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Water Governance and Development in the Drylands: the Case of Wajir County, Kenya

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Water Governance and Development in the Drylands: the Case of Wajir County, Kenya Water governance and development in the drylands: The case of Wajir County, Kenya Partners Acknowledgements This report is part of a collaborative effort of many people and organisations, including the Wajir County Government Water Department, WAJWASCO, the Wajir Community Radio, Mercy Corps, and IIED: Wajir County Government Water Department – Yussuf Dayib Ali, Mohammed Ali, Mohamed Farah, Hussein Abdille, Fatuma Dekow, Shale Abdi Bare, Hassan Abdi Haji, Saida Yusuf, Abdirahim Adan, Ibrahim Hassan Mohammed, Engineer Mwangi, Mohammed Abid Hussein, Abdirizak Hassan WAJWASCO – Ahmed Omar Abdille, Ahmed Abdi Mohamed, Adan Ibrahim, Abakiyo Mohamed Noor, Abdi Mohammed Adan Wajir Community Radio – Halima Kahiya Mercy Corps – Diyad Hujale, Florence Randari, Phelix Ouma, John Burns, Ibrahim Jelle, Daud Hassan, Jimale Hussein, Hussein Noor Abdille, Maryan Jelle Hillow, Shukri Samow Noor IIED – Claire Bedelian, Ced Hesse We would like to thank all the people interviewed as part of the study, especially the community participants for giving up their time freely to talk with us and share their knowledge and experiences. This work is part of the Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters (BRACED) programme funded by the United Kingdom (UK) Department for International Development (DFID). The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of DFID, the UK Government or Mercy Corps and partners. Photo credits – BRACED programme Suggested citation: Bedelian, C. 2019. Water governance and development in the drylands: The case of Wajir County, Kenya. Wajir County Government working paper. Table of contents Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 6 2. Good water governance 7 3. Water in the drylands 9 4. Methodology 11 4.1 Aim of study 11 4.2 Co-production approach 11 4.3 Methods 12 5. Kenya’s water sector institutional framework 16 6. Background to Wajir water sector 18 7. Key findings 20 7.1 Wajir County Government Water Department 20 7.2 The Wajir County Water and Sewerage Company (WAJWASCO) 22 7.3 Water user associations (WUAs) 24 7.4 Private management 26 7.5 Community preferences for domestic and livestock water use 27 7.6 Community voice in water development 28 7.7 Water development and settlements 30 7.8 Water and pastoral range management – the pasture water balance 30 8. Conclusion 32 9. Recommendations 33 10. References 35 11. Annex 37 WATER GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE DRYLANDS: THE CASE OF WAJIR COUNTY, KENYA 1 Tables, Figures and Boxes List of Tables Table 1: Principles of good water governance 7 Table 2: Water point locations visited during the field study 15 Table 3: Number of FGDs and interviews carried out with different actors in each field site 15 Table 4: Top five criteria and description of a well-function water point as perceieved by 27 Wajir residents Table 5: Preferred characteristics of domestic and water points by Wajir residents 28 List of Figures Figure 1: Map showing Wajir’s water points and the 16 study sites visited during field work 14 Figure 2: Kenya’s water sector institutional design under the Water Act 2016 16 List of Boxes Box 1: Kenya’s water service targets 9 2 WATER GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE DRYLANDS: THE CASE OF WAJIR COUNTY, KENYA Executive Summary In the drylands, water is key to the sustainable water bill and water regulations. The County management of pasture. Too commonly Government is also developing a GIS-based governments and development planners have county spatial plan. The findings from this taken over-simplified views of water resource study are intended to inform the development development, prioritising the delivery of water of these documents. resources over the impact this has on the The main aim of the study was to identify complex interactions between the land, policy and practical measures to improve the environment and livelihood systems, and their management of rural water points in support links to wider political processes. Pastoralism is of resilient pastoral livelihoods. The study often the main economy and livelihood option examines the current institutional set up of in dryland areas, and ensuring there is Wajir’s rural water sector and the roles and sufficient water for livestock is an important responsibilities of the different water actors. consideration that must be integrated with The study gives emphasis to water for that of sustainable rangeland management. livestock as this is given the least attention in The study uses Wajir County as a case study policy and practice, and highlights the needs to understand the challenges related to water and concerns of pastoralists in order to governance and development