Morphological and Molecular Identification of Fungi Isolated from Different Environmental Sources in the Northern Eastern Desert of Jordan
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In Vitro Evaluation of Plant Extracts and Bio- Agents Against Alternaria
International Journal of Chemical Studies 2018; 6(2): 504-507 P-ISSN: 2349–8528 E-ISSN: 2321–4902 IJCS 2018; 6(2): 504-507 In vitro evaluation of plant extracts and bio- © 2018 IJCS Received: 04-01-2018 agents against Alternaria tenuissima (Fr.) keissl Accepted: 05-02-2018 causing leaf blight of kodo millet K Hariprasad Department of Plant Pathology, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru - 65 K Hariprasad, A Nagaraja, Suresh Patil and Rakesha *Project Coordinating Unit (Small Millets), ICAR, GKVK, Abstract Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) is nutritionally important millet. Leaf blight has been a major production constraint and fungicidal sprays for the management of any disease on this crop may not be A Nagaraja economically viable and feasible as the farmers cultivating the crop are resource poor and the crop is less Department of Plant Pathology, remunerative, but is important in tribal and rainfed agriculture. Hence, botanicals and bio-agents were UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru - 65 *Project Coordinating Unit evaluated in vitro against Alternaria tenuissima the cause of leaf blight. Ten plant extracts and 14 bio- (Small Millets), ICAR, GKVK, agents were evaluated following dual culture. The results revealed 100 per cent inhibition of the mycelial Bengaluru, Karnataka, India growth of A. tenuissima by Eucalyptus sp. and Clerodendron infortunatum at 7.5 and 10.0 per cent concentrations. Among the fungal bio control agents tested, maximum inhibition (100 %) was recorded Suresh Patil in Trichoderma harzianum (NBAIR), followed by T. viride (81.38 %); whereas the bacterial bio agent Department of Plant Pathology, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (P-42) showed only 77.40 % inhibition of mycelial growth revealing that UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru - 65 fungal antagonists were more effective than the bacterial antagonists. -
Aspergillus Tubingensis Causes Leaf Spot of Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) in Pakistan
Phyton, International Journal of Experimental Botany DOI: 10.32604/phyton.2020.08010 Article Aspergillus tubingensis Causes Leaf Spot of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Pakistan Maria Khizar1, Urooj Haroon1, Musrat Ali1, Samiah Arif2, Iftikhar Hussain Shah2, Hassan Javed Chaudhary1 and Muhammad Farooq Hussain Munis1,* 1Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2Department of Plant Sciences, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China *Corresponding Author: Muhammad Farooq Hussain Munis. Email: [email protected] Received: 20 July 2019; Accepted: 12 October 2019 Abstract: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a key fiber crop of great commercial importance. Numerous phytopathogens decimate crop production by causing various diseases. During July-August 2018, leaf spot symptoms were recurrently observed on cotton leaves in Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan and adjacent areas. Infected leaf samples were collected and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. Causal agent of cotton leaf spot was isolated, characterized and identified as Aspergillus tubingensis based on morphological and microscopic observations. Conclusive identification of pathogen was done on the comparative molecular analysis of CaM and β-tubulin gene sequences. BLAST analysis of both sequenced genes showed 99% similarity with A. tubingensis. Koch’s postulates were followed to confirm the pathogenicity of the isolated fungus. Healthy plants were inoculated with fungus and similar disease symptoms were observed. Fungus was re-isolated and identified to be identical to the inoculated fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the involvement of A. tubingensis in causing leaf spot disease of cotton in Pakistan and around the world. -
Patents on Endophytic Fungi Related to Secondary Metabolites and Biotransformation Applications
Journal of Fungi Review Patents on Endophytic Fungi Related to Secondary Metabolites and Biotransformation Applications Daniel Torres-Mendoza 1,2 , Humberto E. Ortega 1,3 and Luis Cubilla-Rios 1,* 1 Laboratory of Tropical Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama; [email protected] (D.T.-M.); [email protected] (H.E.O.) 2 Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama 3 Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +507-6676-5824 Received: 31 March 2020; Accepted: 29 April 2020; Published: 1 May 2020 Abstract: Endophytic fungi are an important group of microorganisms and one of the least studied. They enhance their host’s resistance against abiotic stress, disease, insects, pathogens and mammalian herbivores by producing secondary metabolites with a wide spectrum of biological activity. Therefore, they could be an alternative source of secondary metabolites for applications in medicine, pharmacy and agriculture. In this review, we analyzed patents related to the production of secondary metabolites and biotransformation processes through endophytic fungi and their fields of application. Weexamined 245 patents (224 related to secondary metabolite production and 21 for biotransformation). The most patented fungi in the development of these applications belong to the Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Phomopsis genera and cover uses in the biomedicine, agriculture, food, and biotechnology industries. Keywords: endophytic fungi; patents; secondary metabolites; biotransformation; biological activity 1. Introduction The term endophyte refers to any organism (bacteria or fungi) that lives in the internal tissues of a host. -
