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Multi-Level Governance and European Regional Policy

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Multi-Level Governance and European Regional Policy • • The case of post-Devolution Wales Frankie Asare-Donkoh School of European Studies, Cardiff University Ph.D. March 2010 UMI Number: U584489 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584489 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Multi-Level Governance and European Regional Policy: The case of post-Devolution Wales ❖ Frankie Asare-Donkoh March 2010 A thesis submitted to the School of European Studies, Cardiff University, Cardiff in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed: STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. Signed:...C^»?fY r|pr^^^,^ >. ............................ STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Date:. STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations Signed:..C3S^^A«^^^............... Date:..Vs!*..ftA&^....«&l0 STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Graduate Development Committee. Date:. IO* « W 2 p i ° Wales at a glance T . .. , . ~ , - The Welsh Flag The Welsh Coat of arms 6 Motto: Cymru "Wales Forever" Wales in the U.K. (camel) Wales in Europe (camel & orange) Source: Author’s compilation from different sources including i A n glesey Cornel Heed H oly Island \S\ ' Rhnr*}'* Co*rnarfono Caernarfon I 1* 1 Abvrdori ’A b r-io d i Bardsey I # WALES (MoHwyd*.^ Cardigan Bay Abtrysfwylh^ Uanrtyi Ab«’0«-or - oLlandrindod. W tlls is. thW*.t i Cryrry^ Hereford Ca'aoy i Swansea Aforimoul w'OBarry e I W esfo^ Sup«r-Mare ' .ftadiisd* B-oirdon ’5^L--au.f,S<C^ •w ,!r e r Source: http://www.map-of-uk.co.uk/maps/wales.ipg ii Dedication I owe a lot o f gratitude to my wife, Sweet Vida, for being such a great companion, counsellor, supporter and a wonderful wife, whose encouragement and extraordinary support have pushed me through the entire course resulting in this thesis. My children equally deserve my thanks for their sacrifices and diverse support and encouragement. Therefore, Franklin, Frederick, Felix, Franklina, and Immanuel, I say a big thank you to you all for being such wondeiful and helpful children. To Vladimir and My Little Flower, Florecita, you were very much a constant distraction when I needed some quiet to write this thesis, but I must say that I enjoyed such distractions as sometimes they enabled me to rethink my thoughts. Your continued presence around me during the writing o f this thesis reassured me o f your support. I love you all dearly for that. I therefore dedicate this thesis to Vida and the children for their unbearable sacrifices and support. List of Tables ... List of Figures... Acknowledgements ..................................... Abstract ........................................................... Chapter One: Research Focus .......................... Introduction ................................................ Wales: A region, state or nation? ... Hypothesis ..................................... Methodology ................................................ Conclusion ...................... ............. .............. Chapter Two: The Governance Debates ............ Introduction Governance or Government? ................................. The Contrasting Governance Theories The State-Centric/Intergovemmental Model... The Neo-Functionalist Model The Multi-Level Governance Model... The Ensuing Debate The position of Central Government... Conclusion ... Chapter Three: Wales in the Governance of the UK Introduction Devolution: What is it? ... ........ ............. Pre-Devolution Wales ... ........ ......................... Wales and the United Kingdom ... ........ .............. The Government of Wales ... ........ ......................... Conclusion Chapter Four: EU Policy Framework Introduction Framing the Regional Policy ... ......... ............. Cohesion Policy (2000-2006) ....... .......................... Convergence Policy (2007-2013) ...................... Committee of the Regions... Conclusion... Chapter Five: Structural Funding in the United Kingdom 130 Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130 Funding Programmes .................................................... ... 131 Structural Funding in Wales ................................................ 134 Convergence Programmes for Wales ..................................... 148 Role of Local Government ... ... ... ... ... ... 151 Welsh European Funding Office ... ... ... ... ... 159 Conclusion .................................................................................. 165 Chapter Six: Case Study: EU Funded Projects in Three Welsh County Council Areas ... ... 167 Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 167 Carmarthenshire County C ouncil ........................................ ... 168 Caerphilly County Borough Council ... ... ... ... 173 Cardiff County Council .................................................... ... 181 Management, Monitoring and Evaluation of Projects .............. 188 Conclusion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 189 Chapter Seven: The Common Agricultural Policy ... ... 195 Introduction ..................................................................... 195 What is the Common Agricultural Policy? ... ... ... 196 Policy Implementation ........................................................... 205 The Rural Development Plan ... 211 Defra and CAP Implementation ... ... ... ... ... 212 CAP and post-Devolution W ales ............................................... 216 Conclusion ................................................................................. 224 Chapter Eight: Multi-Level Bargaining 227 Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 227 Bargaining and Territorial Relations ... ... ... ... 227 Cohesion Policy as a Bargaining Tool ... ... ... 232 Who Decides: Cardiff, London or Brussels? .......................... 240 Conclusion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 242 Chapter Nine: Conclusions .......................................................... 244 Bibliography .......................................................................................269 Appendixes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 295 List of Interviewees ... ... ... ... ... ... 295 Interview Questions/Questionnaire for County Council Interviewees ... ... ... ... ... ... 297 Samples of Approved Projects for Carmarthenshire Council [2000-2006] ... ... ... ... ... ... 299 Samples of Approved EU-funded Projects for Cardiff Council [2000-2006] ... ... ... ... ... 301 v Samples of Approved EU-funded Projects for Caerphilly County Council [2000-2006] ... 304 Anticipated Impact of some Projects in the Caerphilly County Council ... 306 The Electoral Divisions of Carmarthenshire Council ... 309 Electoral Wards of Cardiff County Council ... ... 311 Comparison of key differences in the Richard Commission and die Government of Wales Act 2006 ... 313 vi List of Tables Tables Page Table 3.1 - The 1979 Wales Referendum R esu lts ............ 72 Table 3.2 - The Results of the 1999 and 2003 Welsh Elections 78 Table 3 :3 - The Results of the 2003 and 2007 Welsh Assembly Elections ... ... ... .. 84 Table 3.4 - The Results of the 2003 and 2007 Scottish Parliamentary Elections .................................... 85 Table 4.1 - Breakdown of Community Aid to the Member-states - 2004-2006 ... ... ... 114 Table 4.2 - Regions eligible for Convergence Objective ... 118 Table 4.3 - Indicative allocation by member-states -2007-2013 121 Table 4.4 - Regions eligible for the Convergence Objective Transitional Support System (Phasing-out) ... 122 Table 5.1 - Objective 1 Financial Allocations ... ... 132 Table 5.2 - Objective 2 Financial Allocations ... ... 132 Table 5.3 - 1974 Welsh Counties and their Districts ... 152 Table 6.1 - The Political Makeup of Carmarthenshire Council 169 Table 6.2 - The Political Makeup of Cardiff County Council 183 Table 7.1 - A historical perspective on Agriculture in Europe 206 List of Figures Figure Page Fig. 4.1 - Allocation by Objective [2007-2013] ... ... 120 Fig. 4.2 - 2007-2013 Convergence Policy Area ... ... 124 Fig. 5.1 - Structural Funds in the United Kingdom [2000-2006] 135 Fig. 5.2 - Structural Fund Areas in East and West Wales [2000-2006] 138 Fig. 5.3 - 2000-2006 Programme Area in Wales ... ... 143 Fig. 5.4 - 2007-2013 Convergence Programme in Wales ... 150 Fig. 5.5 - The 22 Unitary Authorities of Wales ... ... 154 Fig. 6.1 - Carmarthenshire County Council... ... ... 169 Fig. 6.2 - Caerphilly County Borough Council ... ... 174
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