Anatomy of the Marine Ice Cliff Instability
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Calving Processes and the Dynamics of Calving Glaciers ⁎ Douglas I
Earth-Science Reviews 82 (2007) 143–179 www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Calving processes and the dynamics of calving glaciers ⁎ Douglas I. Benn a,b, , Charles R. Warren a, Ruth H. Mottram a a School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, KY16 9AL, UK b The University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway Received 26 October 2006; accepted 13 February 2007 Available online 27 February 2007 Abstract Calving of icebergs is an important component of mass loss from the polar ice sheets and glaciers in many parts of the world. Calving rates can increase dramatically in response to increases in velocity and/or retreat of the glacier margin, with important implications for sea level change. Despite their importance, calving and related dynamic processes are poorly represented in the current generation of ice sheet models. This is largely because understanding the ‘calving problem’ involves several other long-standing problems in glaciology, combined with the difficulties and dangers of field data collection. In this paper, we systematically review different aspects of the calving problem, and outline a new framework for representing calving processes in ice sheet models. We define a hierarchy of calving processes, to distinguish those that exert a fundamental control on the position of the ice margin from more localised processes responsible for individual calving events. The first-order control on calving is the strain rate arising from spatial variations in velocity (particularly sliding speed), which determines the location and depth of surface crevasses. Superimposed on this first-order process are second-order processes that can further erode the ice margin. -
S41467-018-05625-3.Pdf
ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05625-3 OPEN Holocene reconfiguration and readvance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet Sarah L. Greenwood 1, Lauren M. Simkins2,3, Anna Ruth W. Halberstadt 2,4, Lindsay O. Prothro2 & John B. Anderson2 How ice sheets respond to changes in their grounding line is important in understanding ice sheet vulnerability to climate and ocean changes. The interplay between regional grounding 1234567890():,; line change and potentially diverse ice flow behaviour of contributing catchments is relevant to an ice sheet’s stability and resilience to change. At the last glacial maximum, marine-based ice streams in the western Ross Sea were fed by numerous catchments draining the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Here we present geomorphological and acoustic stratigraphic evidence of ice sheet reorganisation in the South Victoria Land (SVL) sector of the western Ross Sea. The opening of a grounding line embayment unzipped ice sheet sub-sectors, enabled an ice flow direction change and triggered enhanced flow from SVL outlet glaciers. These relatively small catchments behaved independently of regional grounding line retreat, instead driving an ice sheet readvance that delivered a significant volume of ice to the ocean and was sustained for centuries. 1 Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden. 2 Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. 3 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. 4 Department -
Article Is Available On- Mand of Charles Wilkes, USN
The Cryosphere, 15, 663–676, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-663-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Recent acceleration of Denman Glacier (1972–2017), East Antarctica, driven by grounding line retreat and changes in ice tongue configuration Bertie W. J. Miles1, Jim R. Jordan2, Chris R. Stokes1, Stewart S. R. Jamieson1, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson2, and Adrian Jenkins2 1Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK 2Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK Correspondence: Bertie W. J. Miles ([email protected]) Received: 16 June 2020 – Discussion started: 6 July 2020 Revised: 9 November 2020 – Accepted: 10 December 2020 – Published: 11 February 2021 Abstract. After Totten, Denman Glacier is the largest con- 1 Introduction tributor to sea level rise in East Antarctica. Denman’s catch- ment contains an ice volume equivalent to 1.5 m of global sea Over the past 2 decades, outlet glaciers along the coast- level and sits in the Aurora Subglacial Basin (ASB). Geolog- line of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, have been thinning ical evidence of this basin’s sensitivity to past warm periods, (Pritchard et al., 2009; Flament and Remy, 2012; Helm et combined with recent observations showing that Denman’s al., 2014; Schröder et al., 2019), losing mass (King et al., ice speed is accelerating and its grounding line is retreating 2012; Gardner et al., 2018; Shen et al., 2018; Rignot et al., along a retrograde slope, has raised the prospect that its con- 2019) and retreating (Miles et al., 2013, 2016). -
