Les Marx Brothers Ont La Parole Du Même Auteur

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Les Marx Brothers Ont La Parole Du Même Auteur Les Marx Brothers ont la parole Du même auteur Le Dessin animé après Walt Disney Pauvert, 1961 L'Érotique du surréalisme Pauvert, 1965 Le Taureau irlandais Filipacchi, 1974 Les Dingues du nonsense Balland, 1977 Seuil, coll. « Point-Virgule », 1986 Alain Resnais, arpenteur de l'imaginaire Stock, 1981 Le Regard de Buster Keaton Herscher, 1985 Woody Allen au-delà du langage Herscher, 1985 John Huston, la grande ombre de l'aventure Lherminier, 1985 Le Rire des surréalistes La Bougie du Sapeur, 1988 Le Mystère Tex Avery Seuil, coll. «Point-Virgule», 1988 Bonjour Monsieur Lewis Seuil, coll. «Point-Virgule», 1989 A PARAÎTRE La Contagion de W. C. Fields Seuil, coll. « Point-Virgule », 1992 Les Marx Brothers ont la parole par Robert Benayoun Une antifamille Feu les Marx Brothers ? Vous voulez rire ? (Pré- cisément, vous voulez rire.) Dirait-on feu Shakes- peare, feu Freud, feu Antonin Artaud? Sous prétexte que le 22 juin 1977 Julius Marx dit Grou- cho, a, pourrait-on dire, changé de domicile, der- nier membre connu d'une progéniture assez brouillonne à prendre ses quartiers d'éternité dans le pays où l'on ne vieillit plus, nous n'allons pas ici emprunter le langage dodelinant de la nécro, ni entamer une oraison qui les eût fait en d'autres temps mourir de rire Non, l'imparfait n'est pas le mode qui convient pour parler de ces êtres parfaits, modèles de l'improbable ou de l'irrésistible, du hors mesure. Ils ne demeurent pas, comme dit le cliché, pré- sents parmi nous, mais présents contre nous, Guitry dirait : tout contre. Chers ennemis défini- tifs de tout ce qui n'est pas eux-mêmes («Quoi que vous nommiez, je suis contre ! » disait Grou- cho), à la limite ennemis d'eux-mêmes : tout ne 1. En vérité Zeppo a survécu jusqu'en 1979. Mais il ne faisait plus partie du team depuis 1933. les opposait-il pas, au début rituel de chacun de leurs films, les uns aux autres ? Et d'abord ennemis de l'esprit de famille, eux dont la vie réelle fut au possible familiale, on le verra. Au point qu'ils représentent un peu une exemplaire moquerie des liens de parenté, un archétype de l'antifamille, une manière consan- guine de se renier de concert, en un ensemble dis- cordant. Qu'on ne s'y méprenne pas, les Marx, contrai- rement à bien des frères du show business, étaient vraiment des frères. Ils en tiraient à l'occasion quelque fierté. Groucho, dans sa fameuse lettre aux frères Warner, leur écrivait : « Professionnel- lement, nous étions frères bien avant vous ! » Seu- lement voilà, ces compères collatéraux à la complicité inébranlable, jamais prise en défaut, n'interprétèrent pratiquement jamais des frères à l'écran, pas plus les Frères Corses que les Kara- mazov. Leur degré de parenté n'apparaît pas sur leurs états civils de fiction (voir tableau, p. 15). Mieux encore, leur origine ethnique est d'emblée différente : Groucho est, comme son père, un dandy judéo-allemand qui se dissimule derrière des patronymes ronflants foncièrement inauthen- tiques, Chico est une fois pour toutes un Italien, quant à Harpo, objet externe à la mimique espé- ranto, il est sans nationalité, réduit au sobriquet. Leur costume les oppose, du frac aux nippes, leur langage les sépare, de l'épigramme au baragouin. Ils s'ignorent, se côtoient et finalement se présen- tent les uns aux autres, comme d'Artagnan appro- che les Mousquetaires après les avoir provoqués. Présentation des personnages : des escrocs complémen- taires. Publicité de la MGM (coll. Raymond Borde). Sur l'écran, ils ne sont apparemment pas du même monde. Groucho, un intellectuel qui fré- quente le gratin, a peu de chose en commun avec les traîne-savates Chico et Harpo, même si son élégance est de pure façade et si ses titres universitaires sont usurpés. Leur origine sociale présumée les dresse l'un contre l'autre : l'un, par choix plus que par vocation, se range parmi les exploiteurs, les autres parmi les prolétaires. Tous appartiennent en fait à différentes catégo- ries du parasitisme que suscite le monde capita- liste, des tricheurs aux cartes et chapardeurs jusqu'aux escrocs de la haute finance et aux poli- ticards. Des frères contradictoires donc, des frères incompatibles, dissemblables, antinomiques, divergents. Ils ne songent qu'à s'exploiter, à se rouler, à se voler mutuellement. Mais des frères vibrationnels qui se titillent jusqu'à la conni- vence : ils ne s'allient que pour victimiser les autres. Alors ils scellent un pacte collectif pour piller, détruire et ridiculiser l'ennemi du mo- ment. Ils improvisent un programme commun de l'arnaque et de la reductio ad absurdum. Leur inadéquation foncière les unit, car leur anarchie individuelle se nourrit de la destruction d'autrui. Leur contrat social, c'est la