Effect of Sediment Sedimentation Rate on The

GSJ: Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020 ISSN 2320-9186

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GSJ: Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 www.globalscientificjournal.com

EFFECT OF SEDIMENT SEDIMENTATION RATE ON THE STRUCTURE OF MACROZOOBENTHOS COMMUNITY IN SITU GUNUNG PUTRI BOGOR Mochammad Faisal Rapsanjani1, Isni Nurruhwati 2, Aiman Ibrahim3, Zahidah Hasan2

1Student at Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Scicence, Padjadjaran University, Bandung – Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia E-mail address: [email protected] 2Lecturer at Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Padjadjaran University, Bandung – Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor45363, Indonesia 3Researcher of Center of Research and Development Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta – Bogor KM 46, Indonesia

KeyWords deposition rate, diversity of macrozoobenthos, macrozoobenthos, macrozoobenthos abundance, sediment, diversity of macrozoobenthos

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of sediment deposition that occurs in Situ Gunung Putri waters and their effect on the structure of the macrozoobenthos community. This research was conducted in situ and ex situ conducted in March - June 2019. Sampling and measurement of water quality parameters were carried out in situ in Situ Gunung Putri, Bogor Regency, West Java. Furthermore, measurements of accumulated sediment mass, sediment texture analysis and identification of macrozoobenthos were respectively carried out at the Bentikology Laboratory and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Laboratory of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences Limnology Research Center (LIPI). COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) analysis was conducted at the Laboratory of Aquatic Productivity and Environment of the Bogor Ag- ricultural University. The method used is a survey method. Sedimentation rate at Situ Gunung Putri has values ranging from 76.95−1264 grams / m2 / day with the highest value found at station 1 and the lowest value at station 5. The effect of sediment deposition rate in Situ Gunung Putri waters has a positive effect on macrozoobenthos abundance with a value of 36.5%. Sediment deposition rate does not affect on diversity of macrozoobenthos.

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INTRODUCTION Situ Gunung Putri is a situ located in Gunung Putri Subdistrict, Bogor Regency, West Java. Situ Gunung Putri has an area of 120,645 m2 with a circumference of 1,603 m which is located right on the side of the Jagorawi toll road and between industrial zones (BPS Bogor District 2000).

Situ Gunung Putri is one of the natural lake which is used for fisheries activities, especially fishing that use fishing rods. Activities that are around Situ Gunung Putri include domestic, industrial and agricultural activities. The variety of activities or land uses around the area have the potential to produce material that can enter the lake area through the inlet or lake border until deposited at the bottom of the water.

Sedimentation is the deposition of rock or sediment material that has been transported by water or wind power. When erosion occurs, water carries rocks flowing into the river to the lake or there. When the transport strength is reduced or exhausted, rocks are deposited in the watershed (Apriyanti 2016). lake waters that have a relatively small size can be threatened by its sustainability due to high sedimentation rates. Changes and lake damages due to sedimentation will have an impact on reducing water capacity there, thereby increasing the potential for flooding. In addition, the process of sedimentation in lake waters can reduce the productivity of waters which in turn has an impact on changes in the condition of aquatic biota including macrozoobenthos (Puspita et al. 2005). macrozoobenthos are animal organisms which are part or all of their lives spent in the waters. in general can be divided into epifau- na, namely macrozoobenthos that live on the bottom of the water and infauna, namely macrozoobenthos that live in the bottom of the waters (substrate). If the substrate changes, then the structure of the macrozoobenthos community will also change. Macrozoo- benthos are one of the important groups in aquatic ecosystems that function as eaters of floating particles, eaters of detritus, carni- vores or as plankton eaters (Zahidah 2017).

It is feared that ongoing sedimentation will cause a decrease in water productivity and directly affect the conditions of the biota that live in the area such as macrozoobenthos. Macrozoobenthos is a bioindicator that is good enough to show the environmental conditions of macrozoobenthos. If macrozoobenthos is disturbed, it will cause ecosystems to be disturbed as well (Goldman and Horne 1983).

METHODS Research Time and Place This research was carried out for approximately 4 months, namely in March-June 2019. The research was conducted by direct measurement at Situ Gunung Putri site, Cibinong, Bogor Regency (in-situ) as well as conducting analysis at the Bentic Sedimentology and Macroinvertebrate Laboratory, Limnology Research Center, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Bogor Regency (ex-situ). The method used in this study is a survey method that uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data obtained by making direct observations of the objects and parameters observed. While secondary data were taken from various sources related to research such as the Center of Research and Development Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Office of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, and the Gunung Putri District Office. Determining of Observation Stations The method of determining water sample station is done by purposive sampling. This study has 5 stations selected as observation locations as shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.

