Tarifi Zor Bay Whittemore: Erken Dönem, 1871–1916 | Holger A

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Tarifi Zor Bay Whittemore: Erken Dönem, 1871–1916 | Holger A Tarifi Zor Bay Whittemore: Erken Dönem, 1871–1916 Holger A. Klein Tarifi Zor Bay Whittemore: Erken Dönem, 1871–1916 “Whittemore asla bir yerde değildir; biraz önce oradaydı, birazdan ora- ya gelecek; -den geliyor ve -e gidiyor; ama asla ‘burada’ değildir.”1 Boston doğumlu İngilizce profesörü, sanat tarihçi, arkeolog ve Amerika Bizans Enstitüsü’nün karizmatik kurucusu Thomas Whittemore’un yaşamını ve kariyerini bu arkadaş tanımından daha iyi karakterize eden başka çok az tanım bulunabilir. Bu arkadaş ise aynı zamanda iş arkadaşı ve Bizanslı şey- ler hakkında derin bilgi kaynağı Matthew Stewart Prichard’dan başkası değildi.2 Whittemore’un tarifi-zorluğu ve “aşırı mahremiyet düşkünlüğü”3 Bizans Enstitüsü’nün tarihini ve restorasyon projelerini inceleyen bilim adamlarını çoğu kez hüsrana uğratıp, 1930’ların başlarında Ayasofya’nın Bizans mozaiklerini gün ışığına çıkaran ve daha sonraları da Kariye’nin mozaiklerini restore eden adamın entelektüel formasyonunu kavrayabil- | mek için günümüze ulaşan mektuplar, akademik makaleler, haber raporla- Holger A. Klein rı ve edebi anlatımlardan oluşan bir kaynak grubuna dayanmak zorunda bırakmıştır. Son zamanlarda Whittemore’un 1920’lerden 1940’lara kadar olan dönemdeki etkinlikleri hakkında mevcut bilgilerin bir sentezini yap- mak için çaba sarf edilmişse de hayatının erken dönemi ve Boston’daki ka- 1 Matthew S. Prichard’ın Isabella S. Gardner’a yazdığı ve 5 Temmuz 1924 tarihli mektup. Boston, Isabella Stewart Gardner Müzesi (bundan böyle ISGM olarak geçecektir). Bu pasaj daha önce şurada alıntılanmıştır: Rémi Labrusse ve Nadia Podzemskaia, “Naissance d’une vocation: aux sources de la carrière Byzantine de Thomas Whittemore,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 54 (2000): 51 dn. 37. 2 Matthew S. Prichard ve onun Whittemore’un dikkatini Bizans sanat ve kültürüne çekmede üstlendiği rol hakkında daha fazla bilgi için aşağıya bakınız. Prichard’ın Whittemore’u karakterizasyonu, 1910’larda Paris’te konferanslarını dinlediği Henri Bergson’un felsefi düşüncelerine ilgisiyle renkleniyor. Whittemore’un “Bergson’un şimdi gerçek değildir imalarının görsel temsili” olduğunu söylerken aynı zamanda takdir de ediyor. Age. 3 Mildred Bliss, “Thomas Whittemore: An Evocation.” Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks Kütüphanesi, Bizans Fotoğraf ve Alan Çalışmaları Arşivi (bundan böyle DO/BPFA olarak geçecektir). Daha uzun bir pasaj ise şurada alıntılanmıştır: Robert S. Nelson, Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950 (Chicago, 2004), 156. 452 453 riyeri hakkında çok az şey açığa çıkartılmıştır.4 Bu bölümde, ilerdeki ha- seviyesinde edebiyat ve münazara kulübü Mathetican Society’nin ve de yırseverlik, eğitimsel ve akademik çalışmalarında büyük payı olan arkadaş Tufts College Yayıncılık Derneği’nin başkanlığını yaptı. Öğrenciliğinin çevresi ve ilişkilerinin ışığında Thomas Whittemore’un 1871 yılında Mas- son yılında okulun aylık dergisi “Tuftonian”ın baş editörlüğünü yaptı. Ba- sachusetts Eyaleti Cambridge kasabasında doğumundan, I. Dünya Savaşı şarılı bir konuşmacı ve okulun Retorik ödülünü üç kez kazanan Whitte- sırasındaki