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WA Coastal & Marine Characterising Scotland's Marine Archaeological Resource Ref: 76930.04 January 2012 CHARACTERISING SCOTLAND’S MARINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE Prepared by: WA Coastal & Marine 7/9 North St David St Edinburgh EH2 1AW For: Historic Scotland Longmore House Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 1SH Ref: 76930.04 January 2012 © Wessex Archaeology Ltd, 2012 WA Coastal & Marine is a part of Wessex Archaeology Ltd, a company limited by guarantee registered in England, company number 1712772 and VAT number 631943833. It is also a Charity registered in England and Wales, number 287786; and in Scotland, Scottish Charity number SC042630. CHARACTERISING SCOTLAND’S MARINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE Ref.: 76930.04 CHARACTERISING SCOTLAND’S MARINE Title: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE Main Report Author(s): Dr Stephen Lancaster Managed by: Dr Jonathan Benjamin Origination date: July 2011 Date of last revision: January 2012 Version: 76930.04 Status: Final Draft Summary of changes: Associated reports: 76930.01, 76930.02, 76930.03 Wessex Archaeology QA: Dr Antony Firth, Dr Jonathan Benjamin Client Approval: Mr Philip Robertson Historic Scotland Characterising Scotland’s Marine Archaeological Resource WA Ref.: 76930.04 Acknowledgements This report was commissioned by Historic Scotland. Wessex Archaeology would like to thank Philip Robertson for his assistance during the compilation of this report. Data was provided from the National Monument Record of Scotland by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Bob Mowat of the RCAHMS in particular provided invaluable assistance, and additional help was provided by Dr Alex Hale also of RCAHMS. Dr Colin Martin and Dr Paula Martin provided valuable insights into the issues surrounding marine archaeological assets in Scotland. Dr Nigel Melton provided information on the stone axe found in the dredging of Lerwick Bay. Stephen Lancaster carried out the analysis and compiled this report. Graham Scott provided the benefit of his considerable experience in dealing with shipwreck records. Kitty Brandon prepared the illustrations and the project was managed for Wessex Archaeology by Jonathan Benjamin. Quality Assurance was conducted by Antony Firth. Data Usage and Copyright Details of sites were obtained from the National Monuments Record of Scotland. The information supplied is © RCAHMS. Maps reproduced in the Figures have been reproduced from the Ordnance Survey with permission of the controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown copyright. Wessex Archaeology, Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 6EB. Licence Number: 100020449. This product has been derived, in part, from Crown Copyright Material with the permission of the UK Hydrographic Office and the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (www.ukho.gov.uk). The exact limits of the UK Continental Shelf are set out in orders made under section 1(7) of the Continental Shelf Act 1964 (© Crown Copyright). UK Limits provided by UKHO Law of the Sea Division (© Crown Copyright). All rights reserved. (Wessex Archaeology Licence Number 820/020220/11) NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION. WARNING: The UK Hydrographic Office has not verified the information within this product and does not accept liability for the accuracy of reproduction or any modifications made thereafter. i Historic Scotland Characterising Scotland’s Marine Archaeological Resource WA Ref.: 76930.04 CHARACTERISING SCOTLAND’S MARINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE Ref.: 76930.04 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................1 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................2 1.3 SCOPE OF REPORT ...........................................................................................................3 1.4 STUDY AREA ....................................................................................................................3 2 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................4 2.1 DATA SOURCES.................................................................................................................4 2.2 DATA FIELDS.....................................................................................................................5 2.3 DATA QUALITY ..................................................................................................................6 2.4 ANALYSIS .........................................................................................................................8 3 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................9 3.1 NATIONAL PATTERNS: SHIPWRECKS ..................................................................................9 3.2 NATIONAL PATTERNS: INFRASTRUCTURE .........................................................................10 3.3 NATIONAL PATTERNS: SPOT FINDS...................................................................................10 3.4 NATIONAL PATTERNS: AIRCRAFT WRECKS .......................................................................11 3.5 NATIONAL PATTERNS: SUBMERGED PREHISTORIC LANDSCAPES .......................................11 3.6 NATIONAL PATTERNS: NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC VESSELS ...................................11 3.7 REGIONAL PATTERNS: EAST SCOTLAND...........................................................................13 3.8 REGIONAL PATTERNS: NORTH SCOTLAND ........................................................................17 3.9 REGIONAL PATTERNS: SOUTHWEST SCOTLAND ................................................................23 3.10 REGIONAL PATTERNS: WEST SCOTLAND ..........................................................................27 3.11 NATIONAL THEMES: SHIPBUILDING...................................................................................31 3.12 NATIONAL THEMES: FISHERIES ........................................................................................33 3.13 NATIONAL THEMES: TRADE..............................................................................................34 3.14 NATIONAL THEMES: MIGRATION .......................................................................................36 3.15 NATIONAL THEMES: NAVAL ACTIVITY ...............................................................................37 4 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................39 4.1 DATA QUALITY................................................................................................................39 4.2 THE MARINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE .....................................................................41 5 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................43 ii Historic Scotland Characterising Scotland’s Marine Archaeological Resource WA Ref.: 76930.04 CHARACTERISING SCOTLAND’S MARINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Historic Scotland (HS) has sought to use resources available under the provisions of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 in a more wide ranging manner than before. In particular to address a need to better understand the nature of Scotland’s marine archaeological heritage, with respect to managing and protecting that heritage. This includes many elements not previously examined under the marine archaeological services contract. 1.1.2 Previously the emphasis for management and protection of the resource has centred on specific statutorily designated shipwrecks. There has been a change of emphasis stemming from a recognition of the potential richness of Scotland’s marine archaeological heritage (HS/BEFS 2009). 1.1.3 There is now an awareness of the variety of that resource. The purely marine archaeological resource can be broadly categorised as consisting of four main elements: x Shipwrecks; x Marine infrastructure; x Aircraft wrecks; x Submerged prehistoric landscapes. The existence of spot-finds of material potentially associated with any of these elements should also be noted. The presence of a number of types of archaeological asset, including a large onshore coastal archaeological heritage, for example onshore lighthouses, but also vessels on inland waterways and the prehistoric and early historic log boats known in Scotland, that relate to the marine archaeological heritage is noted: the characterisation of these resources falls outside of the remit of this project. 1.1.4 The advent of statutory marine planning in Scotland through the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 and Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 provides an opportunity to encourage sustainable economic growth for the coasts and seas around Scotland while affording protection to the full scope of the nationally important marine archaeological resource. A series of data enhancement projects have been commissioned in response to these changes: in England these have included the Assessing Boats and Ships Project (Wessex Archaeology 2011a). 1.1.5 As part of this overall process the Scottish Government has issued Scotland’s Marine Atlas. The cultural heritage section of the atlas is based on the ABP Mer report Review of the Economic and Environmental