Figure 1. Research Station Location Table 1. Observation Station Coordinates and Characteristics Stations Coordinates Characteristic Locations 1 06o27,928’ LS Lake inlet of the dynamo industry and the vehicle spare parts indus- 106o53,350’ BT try.

2 06o27,842’ LS Lake inlet from residential areas. 106o53,271’ BT

3 06o27,845’ LS midpoint of the lake and there are aquatic plants as lotus and water 106o53,371’ BT hyacinth that covered 2/3 Situ Gunung Putri water body.

4 06o27,792’ LS Extensive farming area of elephant grass which tends to convert into 106o53,254’ BT swamp and is used by residents as animal feed.

5 06o27,768’ LS outlet of Situ Gunung Putri. 106o53,435’ BT

Sampling and measured parameters Observation and sampling were carried out three times with a gap of two weeks at five selected stations. Each station observed water samples at the bottom of the waters. The parameters observed using WQC included temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, and turbidity. The depth of the waters is measured using a Water Depth Sounder, while transparency uses a Secchi Disk. Water sampling at depth is done using a Kemmerer Water Sampler tool. The water sample is then put into a 250 ml HDPE sample bottle which will be used to analyze the COD content in the waters. Sampling of macrozoobenthos and sediments using the Eckman Grab tool 15 x 15 cm measurements, while for sediment accumulation using a sediment trap. Measurement of accumulated sediment mass, sediment texture analysis and identification of macrozoobenthos were respectively carried out at the sedimentology Laboratory and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Laboratory of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences Lim- nology Research Center (LIPI). COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) analysis was carried out in the Aquatic Productivity and Environment Laboratory of the Bogor Agricultural University.

Analysis of Accumulated Sediment Samples Sediment deposition rate is the amount of sediment mass deposited through one unit area in each unit of time (Pamuji et al. 2015). Sediment deposition rate can be calculated using the following formula: 퐷푒푝표푠푖푡푖표푛 푅푎푡푒 = 푚/(퐿. 푡)(푔푟푎푚/푚 /푑푎푦) Information : m = Sediment mass after heating 105oC (gram) L = Cross-sectional area of sediment trap (m2) t = Installation time of sediment trap (day) Sediment texture Sediment texture calculation is done by determining the value of three fractions namely sand, loam and silt. The calculation of the values of the three factions is carried out by the following formula (Hakim et al. 1986): (푅1 − 퐵1) + 0,36(푇1 − 20) 푥 (100 + 푀) %푠푎푛푑 = 100 − 푊 (푅2 − 퐵2) + 0,36(푇2 − 20) 푥 (100 + 푀) %푐푙푎푦 = 푊 % = − % − % Information : R1 = first reading of the hydrometer of a soil sample R2 = second reading of the hydrometer of a soil sample B1 = first reading of the hydrometer standard B2 = second reading of the hydrometer standard T1 = first reading of temperature T2 = second reading of temperature 0,36 = hydrometer correction factor 20 = calibration temperature of the hydrometer W = the dry weight of the soil sample used analysis M = % air dry soil example

Figure 2. Sedimentary texture triangle (Source : Buckman dan Brandy 1982)

Abundance of Macrozoobenthos Abundance of Macrozoobenthos can be calculated using the Simpson formula as follows (Dhahiyat 2011): 푛 퐷 = 퐴 Information : Di = Abundance of Macrozoobenthos (ind/m2) ni = sum of all individual species-i A = entire sampling area (eckman grab) multiplied by the number of repetitions (m2)

Macrozoobenthos Diversity Index The macrozoobenthos diversity index can be calculated using the Shanon-Wiener formula as follows (Dhahiyat 2011):

