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Appendix 5.1: GHG Emission Life Cycle Assessment

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Appendix 5.1: GHG Emission Life Cycle Assessment Appendix 5.1 Greenhouse Gas Emission Life Cycle Assessment of Resource Options (ArcticCan Energy Services 2016) FINAL REPORT LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR ENERGY RESOURCE OPTIONS IN YUKON TERRITORY Prepared for Yukon Energy Corporation 2 Miles Canyon Rd Whitehorse YT Y1A6S7 Attention: Shannon Mallory By Anastassia Manuilova, P.Eng. Kristina Nelson, P.Eng. Lakkana Piewkhaow, EIT Sunny Zhou, P.Eng. ArticCan Energy Services Inc. September 6, 2016 #902-1914 Hamilton Street Regina Saskatchewan Canada S4P 3N6 Tel: 1 306 502 5005 Fax: 1 306 205 6141 Email: [email protected] www.articcanenergy.com LCA for Energy Resource Options in Yukon Territory September, 2016 September 6, 2016 Yukon Energy Corporation 2 Miles Canyon Rd Whitehorse YT Y1A6S7 Attention: Shannon Mallory, Environmental Coordinator Re: Lifecycle Assessment for Energy Resource Options in Yukon Territory Dear Ms. Mallory: Please find attached the Final Report. If you have any questions or comments regarding the report, please contact me at (306) 502-5005 or [email protected]. Yours sincerely, Anastassia Manuilova, Ph.D., P.Eng. Vice President, Energy and Environment ArticCan Energy Services Inc. Tel: 306-502-5005 Fax: 306-205-6141 Email: [email protected] 2 LCA for Energy Resource Options in Yukon Territory September, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................. 3 ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 6 2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 12 3 STUDY GOAL AND SCOPE .............................................................................................................. 14 3.1 Objectives and Intended Application ..................................................................................... 14 3.2 Systems Function and Functional Unit ................................................................................... 14 3.3 Description of Energy Resource Pathways and System Boundaries ........................................ 15 3.3.1 System Description: Biomass Gasification Plant ................................................................... 16 3.3.2 System Description: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Waste to Energy Plant ........................... 17 3.3.3 System Description: Biogas Plant.......................................................................................... 19 3.3.4 System Description: Geothermal Power Plant ...................................................................... 20 3.3.5 System Description: Wind Plant ........................................................................................... 22 3.3.6 System Description: Solar Plant ............................................................................................ 23 3.3.7 System Description: Pumped Storage ................................................................................... 23 3.3.8 System Description: Small Hydroelectricity Plant ................................................................. 25 3.3.9 System Description: Battery Storage .................................................................................... 26 3.3.10 System Description: Thermal Diesel Plant .......................................................................... 27 3.3.11 System Description: Thermal LNG Plant ............................................................................. 28 3.3.12 System Description: New Transmission Line (Whitehorse-Skagway) ................................... 29 3.3.13 System Description: Gladstone Diversion Project ............................................................... 30 3.4 Data Quality, Data Sources and Assumptions ......................................................................... 31 3.4.1 Uncertainty ..................................................................................................................... 31 3.5 Life Cycle Assessment Methodology ...................................................................................... 33 3.5.1 Life Cycle Inventory and Life Cycle Impact Assessment Analyses .......................................... 34 3.5.2 Results Interpretation ..................................................................................................... 37 4 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ASSESSMENT RESULTS .................................................................. 38 4.1 Life Cycle Inventory................................................................................................................ 38 4.2 Results ................................................................................................................................... 38 3 LCA for Energy Resource Options in Yukon Territory September, 2016 4.2.1 Comparison of GHG Emissions from Energy Production Pathways for 20 Year GWP ....... 40 4.2.2 Comparison of GHG Emissions from Energy Production Pathways for 100 Year GWP ..... 40 4.2.3 Analysis of Biogenic CO2 Emissions ................................................................................. 40 4.3 Contribution Analysis ............................................................................................................. 48 4.3.1 Biomass Gasification ....................................................................................................... 48 4.3.2 Waste to Energy MSW .................................................................................................... 49 4.3.3 Biogas ............................................................................................................................. 51 4.3.4 Geothermal .................................................................................................................... 52 4.3.5 Wind ............................................................................................................................... 53 4.3.6 Solar ............................................................................................................................... 54 4.3.7 Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant ............................................................................... 55 4.3.8 Small Hydro .................................................................................................................... 56 4.3.9 Energy Storage: Lithium Ion Batteries ............................................................................. 57 4.3.10 Thermal-Diesel ............................................................................................................... 58 4.3.11 Thermal-LNG .................................................................................................................. 59 4.3.12 New Transmission Line ................................................................................................... 61 4.3.13 Water Diversion Project .................................................................................................. 62 4.4 Fixed and Variable Emissions Analysis .................................................................................... 63 4.5 Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................................................. 65 4.5.1 Wind ............................................................................................................................... 65 4.5.2 Battery Storage ............................................................................................................... 66 4.5.3 Biomass Gasification ....................................................................................................... 67 4.5.4 LNG Combustion Emissions ............................................................................................. 68 4.5.5 Transmission Line Capacity ............................................................................................. 69 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 70 REFEENCES........................................................................................................................................... 72 APPENDIX A: LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY – SUPPORTING INFORMATION ................................................... 78 4 LCA for Energy Resource Options in Yukon Territory September, 2016 ABBREVIATIONS AD Anaerobic Digester API American Petroleum Institute (API) C Carbon CAPP Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers CH4 Methane CHP Combined Heat and Power CO2 Carbon Dioxide CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent GHG Greenhouse Gas GWP Global Warming Potential HHV Higher Heating Value IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISO International Organization for Standardization LCA Life Cycle Assessment LCI Life Cycle Inventory LCIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment Mm3 Million Cubic Meters MSW Municipal Solid Waste N2O Nitrous Oxide ORC Organic Rankine Cycle WRGS Whitehorse Rapids Generating Station WTE Waste-to-Energy 5 LCA for Energy Resource Options in Yukon Territory September, 2016 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY There is an increase in concern around the world regarding environmental issues, including the use of natural resources,
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