,9].
At the beginning of the 20 th century a progress in development of homeland and nature conservation in several states of Germany can be observed, mostly called “natural monument management”. Beautiful or characteristic features of landscape and nature, valuable biotopes and species were protected, although not yet regulated by nature conservation laws. Among the professors in Tharandt who supported this development in Saxony, F. von Mammen (1905 lectureship, 1909 1911 professorship of economics and forest policy) shall be mentioned. He published about homeland protection in the forests and management of forest beauty and gave lectures about nature conservation areas [10,11].
In 1935 for the first time a special Nature Conservation Law was adopted for the whole Germany. This new development in the field of nature conservation had also an effect on the education process in Tharandt. A. von Vietinghoff Riesch, who was in 1936 appointed as an Ass. Professor of Forest Sciences, gave first lectures in nature conservation for the students of forestry. After the 2 nd World War and in the first years of German Democratic Republic (GDR) the professors A. Mueller (responsible for many teaching subjects) and J. Blanckmeister (forest management and silviculture) taught among others nature conservation. In 1953 in the GDR the development of a scientifically based system of protected areas started. The typical forest communities of the country should be represented in the protected area system. Blanckmeister was actively involved in this work for forest nature reserves in Saxony. But he and his predecessor A. Heger (professorship of silviculture) in the 1950 th also supported an ecologically oriented silviculture (care of stock, mixed forests, site adapted trees, diversity of spatial structure, uneven aged stands), which integrates targets of nature conservation in the forest management [3,12].
The year 1968 was a milestone in the field of nature conservation at the Forest Faculty. At the Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection a Chair for Land Improvement and Nature Conservation was established, the first chair of this profile in Germany. M. Schretzenmayr (since 1953 lectureship, since 1960 professorship of forest vegetation sciences) was appointed as the chair holder. Subjects of this but also of other professorships included a broad spectrum of environmental protection. It was the time of increasing international activities and developments in environmental sciences and management. A new law of environmental protection (including nature conservation) was adopted 1970 in the GDR. Already in 1973 H. Thomasius (director of the Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection) edited a book about woodland, environment and society with contributions of many scientists of the Forest Faculty [13]. Since the 1980 th fundamental research started in ecologically oriented silviculture with the aim of conversion of pure spruce and pine stands into near natural mixed forests, a joint target of sustainable forestry and nature conservation [12,14,15].
Since 1977 the Dresden University of Technology carried out UNEP/UNESCO postgraduate courses on environmental protection for developing countries. First course directors and many lecturers were professors of the Department of Forest Sciences. Thanks to the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety these courses could be continued after reunification of Germany. Since the 1990 th the UNEP/UNESCO/BMU International Training Programme on Environmental Sciences for Developing and Emerging Countries is funded by this ministry (BMU) and organised by the Centre for International Postgraduate Studies of Environmental Management (CIPSEM) in Dresden. The commissioner of the program, F. Makeschin (professorship of Soil Science and Soil Protection), and several lecturers of the courses are professors of the Department of Forest Sciences. CIPSEM offers every year one main course on integrated environmental management and short courses on specific topics (e. g. water or soil management, biodiversity conservation, land use management). As many as 1669 participants from 132 countries (Oct. 2010) have attended these courses. Among the participants from all over the world, there are 36 from the South Caucasus Region, among them 21 from Georgia.
At present sustainable use of natural (wood and non wood forest) resources and sustainable development of forests (including all forest functions or ecosystem services), integrated land use management, trees and forests in a changing world, conservation of biodiversity are integral topics in research and teaching of all institutes of the Department of Forest Sciences. Some chairs are especially involved in nature conservation projects, e.g. protected area management, wildlife protection, species protection, ecologically oriented forest management, ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation.
But special focus shall be drawn on the Chair of Land Improvement and Nature Conservation (1989 2010 professorship author of this paper). Research and teaching subjects include topics of nature conservation in Eastern Europe and especially in the Caucasus Region. The close cooperation with Prof. T. Urushadze (Georgian State Agricultural University) shall be emphasized. He as the editor in chief of the Annals of Agrarian Sciences invited the author also to act as member of the editorial board of this international journal, founded in 2003 by the Armenian Agricultural Academy and the Georgian State Agrarian University.
