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Section 2: Region Description

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Section 2: Region Description Section 2: Region Description This section provides a detailed description of the Tahoe-Sierra Region, including socio- economic conditions, geography, climate, land use, ecological resources, surface and groundwater resources and infrastructure, water demand and supply, water quality, and climate change vulnerabilities. The description is intended to comply with the Regional Description IRWM Plan standard as detailed in the IRWM Guidelines for Proposition 84 and 1E published by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) in November 2012. 2.1 Region Overview The Region is a mountainous area on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada mountain range that ranges from about 5,000 feet to almost 11,000 feet in elevation and encompasses 802,600 acres. It extends from the crest of the Sierra Nevada east to the Nevada border, and from the border between Alpine and Mono Counties in the south to north of Stampede Reservoir in Sierra County (Figure 2-1). The Region consists of the Truckee River system, which includes the Upper Truckee River, the California portion of Lake Tahoe, streams draining to Lake Tahoe within California, the Little Truckee River, and the Truckee River in California; and the East and West Forks of the Upper Carson River in California. Surface water flows in both river systems drain into Nevada, and Lake Tahoe straddles the border between California and Nevada. As an east slope area, water users downstream of the Region are in Nevada. The majority of the Region, approximately 80%, is open space including both public and private lands (DWR 2010). Within the Region, approximately 68% of the land area is publicly managed for recreation and/or forest, 10% is the California portion of the surface of Lake Tahoe, and 6% is urban, rural, or planned development. Approximately 1% of the land area of the Region is dedicated to agriculture with the remaining 15% as other open space. (BLM 2011) The majority of the population within the Region lives in the City of South Lake Tahoe, the Town of Truckee, and unincorporated communities on the west and north shore of Lake Tahoe. Communities in the Region are economically dependent on tourism and recreation related to the natural resources of the area including mountain terrain, forests, rivers, and lakes. This also means that in many parts of the Region there are significant fluctuations in population seasonally, weekly, and even daily. 2.2 Early Region History Between 2 million and 500,000 years ago, glacial activity formed Lake Tahoe. Other physical features of the Region, such as the outlet from Lake Tahoe and the present day Truckee River and the Carson River systems, were formed later between 75,000 to 10,000 years ago. (State of Nevada, 2013) The Region has been inhabited for at least 6,000 years by the Washoe peoples. The center of the Wašiw (Washoe) world is Da.aw (Lake Tahoe) both geographically and spiritually. The Washoe are believed to have generally spent the summer in the Sierra Nevada with the Kings Beach Complex of Washoe emerging around 500 AD in Lake Tahoe and the northern Sierra Nevada. (Pritzker 2000) There is evidence of the Martis complex of people (near Martis Valley) who may have overlapped with the Kings Beach people, both of which were Washoe. (d’Azevedo 1986) Tahoe-Sierra IRWM Plan, DRAFT Final June 2014 Page 2-1 Section 2 – Region Description \\sac2\job\2012\1270036.00_STPUD Tahoe Sierra IRWMP\09-Reports\9.09-Reports\_Sections\draft_final_\source_docs\_02 Tahoe-Sierra IRWMP_Region Description_draft_final-06-14.docx THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK Page 2-2 Tahoe-Sierra IRWM Plan, DRAFT Final June 2014 Section 2 – Region Description \\sac2\job\2012\1270036.00_STPUD Tahoe Sierra IRWMP\09-Reports\9.09-Reports\_Sections\draft_final_\source_docs\_02 Tahoe-Sierra IRWMP_Region Description_draft_final-06-14.docx Path: \\Irv3\GIS\Projects\TahoeSierraIRWMP\Events\F 2-1 Regional Jurisdictions.mxd Del Norte SUSANVILLE 49 Washoe Tribes's Babbit Siskiyou Modoc 89 Peak Tribal Parcel FEATHER Shasta Humboldt Trinity Redding Lassen RIVER N e v a d a T C a l i f o r n i a Sierra County ruck iver Verdi-Sierra Pines e e R Reno Tehama T-S IRWM LITTLE Region Plumas YUBA TRUCKEE r Butte e Mendocino Glenn Sierra RIVER iv RIVER Reno Middl R Stampede Nevada e Colusa Carson e Truckee e k Reservoir Lake Placer City Y c South Lake Tahoe Gardnerville u u