퐻 = − ∑ 푝푖 ln 푝푖

Information: pi = ni/N ni = sum of individual species-i N = total sum of species

Data analysis The data obtained were analyzed in an explanatory descriptive manner that is exposure by explaining the condition or situation of the observed structure of the macrozoobenthos community variable value and its relationship to the sedimentation variable. The relationship of one variable to one variable was analyzed using simple linear regression to find out how much influence it had with the help of the IBM SPSS Statistics 20 application.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Sediment texture The results of sediment texture analysis in Situ Gunung Putri waters from March to April 2019 showed that the sediment texture in all research stations was silt loam, except station 2 which had silt sediment texture (Table 2). Table 2. Sediment Texture of Situ Gunung Putri Period March - April 2019 Sediment fraction Station Sediment texture % sand % clay % silt 1 45,94 7,37 46,69 silt loam 2 8,29 7,96 83,75 loam 3 15,76 7,80 76,44 silt loam 4 30,53 7,83 61,64 silt loam 5 26,98 7,78 65,24 silt loam

According to Choirudin et al. (2014) changes that occur in the aquatic environment are caused by physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur around the waters. But among these factors that may be very influential is the physical process that is the process of stirring and sedimentation which is controlled by currents in the waters. Although the current there is not as high as in the river area, but it will affect the process of sedimentation or sedimentation rate and affect the size and texture of sediment deposited in Situ Gunung Putri. Sediment fraction in Situ Gunung Putri which has the highest percentage value is in the form of silt measuring 50 - 2µm, followed by sand measuring 2mm - 50µm and clay measuring <2µm (Soil Survey Staff 1998). Differences in the characteristics and distribution of bottom waters, including the difference in size in the parent material. In addition sediment particle size can describe: 1) different types, 2) particle resistance to weathering and erosion 3) transportation and sedimentation processes (Friedman and Sander 1978). The grain size of sediment particles is one of the factors that control the process of sediment deposition in waters, the smaller the

GSJ© 2020 www.globalscientificjournal.com GSJ: Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020 ISSN 2320-9186 International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue 5, October-2012 2063 ISSN 2278-7763 grain size the longer the particles are in a pool of water and the further they are deposited from the source, and vice versa (Rifardi 2008). Sedimentation Rate The results of the measurement of sediment deposition rate in the waters of Situ Gunung Putri in March-April 2019 showed a value between 76.95-1264 grams / m2 / day. The lowest settling rate at station 5 with a value of 76.95 grams / m2 / day. This is because this location is in an outlet area that has faster air movement than other stations. Make floating sediments not easily deposited and ac- cumulate at these locations. In addition, at the location of station 5 there is already equipped with a cement wall so that the rain comes with less air runoff from land carrying soil particles.

The highest deposition rate is found at station 1 with a value of 1264 grams / m2 / day. This is due to the movement of water con- tained at that location is relatively quieter compared to other stations. Although there is an inlet from industry, there is no swift flow of water. The depth of this region is very low compared to the depth at other stations. Edge of the lake is used by the community for fishing activities can be eroded by rain water so that it enters the water column and is deposited at the bottom of the water (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Graph Value of Situ Gunung Putri Sedimentation Rate Period March - April 2019 According to Mananoma (2013) an increase in the rate of deposition is due to the flow of water that enters the water column either from the inlet or runoff from the ground when it rains. The greater the flow of incoming water flow, the more sediment is transported and will affect the sedimentation rate. Sediment transport and sedimentation are influenced by physical laws, especially the role of fluid in sediment transport, that is, fluid transfers energy to particles and how the sediment transport, suspension and traction methods are used. To move the particles that are retained, the fluid must transfer energy in sufficient quantities to force the particles apart and the displacement of these particles can be in the form of traction, saltation, rolling and sliding. The basic power to transport suspended charges is turbulence flow. Transport of suspended solids occurs in the flow and flow of water and in the atmosphere. Particles suspended in water are called aqueous suspensions. (Rifardi 2008). Abundance of Macrozoobenthos Abundance of macrozoobenthos during the research in Situ Gunung Putri ranged from 89 to 1321 ind / m2. The abundance of macrozoobenthos per station during the study is shown in Figure 4. The highest abundance value was obtained by Station 1 with a value of 1321 ind / m2, while the lowest abundance with a value of 89 ind / m2 was obtained by station 3.