deneyimlerine dayanarak Rus mülteciler için yardım çalışma- more, Sınıf Günü için ana konuşmacı olarak seçilir ancak hastalanır ve bu larına ciddi şekilde daldığı 1916 yılına kadar, yaşamının erken dönemi konuşmayı yapamaz.9 Bu dönemdeki kişisel ilişkilerine bakılınca, günü- hakkında yaşamöyküsel bilgi sunulacaktır.5 müze ulaşan yazışmalar çok sayıda “kardeşi” ile, özellikle de Duncan Baba tarafından, tanınmış Evrenselci papaz, yazar, editör ve finansör Campbell Lee ve Rollin Brewster Sanford ile dostane bağlara işaret ediyor.10 büyükbabasının adı verilen Thomas Whittemore, 2 Ocak 1871 günü Mas- Whittemore’un Tufts’taki öğrenciliğinin son yılında gelişen bir başka ya- sachusetts Eyaleti Cambridgeport’ta Joseph ve Elizabeth St. Clair kın dostluk ise, genç Whittemore’a mektuplarında önemli bir akıl hocası, Whittemore’un oğlu olarak dünyaya geldi.6 ‘Tommy’nin çocukluk arkada- babacan bir arkadaş ve nasihatçi olarak ortaya çıkan askeri tarihçi ve avu- şı Fred’in 1882 Temmuz ayından 1883 Nisan ayına kadar süren uzun Av- kat John Codman Ropes (1836–1899) ile idi.11 rupa ziyaretindeki deneyimlerini aktaran ve pullar, kurşun askerler ve top- 1894 yılında mezuniyetinden kısa bir süre sonra, lisansını aldığı okula lara olan ortak ilgilerini gün ışığına çıkartan birkaç mektubun haricinde İngilizce okutmanı olarak atandı.12 Öğretmenliğinin birinci yılının so- Tarifi Zor Bay Whittemore: Erken Dönem, 1871–1916 Whittemore’un çocukluğu ve okula başlaması hakkında çok az şey biliyo- nunda sözleşmesi bir yıl daha uzatıldı ve “Retorik ve Kompozisyondaki iş ruz. 1880’lerin sonlarından günümüze ulaşan bazı yazışmalarından, o za- yükünün yarıdan fazlasını üstlendi.”13 Tufts’taki öğretmenliğinin yanı sıra manlar Massachusetts-Lexington’da Our Redeemer Kilisesi rektörü olan Whittemore, Harvard Üniversitesi Sanatlar ve Bilimler Enstitüsü’nde ve daha sonra 1887 yılında New York-Albany’deki All Saints Katedrali de- 1895–1898 arası lisansüstü programına öğrenci olarak kaydoldu.14 kanlığına geçen Wilford L. Robbins’le yakın dostluğunu kayda geçiriyor.7 Whittemore’un Harvard’da tam olarak hangi dersleri aldığı bilinmemesi- 1889 yılında Whittemore, kurulmasında büyükbabasının katkıda bu- ne karşın kayıtlı olduğu dönem, Charles Eliot Norton’un (1827–1908) Gü- lunduğu Tufts College’a kaydoldu ve oradaki öğrencilik yılları sırasında zel Sanatlar Bölümünde görev yaptığı son yıllarla çakışıyor. Norton çok sayıda önemli mevkilerde bulundu (şek. 1).8 Okulun önde gelen lisans Harvard’da kendisi için özel açılan Sanat Tarihi Profesörü kürsüsüne 1875 yılında atandı ve 1898 yılında emekliliğine kadar da burada kaldı.15 Genç Whittemore’un hem edebiyat hem de güzel sanatlara merakı dikka- 4 Labrusse ve Podzemskaia, “Naissance d’une vocation,” 43–69; Nelson, Hagia Sophia; ay., te alınınca, dinamik öğretme üslubu sayesinde Harvard’ın en popüler ho- “Private Passions Made Public: The Beginnings of the Bliss Collection,” bk: Sacred Art, Secular calarından biri olan ve konferanslarına büyük kalabalıklar çeken Context. Objects of Art from the Byzantine Collection of Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. ed. A. Kirin, sergi kataloğu, Georgia Sanat Müzesi (Athens, Georgia, 2005), 39–55. | Holger A. Klein 5 Thomas Whittemore’un yaşamının ve kariyerinin erken dönem eskizini anlatan bu yazının ardından kendisinin Rus insani yardım çalışmaları (yak. 1916–1930) ve de Amerika Bizans Enstitüsü’nün kurucu müdürü olarak görev dönemini (yak. 1930–1950) kapsayan iki çalışma 9 Whittemore aynı zamanda Theta Delta Chi kardeşliğinin de üyesiydi ve mezuniyetinden bir daha hazırlanması ön görülmüştür. sene sonra Phi Beta Kappa’ya seçildi. Kısa bir anlatım için bkz. History of Tufts College, 158. 