Snowterm: a Thesaurus on Snow and Ice Hierarchical and Alphabetical Listings
Quaderno tematico SNOWTERM: A THESAURUS ON SNOW AND ICE HIERARCHICAL AND ALPHABETICAL LISTINGS Paolo Plini , Rosamaria Salvatori , Mauro Valt , Valentina De Santis, Sabina Di Franco Version: November 2008 Quaderno tematico EKOLab n° 2 SnowTerm: a thesaurus on snow and ice hierarchical and alphabetical listings Version: November 2008 Paolo Plini1, Rosamaria Salvatori2, Mauro Valt3, Valentina De Santis1, Sabina Di Franco1 Abstract SnowTerm is the result of an ongoing work on a structured reference multilingual scientific and technical vocabulary covering the terminology of a specific knowledge domain like the polar and the mountain environment. The terminological system contains around 3.700 terms and it is arranged according to the EARTh thesaurus semantic model. It is foreseen an updated and expanded version of this system. 1. Introduction The use, management and diffusion of information is changing very quickly in the environmental domain, due also to the increased use of Internet, which has resulted in people having at their disposition a large sphere of information and has subsequently increased the need for multilingualism. To exploit the interchange of data, it is necessary to overcome problems of interoperability that exist at both the semantic and technological level and by improving our understanding of the semantics of the data. This can be achieved only by using a controlled and shared language. After a research on the internet, several glossaries related to polar and mountain environment were found, written mainly in English. Typically these glossaries -with a few exceptions- are not structured and are presented as flat lists containing one or more definitions. The occurrence of multiple definitions might contribute to increase the semantic ambiguity, leaving up to the user the decision about the preferred meaning of a term. -
Antarctic Surface Ice Velocity Retrieval from MODIS-Based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA)
remote sensing Article Antarctic Surface Ice Velocity Retrieval from MODIS-Based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) Teng Li 1,2 ID , Yan Liu 1,2, Tian Li 1,2, Fengming Hui 1,2, Zhuoqi Chen 1,2 and Xiao Cheng 1,2,* ID 1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; [email protected] (T.L.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (T.L.); [email protected] (F.H.); [email protected] (Z.C.) 2 Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100875, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 17 May 2018; Accepted: 26 June 2018; Published: 2 July 2018 Abstract: The velocity of ice flow in the Antarctic is a crucial factor to determine ice discharge and thus future sea level rise. Feature tracking has been widely used in optical and radar imagery with fine resolution to retrieve flow parameters, although the primitive result may be contaminated by noise. In this paper, we present a series of modified post-processing steps, such as SNR thresholding by residual, complex Butterworth filters, and triple standard deviation truncation, to improve the performance of primitive results, and apply it to MODIS-based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) datasets. The final velocity field result displays the general flow pattern of the peripheral Antarctic. Seventy-eight out of 97 streamlines starting from seed points are smooth and continuous. The RMSE with 178 manually selected tie points is within 60 m·a−1. The systematic comparison with Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) datasets in seven drainages shows that the results regarding high magnitude and large-scale ice shelf are highly reliable; absolute mean and median difference are less than 18 m·a−1, while the result of localized drainage suffered from too much tracking error. -
Changes Monitoring of the Drygalski Ice Tongue Front During 1973 to 2012
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-270-2, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Changes monitoring of the Drygalski Ice Tongue front during 1973 to 2012 Chen Zhao (1,2), Xiao Cheng (1,2), Fengming Hui (1,2) (1) State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China ([email protected]), (2) College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China([email protected]) Drygalski Ice Tongue is the largest outlet glacier in the Victoria Land part of the East Antarctic ice sheet with an area of 224,000 km2, and it is the seaward extension of David Glacier, located on the Scott Coast, in the northern part of McMurdo Sound of Antarctica’s Ross Dependency. The supply of the David Glacier-Drygalski Ice Tongue comes from two main flows, a northern one from the Talos Dome and a southern one from Dome C. The importance of this glacier is due to the fact that it is the most massive drainage glacier in the Victoria Land part of East Antarctica sector. In addition, the ice tongue forms the southern coastline of Terra Nova Bay and the maximum eastward extent of the Terra Nova Bay polynya is limited by the length of the ice tongue. In this study, we extracted the boundaries of the Drygalski Ice Tongue front from 1973-2012 using a time series of ENVISAT ASAR and Landsat TM/ETM+ data. -
