Europa Clipper Mission

Send a highly capable, radiation-tolerant spacecraft in a long, looping orbit around Jupiter to perform repeated close flybys of the icy moon.

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 1 Exploring Europa’s Habitability: Ingredients for Life

Mission Goal: Explore Europa to Investigate its Habitability e-, O+, S+, … Water: • Probable saltwater ocean, implied by surface geology and magnetic field radiation-produced oxidants: • Possible lakes within the ice shell, produced by local melting O2, H2O2, CH2O ~ 100 K Chemistry: • Ocean in direct contact with mantle rock, promoting chemical leaching • Dark red surface materials contain salts, probably from the ocean Energy: • Chemical energy might sustain life • Surface irradiation creates oxidants • Mantle rock-water reactions could create reductants (hydrothermal or serpentinization) ? Habitability Activity: • Geological activity “stirs the pot” hydrothermally produced reductants: H S, H , CH , Fe • Activity could be cyclical, as tied to Io 2 2 4 ?

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 2 Workshop Overview

Project manager, Barry Goldstein, and Planetary Protection Officer, Lisa Pratt, collaborated on setting objectives for the three-day workshop: • Validate the modeling framework for Europa Clipper Planetary Protection. • Agree on model input values, or on a plan to derive/ identify appropriate model inputs. • Develop workshop concurrence regarding future research plans and their priority.

Spoiler Alert The three objectives were accomplished.

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 3 Outside Subject-Matter Experts

A panel of multidisciplinary experts were assembled to provide consultation and guidance at the workshop.

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 4 Engagement with Stakeholders

Kelli McCoy introducing the working group to impact, resurfacing, and biology models for probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of the Europa Clipper orbiting mission. At any given time, there were 50-60 people in attendance.

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 5 Day 1 AM

• Europa Clipper Mission Overview • Europa Clipper Science Overview • Biological Relevance of Earth Microorganisms at Europa • Planetary Environment of Europan Surface • Guidance on Period of Biological Exploration from Planetary Protection Outer Solar System (PPOSS), EU Project

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 6 Science Observation Strategy

Tour 17F12_V2

Launch Date 6/4/2022 Arrival Date 12/24/2024 Tour Duration (years)1 3.7 Number of Flybys Europa 46 Ganymede 4 Callisto 9 No. of Night Side Europa Flybys 9 Europa Orbit No. of Jupiter Orbits1 72 No. of Orbital Trim Maneuvers (OTMs) 173

Representave Time between Flybys (days) Orbit Maximum (not including capture orbit) 229 Minimum 5.4 Minimum (Europa-to-Europa) 10.1

Deterministic Tour ∆V, post-PRM (m/s) 182 Maximum Inclination (deg.) 18.9 No. of Solar Eclipses (due to Jupiter) 47 Maximum Eclipse Duration (hours) 9.15 Total Ionizing Dose (Mrad)2 2.50

3 (1) From G0 to spacecraft disposal Spacecraft Disposal Jupiter Impact (2) Calculated using GIRE-2p model from G0 to end of Prime Mission (last Europa flyby); Si behind 100 mil Al; spherical shell (3) Path moving forward based on agreement with PPO (decision made after design of 17F12_V2); 1F12_V2 has Callisto impact EOM

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 7 Day 1 PM and Day 2 AM

• Introduction to Planetary Protection Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) • Impact Model Review • Resurfacing Model Review • Biology Model Review • Probability of Contamination Results, Summary, and Forward Work

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 8 All Model Elements Openly Discussed

General Model Overview

N Pr I ∑ ( n ) n=1 Probability of Impact model contamination Pr (RItn) results Reliability Trajectory Resurfacing model Recoverable IPA failures Pr SRtn∩ I Cratering / Debris ( ) Recovery Europa Geology Analysis Catastrophic Biology model failures/MM Surface age → Resurfacing rate Oblique Impacts

Impact Europa Surface Grid Non-oblique Impacts Radiation Vacuum Water PPEL Heating Activity/Cold Temps

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 9 Agreements and Direction (1)