propagation de la folie en terrain d'ordre. Le reste est affaire d'embrayage, de rôdage, d'habitudes acquises, d'accommodements pris. «Vous aimez votre frère ? — Non, mais je me suis habitué à lui. » (Go West). LIENS DE PARENTÉ (absence de) Dans toute l'œuvre des Marx, deux liens exceptionnels de parenté entre eux : le professeur Wagstaff est le père de Frank Wagstaff; Rusty Panello est le frère de Joseph Panello. Minnie Ce paradoxe créateur très remarquable : une famille unie qui se renie elle-même pendant qua- rante années, résulte peut-être d'un complexe d'Œdipe majeur, résolu artistiquement dans une immense métaphore à contre-emploi. Qui, en effet, inventa les Marx Brothers, après les avoir mis au monde, sinon Mme Minnie Marx, mère possessive envahissante et admirable, née Shoenberg ? (Elle ne lâcha ce nom célèbre que pour en adopter un autre, plus célèbre). Cette beauté allemande, née à Dornum, fille d'un ventriloque prestidigitateur (qui réparait aussi les horloges et les parapluies) et d'une joueuse de harpe dont le frère Al débitait sur scènes des plaisanteries énormes, était une enfant de la balle. Sur toutes les routes d'Allemagne, cette famille de saltimbanques avait formé une troupe homogène, Minnie chantant pour accompagner les manipulations de son père pendant que sa mère égrenait les notes de l'instrument qui allait rendre illustre l'un des leurs. A l'âge de quinze ans, Minnie Schoenberg, fuyant l'antisémitisme déjà patent de son pays natal, débarque en Amérique et croit faire un mariage bourgeois loin du spectacle, un mariage de confection puisque engagée dans une fabrique de chapeaux de paille elle épouse un tailleur. Simon Marx, un Alsacien pimpant qui se prenait pour Adolphe Menjou, la moustache coquine, le gilet conquérant, les guêtres friponnes, était tiraillé entre son ascendance allemande et ses ins- tincts français de bon viveur : on l'appelait Fren- chie. Devenu Sam Marx pour l'euphonie, il se fait à New York une réputation de tailleur calamiteux, qui coïncide fâcheusement avec un refrain popu- laire de l'époque : Sam, y ou made the pants too long. A cette nuance près que les pantalons cou- pés par Sam, lorsqu'ils n'étaient pas trop longs, étaient beaucoup trop courts, ou simplement dissymétriques : une jambe courte, l'autre lon- gue. On reconnaissait dans la rue les clients in- fortunés de Sam l'inapte. Et peut-être cette inaptitude fatale, définitive du père Marx (excel- lent cuisinier, par contre), fit que le destin aiguilla de nouveau Minnie Marx vers son domaine pri- vilégié : le show business. Car comment élever les six, puis les cinq fils (un premier-né, Manfred, s'empressa de céder la place aux autres, sans doute par esprit de sacrifice) que Minnie avait mis au monde, avec une clientèle aussi incertaine, car échaudée, que l'était celle de Sam ? Avant peu, maman Marx se mit à penser à ses fils Léonard, Adolph, Julius, Milton, Herbert en termes de casting. Son oncle Al Shoenberg, devenu Al Shean pour l'euphonie, et dont elle s'était faite brièvement l'imprésario, venait de débuter dans le music-hall P où il devait créer un numéro fameux de duettis- tes, Shean et Gallagher («Positivement Mr Gal- lagher ? Absolument Mister Shean ! »). Avec son aide, Minnie décida d'insuffler à sa petite troupe le génie du spectacle. Dans l'atmosphère à la Dic- kens des bas-fonds miséreux de Manhattan, où tout emploi, depuis celui de garçon boucher, de mitron, de groom d'hôtel ou de livreur (et ils les tinrent tous) était une bénédiction pour la petite tribu de tire-patins de la 93e rue Est, quartier juif enserré entre l'irlandais et l'allemand, Minnie savait que les planches seraient le seul salut. Les Marx étaient trop pauvres pour se payer un piano. Minnie persuada une voisine de leur prêter le sien et de donner chaque jour des leçons de pratique à l'aîné Léonard. Pour le second, Adolph, elle déterra dans un grenier la vieille harpe ramenée d'Allemagne par sa maman. Il en apprit tout seul le maniement sans savoir lire une seule note de musique. Elle poussa le troisième, Julius, le plus intelligent, vers une carrière de chanteur qu'une mue trop précoce vint vite anéantir, et elle encouragea son toupet monstre et ce sens de la répartie qui allait en faire un humoriste de haut poil. Sa foi en leur éventuel succès sur les planches était telle qu'après avoir en vain bravé, supplié, cajolé tous les agents et les imprésarios de la ville, elle décida de devenir agent elle-même, et de vendre ses fils au grand public. Elle choisit, encore pour l'euphonie, le nom de Minnie Palmer (on remarque que l'euphonie était une obsession chez ces émigrés de fraîche date qui voulaient désespérément se démarquer de leur quartier) et se fit imprimer une affiche qui la représentait tout sourire dehors, devant un récep- teur de téléphone.
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