in the drylands. identify possible areas for improvement. Wajir County face problems of water stress The focus of the study was decided and availability of water for domestic and collaboratively by the Wajir County Water livestock use, particularly during the dry Department, the Wajir County Water and season and drought years. This is associated Sewerage Company (WAJWASCO), Mercy with a high percentage of failure of water Corps and IIED. This process was supported by a investments, the inappropriate placement of review of the existing and draft water policy and water sources to ensure the sustainable legislation to understand the water policy utilisation of resources across the rangelands, environment and identify any gaps. and weak water governance. The water sector Representatives from each organisation were is a high priority for the Wajir County involved in determining the study questions, Government, and large increases in funding collecting data in the field, reporting back and the water sector since devolution have seen writing up findings. This created ownership of the construction of numerous new water the study by Wajir’s water actors in order to points throughout the county. Although enhance the success of study findings being successful in increasing access to domestic used to inform policy development. The study water, the placement of many scattered new teams visited 16 water point sites, including water points has led to adverse consequences boreholes, pans, mega pans, and shallow wells, for pastoral mobility, degradation of the across Wajir County between the 9th and 19th surrounding pasture land and the creation of October 2018, and spoke to community new settlements. A number of new water members, water point operators, and key investments are not functional two years after informants. A number of interviews were operation, questioning the sustainability of also carried out with water sector actors in these investments. The Wajir County Wajir Town. Government is in the process of formulating its county water policy and legislation including a WATER GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE DRYLANDS: THE CASE OF WAJIR COUNTY, KENYA WATER GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE DRYLANDS: THE CASE OF WAJIR COUNTY, KENYA 3 A number of key governance challenges were WAJWASCO is not well integrated at the highlighted in the current governance and community level. There was little community management structures of Wajir’s water participation during the formation of the sector institutions. These include: company leading to an unwillingness of many communities to hand over their water The Wajir County Water Department: supply systems. There is a lack of technical capacity in the water department with few trained Water User Associations (WUAs) engineers, and few staff trained in operation There were mixed reports by the community and maintenance (O&M). Combined with on the functionality of their WUAs. Some poor organisational and data management WUAs were reported to be functioning well systems, this precludes the timely, efficient and this was usually associated with and effective functionality of the transparent financial accountability, regular department. community consultations and regular committee elections. Others were said to The department is overly reliant on one have poor management, with the central county O&M team leading to misappropriation of revenues and little inefficiencies and irregularities in service community feedback. delivery and breakdown repairs across a large county. Overall, WUAs have poor accountability, both downward to the community level and The water department have a weak presence upward to the county level. Most WUAs do on the ground: subcounty water officers not disclose their accounts to the community mandated to coordinate water activities in nor to the county, and they are provided little the subcounties are based in Wajir Town and supervision by the subcounty water officers not regularly and physically present in their or water department. areas. This is because resources are not sufficiently devolved to the subcounty level. WUA committees can be susceptible to being composed of community elites, lack The Wajir County Water and Sewerage female members, and are sensitive to clan Company (WAJWASCO) and political issues. Since establishment in 2014, WAJWASCO The technical capacity of WUAs to manage has been most successful in managing breakdowns is low, and they are heavily high-yielding high-revenue earning reliant on the water department for sourcing boreholes. In the case of low-yielding spare parts and carrying out repairs. boreholes earning low revenue, WAJWASCO has failed to manage these and handed them Private operation models back to the community to manage. There were few cases of management by a WAJWASCO faces challenges of low private operator, however where in existence,
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