6 Whittemore ailesinin daha erken tarihçesi hakkında bkz. Thomas Whittemore, The Early Ayrıca bkz. “Theta Delta Chi’s Banquet,” New York Times, 29 Kasım 1894. Days of Thomas Whittemore: An Autobiography: Extending from A.D. 1800 to A.D. 1825 10 Duncan Campbell Lee 1893 ile 1904 yılları arasında Cornell Üniversitesi’nde “Diksiyon ve (Boston, 1859), 13–26; Bernard B. Whittemore, A Genealogy of Several Branches of the Hitabet Sanatı” doçenti idi ve New York Eyaleti’nde önemli bir Demokrat aktivist oldu. Bkz. Whittemore Family (1893); papaz Thomas Whittemore’un (1800–1861) yaşamı ve kariyerinin James K. McGuire ve Martin W. Littleton, ed., The Democratic Party of the State of New York, 3 kısa bir eskizi için bkz. Charles Graves, “Whittemore, Thomas,” bk: Dictionary of American cilt (New York, 1905), 3:392–395; The Shield, cilt 9, no. 1 (March, 1893), 5–8. Rollin Brewster Biography, 10 cilt (New York, 1928–1988), 10:172–173. Daha ayrıntılı bir anlatım için bkz. Sanford, Tufts College’tan 1897’de mezun oldu ve daha sonra 1915 ile 1921 yılları arasında John G. Adams, Memoir of Thomas Whittemore, D. D. (Boston, 1878). New York Eyaleti için A.B.D. temsilcisi görevini üstlendi. 7 Robbins’in Whittemore’a yazdığı yüzden fazla mektup DO/BPFA, Coll. No. D – XIV’de 11 John Codman Ropes’un Whittemore’a yazdığı mektup ve notların büyük bir kısmı DO/ korunmakta olup bunların seksenden fazlası 1887 ve 1893 arası yazılmıştır. Albany’de on beş BPFA’da korunmaktadır. Ropes’un hayatı ve kariyeri hakkında kısa bir özet için bkz. Oliver yıl kaldıktan sonra Robbins nihayet New York kentine taşındı ve General Theological Spaulding, “John Codman Ropes,” bk: Dictionary of American Biography, 8:152. Ayrıca bkz. A Seminary’nin dekanlığı görevine başladı. Robbins’in kariyeri ve yazıları hakkında kısa bir Memoir of the Life of John Codman Ropes (Boston, 1901). anlatım için bkz. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, ed. S. M. Jackson, 12 Atanmayla ilgili bir ilan Annual Report of the President of Tufts College 1893–94 (Boston, 12 cilt (New York ve Londra, 1911), 10:56. 1895), 5’te yer alıyor. Whittemore’un atanmasıyla ilgili koşullar hakkında bkz. History of Tufts 8 Papaz Thomas Whittemore, Tufts College’ın kurucu mütevellilerinden biri idi ve Mütevelli College, 57. Heyetinin başkan yardımcısı olarak ilk fakülteyi ve başkanı olarak papaz Hosea Ballou’yu 13 Annual Report of the President of Tufts College 1894–95 (Boston, 1896), 5, 33–35, burası 33. hayata geçirdi. Whittemore’un ölümü üzerine, muazzam kütüphanesi dul eşi tarafından 14 Harvard University Directory, (Cambridge, 1910), 729. College’a bağışlandı. Bkz. Adams, Memoir, 265–287 ve 386; History of Tufts College, ed. Alaric 15 Charles Eliot Norton’un hayatı ve kariyeri ile ilgili bir özet için bkz. Charles Moore, “Norton, B. Start (Tufts College, 1896), 15–27.
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