Figure 4. Graph Value of Situ Gunung Putri Macrozoobenthos Abundance Period March - April 2019 According to Tanjung (1994) in Rahayu (2015), the abundance of macrozoobenthos is influenced by the topography of the habitat in which they are located, the availability of food and oxygen, the type of sediment, the level of adaptation, competition and predato- rism. Meanwhile, according to Fisesa (2015) An increase in human activities such as input of household and agricultural waste that produce sources of organic pollution continuously into the waters will affect the abundance of macrozoobenthos. Macrozoobenthos Diversity From the results of the research that has been done, the value of Diversity Index (H ’) has different results at each station. The highest diversity index at Station 1 was 1.78 and the lowest at Station 4 was 0.62. The value of Diversity Index (H ') in detail can be seen in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Graph Value of Situ Gunung Putri Macrozoobenthos Diversity Period March - April 2019 Macrozoobenthos diversity in an area is influenced by contaminated substrate factors, abundance of food sources, competition between species, disturbance and conditions of the surrounding environment so that species that have high tolerance will increase while those that have low tolerance will decrease (Rahmawaty 2011 ). According to Rahayu (2015) The high value of the Diversity Index shows the good condition of the aquatic environment and supports the life of the biota in it. It can also be seen from the high levels of dissolved oxygen which are thought to be sufficiently available for consumption of biota in it. Effect of Sediment Sedimentation Rate on Community Structure of Macrozoobenthos Effect of Sediment Sedimentation Rate on Macrozoobenthos Abundance The results of simple linear regression analysis related to the effect of sediment deposition rate on macrozoobenthos abundance showed a significance value of 0.015 (Figure 6). The basis for decision making in regression analysis is to look at the significance value (Sig.). if the significance value (Sig.) is smaller than the probability of 0.05, the effect of deposition rate on abundance of macrozoobenthos is strong. Conversely, if the significance value (Sig.) Is greater than the probability of 0.05, the deposition rate does not affect the abundance of macrozoobenthos. The significance value (Sig.) Of 0.015 (<0.05) indicates that the sediment deposition rate affects the abundance of macrozoobenthos.

Figure 6. Coefficient Value The Effect of Sedimentation Rate On AbundanceMacrozoobenthos Period March - April 2019 (Source: IBM SPSS Statistics 20) In general, the simple linear regression equation is Y = a + bX. The value of a in the formula shows a constant number of unstandard- ized coefficients. The a value of the simple linear regression results shown in Figure 6 shows the value of 469,031 which means that if there is no sediment deposition rate, then the constant value of the abundance of macrozoobenthos is 469,031. Value b is a number of regression coefficients with a value of 0.638 (Figure 6). This figure shows that for every 1% increase in the rate of deposition rate, the abundance of macrozoobenthos will increase by 0.638. The positive value of the regression coefficient shows that the deposition rate has a positive effect on the abundance of macrozoobenthos. So the resulting linear regression equation is Y = 469,031 + 0.638 X.

Figure 7. R Square Value The Effect of Sedimentation Rate On Diversity Macrozoobenthos Period March - April 2019 (Source: IBM SPSS Statistics 20) Based on Figure 7, it is known that R Square is 0.365. This value indicates that the influence of sediment deposition rate on the abundance of macrozoobenthos is 36.5% with the remaining value of 63.5% influenced by other variables. Referring to the discussion above, it can be concluded that the sediment deposition rate has a positive effect on the abundance of macrozoobenthos with a total effect of 36.5%. This positive effect means that the increasing depositional rate will affect the increase in macrozoobenthos abundance. Effect of Sediment Sedimentation Rate on Macrozoobenthos Diversity The results of simple linear regression analysis related to the effect of sediment deposition rate on macrozoobenthos diversity showed a significance value of 0.540 (Figure 13). The significance value (Sig.) is 0.540 (> 0.05) indicates that the sediment deposition rate does not affect the diversity of macrozoobenthos. The a value of the simple linear regression results shown in Figure 8 shows the value of 0.453 which means that if there is no sediment deposition rate, the constant value of the macrozoobenthos diversity is 0.453. The value of b is a number of regression coefficients with a value of 0,000 so that the regression equation is Y = 0.453 + 0,000 X. The equation shows that each addition of 1% of the rate of deposition rate does not affect the diversity of macrozoobenthos.

Figure 8. Coefficient Value of the Effect of Sedimentation Rate on Macrozoobenthos Diversity Period March - April 2019 (Source: IBM SPSS Statistics 20) CONCLUSION Sediment deposition rate in Situ Gunung Putri waters shows values ranging from 76.951264 gram / m2 / day. Sediment deposition rate in Situ Gunung Putri waters has a positive effect on the abundance of macrozoobenthos with a value of 36.5%. Sediment deposition rate does not affect the diversity of macrozoobenthos.

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