TOPICS OF MAJOR RESEARCH PROGRAMS OF THE PROFESSORSHIP OF LAND IMPROVEMENT AND NATURE CINSERVATION
Since 1995 the research covered a broad spectrum of topics, e. g. Plant biodiversity, nature conservation evaluation of forest ecosystems (degree of naturalness, structural and species diversity, threatened species) and guidelines for ecologically oriented management of forests, Vegetation and nature conservation in floodplains, floodplain and mountain forests, population ecology of target species of mountain meadows, Guidelines for nature conservation, Redlisting and protection of woody plant species, Planning and management of protected areas, evaluation of their management effectiveness, Nominations of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Ukraine), desktop reviews of nominations for IUCN, Potential natural vegetation (mapping, interpretation), contribution of forestry to biotope networking, Short rotation plantations from the viewpoint of nature conservation, Ecology and management of invasive woody plant species.
The professorship was involved in the management of or acted as partner in development and research projects in Germany, Georgia, Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, e. g.: Effects of land use and silviculture on biodiversity, Integration of nature conservation targets in forest management, Development and improvement of protected area systems, evaluation and management of protected areas (National Parks, Biosphere Reserves, Nature Reserves, World Heritage Sites), Description, mapping and/ or evaluation of actual and potential natural vegetation, Documentation and protection of threatened plant species, Short rotation plantations as alternative sources for energy use etc.
Project research was also carried out in the Caucasus Region or in cooperation with Caucasian partners, e.g. Planning and preparation of a National Park Program for Georgia (in cooperation with WWF and Prof. M. Succow, Greifswald University), Research project “The contribution of Georgia to a Global Nature Conservation Strategy” in cooperation with University of Marburg (Prof. Plachter) and Georgian partners, coordinated by Prof. T. Urushadze, Georgian State Agricultural University, Nomination of World Heritage Sites/Natural Sites of UNESCO “Western Caucasus” (Russian Federation) and “Hyrcanian Forest” (Azerbaijan), preparing of nominations for sites in Armenia and Georgia (in cooperation with Ministries of the Caucasian states, Scientific institutions, NGO’s, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Bonn, NABU), About 10 Workshops of UNESCO, IUCN, FFI (in cooperation with UNEP and Global Tree Specialist Group), Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Bonn and Agricultural University Tbilisi in Tbilisi, Batumi, Majkop, Leipzig, Berlin and at the International Academy of Nature Conservation Isle Vilm with partners of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russia about Landscape Planning, Protected Area Development, Biosphere Reserves, World Heritage Sites and Tree Red Listing for the Caucasus Region, Surveys and assessment of potentially threatened endemic Pyrus species in the South Caucasus Region, or Biodiversity and Botanical Gardens, Study tours und field trips in cooperation with Caucasian partners (Prof. Urushadze, Agricultural University Tbilisi) for students of forestry of Dresden University of Technology and the German Dendrology Society.
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUTHOR ABOUT TOPICS IN THE CAUCASUS REGION OR IN CAUCASIAN JOIURNALS (IN CRRONOLOGICAL ORDER)
Schmidt, P.A. Protection of Rare and Threatened Woody Species by Cultivation in Botanical Gardens – a Contribution to the Conservation of Dendroflora Diversity as Genetic Resources. In: Abstracts VIII Dendrological Congress Tbilisi, 1982, p. 178. Schmidt, P.A. Nature Reserves in the Caucasus: The system of zapovedniks in Georgia – Contribution to the conservation of the Caucasian flora. Jahrb. Verein zum Schutz der Bergwelt 56, 1991, pp. 205 217 (in German). Kovalev, V., Schmidt, P.A., Kovaleva, N., Butorin, A. The territory of the World Heritage Site “Western Caucasus”. Izv. ZSI Gos. Techn. Inst. Majkop 2, 1999, pp. 1 20 (in Russian). Schmidt, P.A. et al. Forestry. In: Akatov, V. et al. (eds.): Adygea. Sustainable development of a mountainous region of the Caucasus. “NABU & Gruene Liga“, Berlin, 1999 (in German). Schmidt, P.A., Wendel, D., Mapping the Potential Natural Vegetation of the Free State of Saxony (Federal Republic of Germany). In: State Agrarian University Tbilisi (ed.): Problems of Agrarian Sciences 19, 2002, pp. 8 13. Schmidt, P.A. Trees and shrubs of the Caucasus Region. Part 1: Introduction and Gymnospermae. Part 2 6: Deciduous trees and shrubs. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 87, 2002, pp. 59 81 (part 1: Introduction and Gymnospermae ); 88, 2003, pp. 77 100 (part 2: Aceraceae to Cornaceae ); 89, 2004, pp. 49 71 (part 3: Ebenaceae to Frankeniaceae ); 90, 2005, pp. 25 43 (part 4: Globulariaceae to Punicaceae ); 91, 2006, pp. 21 56 (part 5: Ranunculaceae to Rutaceae ); 92, 2007, pp. 21 48 (part 6: Salicaceae to Zygophyllaceae ) (in German). Plachter, H., Schmidt, P.A.; Glaser, T., May, A., Urushadze, T., Kilias, K. The Contribution of Georgia (Caucasus) to a Global Nature Conservation Strategy. University Marburg & Dresden University of Technology, 2003 (CD). Schmidt, P.A. Ecologically oriented management and protection of forests. Annals of Agrarian Science 2, 2003, pp. 89 95. Schmidt, P.A. The Diversity, Phytogeography and Ecology of Spruces (Picea Pinaceae) in Eurasia. Acta Horticulturae 615, 2003, pp. 189 201. Liesebach, M., Schmidt, P.A. An „International Forest“, planted in Georgia with donation of DDG members. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 88, 2003, pp. 213 216 (in German). Schmidt, P.A. Biodiversity and Nature Conservation in the Caucasus. In: Gamerith, W. et al. (eds.): Alpenwelt – Gebirgswelten. Inseln, Brücken, Grenzen. Deutscher Geographentag Bern 2003. Tagungsber. u. wiss. Abh. 54, 2004, pp. 331 340 (in German). Schmidt, P.A. Oaks and Oak Forests in Caucasia. Journal of International Oak Society 15, 2004, pp. 9 29 and Annals of Agrarian Science 3, 2004, pp. 111 123. Schmidt, P.A. Biological diversity and its conservation in the Caucasus Region. In: Erdmann, K. H., Bork, H. R. (eds.): Zukunftsfaktor Natur – Blickpunkt Berge und Gebirge. „Bundesamt für Naturschutz“, Bonn, 2005, pp. 159 177 (in German). Schmidt, P.A. Nature Conservation in Caucasia. In: Konold, W., Boecker, R., Hampicke, U. (eds.). Handbuch Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege. 15. ErgLfg. 4/05. „ecomed“, Landsberg, 2005, pp. 1 26 (in German). Schmidt, P.A., Denner, M. Influence of forest conversion of spruce (Picea abies) plantations into site adapted forest stands on the ground vegetation. Annals of Agrarian Science 4, 1, 2006, pp. 133 139. Schmidt, P.A. Workshop “Surveys and status assessment of potentially threatened Pyrus species in the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia). Annals of Agrarian Science 5, 3, 2007, pp. 131 133. Schmidt, P.A. The Caucasus Region: a global Biodiversity Hotspot. In: Glaser, R., Kremb, K. (eds.). Asia. “Wiss. Buchges.”, Darmstadt, 2007, pp. 43 53 (in German). Schmidt, P.A. World Heritage Sites in the context of sustainable development. In: Natural World Heritage in Russia. 10 years of Russian German collaboration. Sborn. mater. mezhdunar. konf. Irkutsk 2006, Moscow, 2007, pp. 28 37 (in Russian), pp. 89 97.
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200 ЛЕТ ДЕПАРТАМЕНТУ ЛЕСНЫХ НАУК В ТАРАНДТЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ ПРИРОДООХРАННЫХ ПРОБЛЕМ В ОБУЧЕНИИ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ
Петер А. Шмидт
В связи с 200 ой годовщиной департамента статья описывает развитие исследований от частной (Генрих Кота, 1811 1816) и Королевской Саксонской Лесой Академии (1816) до нынешнего департамента лесных наук. Этот департамент с его девятью институтами, Ботаническим Садом и Арборетумом принадлежит факультету леса, гео и гидро наук Дрезденского Технологического Университета. В статье упомянуты некоторые известные ученые лесоводы. Хотя исследования в области проблем охраны окружающей среды были начаты уже во второй половине ХIХ столетия, активизация деятельности по охране природы отмечается только с начала ХХ столетия. Основное внимание в статье уделено проектам, связанным с Кавказским регионом. Результаты этих исследований были опубликованы и в настоящем журнале