• The period of biological exploration (POBE) for the Clipper Mission is defined as 1,000 years, ending in the year 3,000. • Based on probabilistic risk assessment and a qualitative assurance case, Clipper poses a risk less than 1x10-4 to Europa and other icy bodies in the Jovian system for inadvertent introduction of a viable organism into an ocean or body of liquid water. • Europa Clipper will perform responsible microbial reduction. The project will demonstrate a clean spacecraft with spore density less than 300 spores/m2 for HMR tolerant parts and less than 1000 spores/ m2 for HMR sensitive components. • Components that can be cleaned and reach 2.5 Mrad by first potential impact and/or impact heating will be considered to carry less than 1,000 spore/m2

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 10 Agreements and Direction (2)

• Instruments and subsystems with HMR sensitivity and reliability adversely impacted by bioburden reduction protocols will document the rationale for an exemption and submit individual approval requests to the Office of Planetary Protection. • The cleanroom required for Europa Clipper will be ISO 8. Recontamination controls will remain in place to mitigate contamination of the hardware/components, similar to previous Mars mission-level cleanliness. • Historical JPL spacecraft bioassays will be used as the specification values for surface, mated, and encapsulated contamination values. • One spore equating to 12 culturable organisms and one spore equating to 1,200 viable organisms (includes fungi and archaea with 25% margin) will be used until additional research qualifies other conversion factors.

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 11 Clipper Planetary Protection Technology Map

Near term PP Long term PP Technology Updates & Invest & Implement Technology Updates & Research Research

Molecular Biology • Protocol & Standards Techniques & Equipment • Multi-mission Metagenomics Development • Cleanroom protocol Experimental Testing Standardization/monitoring of Microorganisms • Archiving data collection for • Baseline data collection of R&D of New Materials future missions microorganisms compatible with PP • Bin organisms by Clipper bioregions (Metagenomics) R&D of new microbial • Modeling & Analysis reduction methods • Experimentation of various microbial reduction modalities & EM conditions

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 12 BACK-UP SLIDES

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 13 Europa Pedal—Jovian Orbit

• Project lifetime and high data return enabled Dose Rate* (rad/sec) by ”toe-dipping” radiation exposure strategy Flyby – Large amount of data collected during flyby – Data played back slowly away from high radiation zones • Enables solar mission at 5.2 AU – In combination with large batteries, allow large transient energy usage during flyby Cleanup maneuver DCO (1 days before maneuver) – Batteries recharges during Jovian orbit • Mission reliability enhanced by executing

most maneuvers outside of high radiation Cleanup Maneuver flux (3 days after the flyby) Ephemeris Update DCO (2 days before the flyby) Start Targeting Maneuver DCO (1 days before the maneuver) Approach Maneuver (3 days before the flyby) Targeting Maneuver (near apoapsis) Key: DCO: Data Cutoff

*Si behind 100 mil Al, spherical shell (GIRE2)

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 14 Europa Clipper Flight System

Cruise Configuration

5.27m

Z 5 m Z Y ~ 4 m

X X

Flight System = Spacecraft + Payload Launch Configuration Y

The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations; release to foreign persons may require an export authorization. This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 15 NASA-Selected Europa Investigations Radiation Science Working Group radiation environment

MASPEX Mass Spectrometer SUDA sniffing atmospheric Dust Analyzer ICEMAG composition surface & plume Magnetometer PIMS composition sensing ocean Faraday Cups Europa-UVS properties plasma environment UV Spectrograph surface & plume/ atmosphere EIS composition Narrow-Angle Camera + MISE Wide-Angle Camera IR Spectrometer E-THEMIS mapping alien landscape surface chemical Thermal Imager in 3D & color fingerprints searching for hot spots

REASON Ice-Penetrating Radar plumbing the ice shell

Gravity Science Working Group confirming an ocean

Remote Sensing In Situ This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 16 Planetary Protection Tech Map

Planetary Protection Long term (3–5 yrs) Technology Map PP Technology Updates & Research

Near term (1–3 yrs) PP Technology Updates & Research

• Protocol & Standards • Multi-mission Metagenomics Development • Archiving data collection for future • Baseline data collection of missions microorganisms • Modeling & Analysis • Experimentation of various microbial reduction modalities & EM conditions

This document has been reviewed and determined not to contain export controlled technical data. 17