Nunataks As Barriers to Ice Flow: Implications for Palaeo Ice-Sheet
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-173 Preprint. Discussion started: 11 June 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Nunataks as barriers to ice flow: implications for palaeo ice-sheet reconstructions Martim Mas e Braga1,2, Richard Selwyn Jones3,4, Jennifer C. H. Newall1,2, Irina Rogozhina5, Jane L. Andersen6, Nathaniel A. Lifton7,8, and Arjen P. Stroeven1,2 1Geomorphology & Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 2Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 3Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK 4School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 5Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 6Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark 7Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA 8Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA Correspondence: Martim Mas e Braga ([email protected]) Abstract. Numerical models predict that discharge from the polar ice sheets will become the largest contributor to sea level rise over the coming centuries. However, the predicted amount of ice discharge and associated thinning depends on how well ice sheet models reproduce glaciological processes, such as ice flow in regions of large topographic relief, where ice flows around bedrock summits (i.e. nunataks) and through outlet glaciers. The ability of ice sheet models to capture long-term ice loss is 5 best tested by comparing model simulations against geological data. A benchmark for such models is ice surface elevation change, which has been constrained empirically at nunataks and along margins of outlet glaciers using cosmogenic exposure dating. -
The Exploration History of the Lindsey Islands, Antarctica, 1928-1994
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science oc (1995) Volume 104 p. 85-92 THE EXPLORATION HISTORY OF THE LINDSEY ISLANDS, ANTARCTICA, 1928-1994 Alton A. Lindsey Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 ABSTRACT: The twelve islands and islets of the Lindsey Group (73°37' S by 103°18' W) were reached on 24 February 1940 by Admiral R.E. Byrd, while he navigated a flight from the Bear to the longest unknown coast of Antarctica. In 1968 and 1975, two topographic engineers of the U.S. Geological Survey worked on one or both of the two largest islands. In 1992, six geologists worked briefly on Island 1 of the northern subgroup, and some of them also worked on Island 2 and on the southwestern subgroup's main island. The base rock is pink megacrystic granite with many quartz diorite and gabbro dikes up to 15 m thick. Adelie penguins and skua gulls breed abundantly, and leopard seals are common. Many elephant seals, but neither Weddell nor crab-eater seals, were reported. The first large-scale map of this island group is published. KEYWORDS: Antarctic coastal maps, antarctic exploration, antarctic fauna, antarctic ice tongues, antarctic islands, R.E. Byrd, geographic names, Hubert Wilkins. INTRODUCTION The last and least known part of the antarctic coast bounds the Amundsen Sea and Bellingshausen Sea divisions of the Pacific Ocean. Until 1940, this area was by far the longest continuous stretch of coast on earth to remain uncharted; it posed a particular challenge to Admiral Byrd during his mid-career. -
Glaciers of the Canadian Rockies
Glaciers of North America— GLACIERS OF CANADA GLACIERS OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES By C. SIMON L. OMMANNEY SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–J–1 The Rocky Mountains of Canada include four distinct ranges from the U.S. border to northern British Columbia: Border, Continental, Hart, and Muskwa Ranges. They cover about 170,000 km2, are about 150 km wide, and have an estimated glacierized area of 38,613 km2. Mount Robson, at 3,954 m, is the highest peak. Glaciers range in size from ice fields, with major outlet glaciers, to glacierets. Small mountain-type glaciers in cirques, niches, and ice aprons are scattered throughout the ranges. Ice-cored moraines and rock glaciers are also common CONTENTS Page Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- J199 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------- 199 FIGURE 1. Mountain ranges of the southern Rocky Mountains------------ 201 2. Mountain ranges of the northern Rocky Mountains ------------ 202 3. Oblique aerial photograph of Mount Assiniboine, Banff National Park, Rocky Mountains----------------------------- 203 4. Sketch map showing glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains -------------------------------------------- 204 5. Photograph of the Victoria Glacier, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, in August 1973 -------------------------------------- 209 TABLE 1. Named glaciers of the Rocky Mountains cited in the chapter -