Identification of Fungi Storage Types by Sequencing Method
Zh. T. Abdrassulova et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 10(3), 2018, 689-692 Identification of Fungi Storage Types by Sequencing Method Zh. T. Abdrassulova, A. M. Rakhmetova*, G. A. Tussupbekova#, Al-Farabi Kazakh national university, 050040, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, al-Farabi Ave., 71 *Karaganda State University named after the academician E.A. Buketov #A;-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, al0Farabi Ave, 71 E. M. Imanova, Kazakh State Women’s Teacher Training University, 050000, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Aiteke bi Str., 99 M. S. Agadieva, R. N. Bissalyyeva Aktobe regional governmental university named after K.Zhubanov, 030000, Republic of Kazakhstan, Аktobe, A. Moldagulova avenue, 34 Abstract With the use of classical identification methods, which imply the identification of fungi by cultural and morphological features, they may not be reliable. With the development of modern molecular methods, it became possible to quickly and accurately determine the species and race of the fungus. The purpose of this work was to study bioecology and refine the species composition of fungi of the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium on seeds of cereal crops. The article presents materials of scientific research on morphological and molecular genetic peculiarities of storage fungi, affecting seeds of grain crops. Particular attention is paid to the fungi that develop in the stored grain. The seeds of cereals (Triticum aestivum L., Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Zea mays L., Oryza sativa L., Sorghum vulgare Pers., Panicum miliaceum L.) were collected from the granaries of five districts (Talgar, Iliysky, Karasai, Zhambul, Panfilov) of the Almaty region. The pathogens of diseases of fungal etiology were found from the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus influencing the safety, quality and safety of the grain. -
Identification and Characterization of Alternaria Species Causing Leaf Spot
Eur J Plant Pathol (2017) 149:401–413 DOI 10.1007/s10658-017-1190-0 Identification and characterization of Alternaria species causing leaf spot on cabbage, cauliflower, wild and cultivated rocket by using molecular and morphological features and mycotoxin production Ilenia Siciliano & Giovanna Gilardi & Giuseppe Ortu & Ulrich Gisi & Maria Lodovica Gullino & Angelo Garibaldi Accepted: 22 February 2017 /Published online: 11 March 2017 # Koninklijke Nederlandse Planteziektenkundige Vereniging 2017 Abstract Alternaria species are common pathogens of Keywords Crucifers . Toxins . Leaf spot . Tenuazonic fruit and vegetables able to produce secondary metabo- acid lites potentially affecting human health. Twenty-nine isolates obtained from cabbage, cauliflower, wild and cultivated rocket were characterized and identified Introduction based on sporulation pattern and virulence; the phylo- β genetic analysis was based on the -tubulin gene. Most Alternaria species are saprophytes and ubiquitous Isolates were identified as A. alternata, A. tenuissima, in the environment, however some are plant pathogenic, A. arborescens, A. brassicicola and A. japonica. inducing diseases on a large variety of economically Pathogenicity was evaluated on plants under greenhouse important crops like cereals, oil-crops, vegetables and conditions. Two isolates showed low level of virulence fruits (Pitt and Hocking, 1997). Most Alternaria spp. on cultivated rocket while the other isolates showed produce chains of conidia with transverse and longitu- medium or high level of virulence. Isolates were also dinal septa with a tapering apical cell. Conidial size, characterized for their mycotoxin production on a mod- presence and size of a beak, the pattern of catenation ified Czapek-Dox medium. Production of the five and longitudinal and transverse septation are key taxo- Alternaria toxins, tenuazonic acid, alternariol, nomic features for this genus (Joly 1964; Ellis 1971 and alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and tentoxin 1976, Simmons 1992). -
Enzymatic Effect of Different Alternaria Tenuissima Tic Effect of Different
Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 6 Special issue [2] 2017: 422-427 ©2017 Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, India Online ISSN 2277-1808 Journal’s URL:http://www.bepls.com CODEN: BEPLAD Global Impact Factor 0.533 Universal Impact Factor 0.9804 NAAS Rating 4.95 FULL LENGTH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Enzymatic Effect of Different Host Defense Induction against Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex pers.) Wiltshire causing Dieback Disease of Chilli C.S. Azad1*, A. Kumar1, G. Chand1 and R.D. Ranjan2 1Department of Plant Pathology, 2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210, India *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Dieback disease, caused by Alternaria tenuissima, (Kunze ex pers.) Wiltshire, is one of the most important disease that affecting all the plant parts of chilli. Among different methods of bioagent application, combination of both soil and root dip application was significantly superior over soil and root dip application. The accumulation of enzymes i.e. polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PO) and total phenol significantly increased upto 72 hours. Among bioagents highest significantly increase in PPO, PO and total phenol activity were recorded in Trichoderma harzianum PBAT-21 + Pseudomonas fluorescens PBAP-27 i.e. 0.034, 0.381 and 8.58 µmol/min/mg protein respectively. The no. of spot/leaf (2.33%), no. of infected leaves/plant (1.44%) and disease severity (13.33%) of dieback disease of chilli were minimum in combination of soil and root dip inoculation of bioagents Trichoderma harzianum PBAT-21 and Pseudomonas fluorescens PBAP-27 as compare to control. -
Isolation and Identification of Fungi from Leaves Infected with False Mildew on Safflower Crops in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico
Isolation and identification of fungi from leaves infected with false mildew on safflower crops in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico Eber Addi Quintana-Obregón 1, Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea 1, Armando Burgos-Hérnandez 1, Pedro Figueroa-Lopez 2, Mario Onofre Cortez-Rocha 1 1 Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Colonia Centro. C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México. 2 Campo Experimental Norman E. Borlaug-INIFAP. C. Norman Borlaug Km.12 Cd. Obregón, Sonora C.P. 85000 3 1 0 2 Aislamiento e identificación de hongos de las hojas infectadas con la falsa cenicilla , 7 en cultivos de cártamo en el Valle del Yaqui, México 2 - 9 1 Resumen. La falsa cenicilla es una enfermedad que afecta seriamente los cultivos de cártamo en : 7 3 el Valle del Yaqui, México, y es causada por la infección de un hongo perteneciente al género A Ramularia. En el presente estudio, un hongo aislado de hojas contaminadas fue cultivado bajo Í G diferentes condiciones de crecimiento con la finalidad de estudiar su desarrollo micelial y O L producción de esporas, determinándose que el medio sólido de , 18 C de O Septoria tritici ° C I incubación y fotoperiodos de 12 h luz-oscuridad, fueron las condiciones más adecuadas para el M desarrollo del hongo. Este aislamiento fue identificado morfológicamente como Ramularia E D , pero genómicamente como , por lo que no se puede cercosporelloides Cercosporella acroptili A aún concluir que especie causa esta enfermedad. Adicionalmente, en la periferia de las N A C infecciones estudiadas se detectó la presencia de Alternaria tenuissima y Cladosporium I X cladosporioides. -
The Amazing Potential of Fungi in Human Life
ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (AJPS) Volume 5, Issue 3, 2019, PP 12-16 ISSN No.: 2455-1538 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2455-1538.0503003 www.arcjournals.org The Amazing Potential of Fungi in Human Life Waill A. Elkhateeb *, Ghoson M. Daba Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, Egypt. *Corresponding Author: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, Egypt. Abstract: Fungi have provided the world with penicillin, lovastatin, and other globally significant medicines, and they remain an unexploited resource with huge industrial potential. Fungi are an understudied, biotechnologically valuable group of organisms, due to the huge range of habitats that fungi inhabit, fungi represent great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry. This review demonstrate that fungal mycelium as a medium, the vegetative part can potentially be utilized in plastic biodegradation and growing alternative and sustainable materials. Innovative fungal mycelium-based biofoam demonstrate that this biofoam offers great potential for application as an alternative insulation material for building and infrastructure construction. Keywords: Degradation of plastic, plastic degrading fungi, bioremediation, grown materials, Ecovative, fungal mycelium-based biofoam 1. INTRODUCTION Plastic is a naturally refractory polymer, once it enters the environment, it will remain there for many years. Accumulation of plastic as wastes in the environment poses a serious problem and causes an ecological threat. [1]. The rapid development of chemical industry in the last century has led to the production of approximately 140 million tons of various polymers annually [2]. -
Isolation and Identification of Some Fruit Spoilage Fungi: Screening of Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes
African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 5(4), pp. 443-448, 18 February, 2011 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ajmr DOI: 10.5897/AJMR10.896 ISSN 1996-0808 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Isolation and identification of some fruit spoilage fungi: Screening of plant cell wall degrading enzymes Rashad R. Al-Hindi1, Ahmed R. Al-Najada1 and Saleh A. Mohamed2* 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Accepted 17 January, 2011. This study investigates the current spoilage fruit fungi and their plant cell wall degrading enzymes of various fresh postharvest fruits sold in Jeddah city and share in establishment of a fungal profile of fruits. Ten fruit spoilage fungi were isolated and identified as follows Fusarium oxysporum (banana and grape), Aspergillus japonicus (pokhara and apricot), Aspergillus oryzae (orange), Aspergillus awamori (lemon), Aspergillus phoenicis (tomato), Aspergillus tubingensis (peach), Aspergillus niger (apple), Aspergillus flavus (mango), Aspergillus foetidus (kiwi) and Rhizopus stolonifer (date). The plant cell wall degrading enzymes xylanase, polygalacturonase, cellulase and -amylase were screened in the cell-free broth of all tested fungi cultured on their fruit peels and potato dextrose broth (PDB) as media. Xylanase and polygalacturonase had the highest level contents as compared to the cellulase and - amylase. In conclusion, Aspergillus spp. are widespread and the fungal polygalacturonases and xylanses are the main enzymes responsible for the spoilage of fruits. Key words: Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizopus, fruits, xylanase, polygalacturonase. INTRODUCTION It has been known that fruits constitute commercially and consumer. -
Safety of the Fungal Workhorses of Industrial Biotechnology: Update on the Mycotoxin and Secondary Metabolite Potential of Asper
View metadata,Downloaded citation and from similar orbit.dtu.dk papers on:at core.ac.uk Mar 29, 2019 brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research Database In Technology Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei Frisvad, Jens Christian; Møller, Lars L. H.; Larsen, Thomas Ostenfeld; Kumar, Ravi; Arnau, Jose Published in: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Link to article, DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9354-1 Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Frisvad, J. C., Møller, L. L. H., Larsen, T. O., Kumar, R., & Arnau, J. (2018). Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 102(22), 9481-9515. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9354-1 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia
Journal of Fungi Article Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia Cara M. Dunaiski 1,* and David W. Denning 2 1 Department of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, 13 Jackson Kaujeua Street, Windhoek 9000, Namibia 2 National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital and the University of Manchester, Manchester M23 9LT, UK * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +264 61 207 2891 Received: 30 June 2019; Accepted: 13 August 2019; Published: 16 August 2019 Abstract: Namibia is a sub-Saharan country with one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Although care and support services are available that cater for opportunistic infections related to HIV, the main focus is narrow and predominantly aimed at tuberculosis. We aimed to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Namibia, currently unknown, based on the size of the population at risk and available epidemiological data. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and published reports. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate the frequencies of fungal infections, using the previously described methodology. The population of Namibia in 2011 was estimated at 2,459,000 and 37% were children. Among approximately 516,390 adult women, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis ( 4 episodes /year) is estimated to occur in 37,390 (3003/100,000 females). Using a low international ≥ average rate of 5/100,000, we estimated 125 cases of candidemia, and 19 patients with intra-abdominal candidiasis. Among survivors of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Namibia 2017, 112 new cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are likely, a prevalence of 354 post-TB and a total prevalence estimate of 453 CPA patients in all. -
Biodegradation and Up-Cycling of Polyurethanes: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects
Biotechnology Advances 48 (2021) 107730 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biotechnology Advances journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biotechadv Research review paper Biodegradation and up-cycling of polyurethanes: Progress, challenges, and prospects Jiawei Liu a, Jie He a, Rui Xue a, Bin Xu a, Xiujuan Qian a, Fengxue Xin a, Lars M. Blank b, Jie Zhou a,*, Ren Wei c,*, Weiliang Dong a,*, Min Jiang a a State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China b iAMB — Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt — Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany c Junior Research Group Plastic Biodegradation, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Polyurethanes (PUR) are ranked globally as the 6th most abundant synthetic polymer material. Most PUR ma Polyurethane terials are specifically designed to ensure long-term durability and high resistance to environmental factors. As Microbial degradation the demand for diverse PUR materials is increasing annually in many industrial sectors, a large amount of PUR Enzymatic degradation waste is also being generated, which requires proper disposal. In contrast to other mass-produced plastics such as Plastic hydrolysis PE, PP, and PET, PUR is a family of synthetic polymers, which differ considerably in their physical properties due Metabolic engineering Synthetic biology to different building blocks (for example, polyester- or polyether-polyol) used in the synthesis. Despite its Biotechnological upcycling xenobiotic properties, PUR has been found to be susceptible to biodegradation by different microorganisms, albeit at very low rate under environmental and laboratory conditions.