Independence b r Yolo El Dorado a T Sonoma el Lake Napa R t Sacramento Alpine C N t e i i a v l v L a e i f Solano o d r r a Boca n Tuolumne San i a Reservoir Francisco Stockton Mono Prosser Floriston Oakland TRUCKEE Alameda Modesto RIVER Creek San Jose Mariposa Santa Madera Reservoir Clara Merced Fresno 0 5025 Truckee San Fresno Monterey Benito Donner Lake Village Miles Tulare Nevada County Donner Sources: Esri, USGS, NOAA Lake Carson River 267 Elevation (ft) -249 - 0 Carnelian Kings Beach k A r Tahoe For merican Riv e Washoe Tribes's Olympic Bay 1 - 4,000 North T Vista Valley Tribal Parcel r u c Olympic Valley k 4,001 - 4,500 e e 28 Alpine Meadows R 4,501 - 5,000 i ver Tahoe City Carson 5,001 - 5,500 City Placer County Lake 5,501 - 6,500 Tahoe r 6,501 - 7,000 e iv R Homewood n 7,001 - 7,500 a ic r Tahoma e m 7,501 - 8,000 A rk r o e 8,001 - 8,500 F iv Middle R n o > 8,500 c LAKE i b u TAHOE R 89 AMERICAN Gardnerville RIVER South Lake Tahoe r Fallen e v Leaf Lake 50 i R e e WEST FORK k c CARSON Lake u Tr RIVER r Aloha e p p U Mud Lake Mesa Vista 50 Washoe Tribe's Washoe Tribe's 89 Sacramento Allotments k Woodfords Community For C h Fo t arson t r s Sou rk A ive R ve r merican R S e i Alpine il ve W r F Village o rk A m e r r ive ic R El Dorado County an r E e R k l iv Markleeville a e s Topaz a r Caples t Fo Lake W Lake rk st C e No a W r r th s Fo N e v a d a rk C o C a l i f o r n i a os n umn es River 89 88 R Upper i v Blue Lake er er Riv ar EAST FORK er e ddle iv B CARSON Mi Fork s R Cosumn e RIVER Alpine County Amador County WEST 4 WALKER RIVER 207 ok M elum er rk ne Riv Fo Nort h MIDDLE SIERRA Calaveras County STANISLAUS C r l idd ive RIVER a M le m er R r F ork Mokelu ne Riv us k la Mono County is F So n o uth F a r ork M t k 26 okelu S Fork m k dle St n r Mid an e o Tuolumne County isla 108 R F u 395 ive h s Rive UPPER r UPPER rt r o 108 108 CALAVERAS CALAVERAS N Legend Kennedy/Jenks Consultants Tahoe-Sierra IRWMP Tahoe-Sierra IRWM Boundary Washoe Tribe's Woodfords Community Washoe Tribe - Other Parcels California Counties City Regional Location Lahontan Regional Board boundary Places 0 3 6 K/J 1270036.00 Watersheds Miles June 2014 Figure 2-1 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK The Region was first found by non-native explorers associated with the Fremont Expedition in 1844 with initial discovery of Grover Hot Springs and Markleeville in the Carson River drainage. The first viewing of Lake Tahoe by Fremont from Red Lake Peak occurred on 14 February 1844. A separate exploration party found Donner Lake and six members of this party, including Daniel Murphy, first stood on the shores of Lake Tahoe later in 1844. (State of Nevada 2013) 2.3 History of Water Management The history of water management in the Region is contentious; filled with litigation and fighting over water rights between California and Nevada water users, Pyramid Lake Paiute, conservationists, farmers, and industrialists. Some significant projects such as the construction of dams on Lake Tahoe; at Boca, Prosser, and Stampede on the Truckee River; and decisions that have affected the Region are described briefly below. 1850 California Statehood: Established current state boundaries and adoption of “California Doctrine” with respect to administration of a “common law doctrine of riparian water rights”, which provoked many controversies and legal battles. 1851 Naming of Lake Bigler: Named by State of California organized Indian expedition; confirmed by California legislature in 1870; renamed by Legislature in 1945 to Lake Tahoe. 1859 Discovery of Comstock Lode Silver Deposit: The resulting population influx accelerated the Region’s demand for water and lumber. Diversions of water from Lake Tahoe and the Carson River to build flumes to float logs east to the Washoe Valley for the logging and mining industries in Nevada. Sawdust clogged the Carson and Truckee Rivers and began an era of environmental degradation in Nevada. Negative impacts continue today with mercury discharges from silver ore processing. Early 1860s Settlement of Truckee Donner area: Settlement in the northern part of the current Region supported logging and railroad construction and operations. Logging impacts included sawdust and milling debris discharge to the Truckee River and silt from clear cutting that impacted both water quality and native wildlife. 1864 Nevada Statehood: A system of water rights administration of “prior appropriation doctrine” was enacted in 1885, and conflicted with the California system.
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