Area Change of Glaciers Across Northern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Between ∼1999 and ∼2015
Journal of Glaciology (2018), Page 1 of 15 doi: 10.1017/jog.2018.49 © The Author(s) 2018. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Area change of glaciers across Northern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, between ∼1999 and ∼2015 ADRIENNE WHITE, LUKE COPLAND Department of Geography, Environment, and Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Correspondence: Adrienne White <[email protected]> ABSTRACT. Using a variety of optical satellite scenes, this study quantifies the change in the areal extent of 1773 glaciers across Northern Ellesmere Island between ∼1999 and ∼2015. Our results show that the regional ice coverage decreased by 1705.3 km2 over the ∼16-year period, a loss of ∼5.9%. Ice shelves had the greatest losses relative to their size, of ∼42.4%. Glaciers feeding into ice shelves reduced in area by 4.7%, while tidewater glaciers reduced in area by 3.3%. Marine-terminating glaciers with floating ice tongues reduced in area by 4.9%, and 19 of these 27 ice tongues disintegrated, causing these glaciers to retreat to their grounding lines. Land-terminating glaciers lost 4.9% of their 1999 area, including the complete loss of three small ice caps (<1.5 km2). Our study highlights the high sensitivity of the ice cover of Northern Ellesmere Island to recent climate warming and the continued losses that are likely to occur in the future. -
A Major Collapse of Kangerlussuaq Glacier's Ice Tongue Between 1932 and 1933 in East Greenland
A Major Collapse of Kangerlussuaq Glacier's Ice Tongue Between 1932 and 1933 in East Greenland Vermassen, Flor; Bjørk, Anders A.; Sicre, Marie Alexandrine; Jaeger, John M.; Wangner, David J.; Kjeldsen, Kristian K.; Siggaard-Andersen, Marie Louise; Klein, Vincent; Mouginot, Jeremie; Kjær, Kurt H.; Andresen, Camilla S. Published in: Geophysical Research Letters DOI: 10.1029/2019GL085954 Publication date: 2020 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Vermassen, F., Bjørk, A. A., Sicre, M. A., Jaeger, J. M., Wangner, D. J., Kjeldsen, K. K., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., Klein, V., Mouginot, J., Kjær, K. H., & Andresen, C. S. (2020). A Major Collapse of Kangerlussuaq Glacier's Ice Tongue Between 1932 and 1933 in East Greenland. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(4), [e2019GL085954]. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085954 Download date: 04. okt.. 2021 RESEARCH LETTER A Major Collapse of Kangerlussuaq Glacier's Ice Tongue 10.1029/2019GL085954 Between 1932 and 1933 in East Greenland Key Points: Flor Vermassen1,2 , Anders A. Bjørk2 , Marie‐Alexandrine Sicre3, John M. Jaeger4, • Historical evidence reveals a major 1,2 1 2 collapse of Kangerlussuaq Glacier's David J. Wangner , Kristian K. Kjeldsen , Marie‐Louise Siggaard‐Andersen , ice tongue between 1932 and 1933 Vincent Klein3, Jeremie Mouginot5,6 , Kurt H. Kjær2, and Camilla S. Andresen1 • The collapse was likely triggered by increasing air and ocean 1Department of Glaciology and Climate, GEUS, Copenhagen, Denmark, -
Glaciers of México
Glaciers of North America— GLACIERS OF MÉXICO By SIDNEY E. WHITE SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–J–3 Glaciers in México are restricted to its three highest mountains, all stratovolcanoes. Of the two that have been active in historic time, Volcán Pico de Orizaba (Volcán Citlaltépetl) has nine named glaciers, and Popocatépetl has three named glaciers. The one dormant stratovolcano, Iztaccíhuatl, has 12 named glaciers. The total area of the 24 glaciers is 11.44 square kilometers. The glaciers on all three volcanoes have been receding during the 20th century. Since 1993, intermittent explosive and effusive volcanic activity at the summit of Popocatépetl has covered its glaciers with tephra and caused some melting CONTENTS Page Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- J383 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------- 383 Volcán Pico de Orizaba (Volcán Citlaltépetl) ----------------------------- 384 FIGURE 1. Topographic map showing the glaciers on Citlaltépetl--------- 385 2. Sketch map showing the principal overland routes to Citlaltépetl, Iztaccíhuatl, and Popocatépetl ------------------ 386 3. Oblique aerial photograph of Citlaltépetl from the northwest in February 1942 --------------------------------------------- 387 4. Enlargement of part of a Landsat 1 MSS false-color composite image of Citlaltépetl and environs ---------------------------