Animal Information Natural Treasures Mammals

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Animal Information Natural Treasures Mammals Table of Contents Black-headed Spider Monkey……………………………………………………………………2 Central American Spider Monkey …………………………………………………………….5 Black-footed Cat……………………………………………………………………….……………..7 Kinkajou………………………………………………………………….……………………………....9 Striped Skunk………………………………………………………………………………………….11 Goeldi’s Monkey………………………………………………………………….………………….13 Cotton-top Tamarin…………………………………………………………………………………15 Six-banded Armadillo………………………………………………………………………………17

Linne’s Two-toed Sloth…………………………………………………………………………….19

Black-headed Spider Monkey 2 Ateles fusciceps rufiventris

Reproduction  Sexually mature around 3-4 years  Behavior, scents, and visual signals show signs they are ready to mate.  The estrous cycle is 26 days and females will usually associate with a male for up to three days, with mating lasting between 5 to 10 minutes.  Gestation period of 7-8 months.  Typically one offspring at a time, cared for by mother until weaned at 20 months.

Black-headed Spider Monkey 3 Ateles fusciceps rufiventris

Adaptations  Long prehensile tails that act as a fifth limb to help them swing through branches of trees.  The shape of their skull is formed so the monkey’s eyes are facing directly forward, this gives their vision precise gaging of branches and limbs as they swiftly swing through the forest canopy.  Their hands are formed for climbing, they only have four fingers and lack a thumb. This increases their strength and grip.

Behavior – Diurnal (active during the day, sleep at night)  Foragers  Associate in loose groups of about 20-30 individuals, but it is rare to find them gathered in one place. Individuals drift between subgroups of varying sizes.  Move through the forest using both their hands and feet to swing between trees, and walk in an upright position along branches  Can leap in excess of 9 meters (30 ft.) from branch to branch Conservation Concerns  Deforestation of their habitat is the main reason of population decline.  Pet/meat trade is also a concern but more research needs to be done to understand the extent this impacts the population. Conservation Ask  Be mindful of wildlife and the environment as you make every day purchasing decisions. o Action – When you make purchases, support green companies/eco-labels . Look for theses Eco-labels: Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, Forest Stewardship Council, & Sustainable Palm Oil

Black-headed Spider Monkey 4 Ateles fusciceps rufiventris

Individual Animal Information Name: Becka (Female) Born: November 6, 1993  At Potter Park Zoological Gardens Arrived: August 6, 1998  From Potter Park Zoological Gardens Physical Description: Largest member of the group

Name: Indy (Male) Born: July 5, 1992  At Maryland Zoo in Baltimore Arrived: November 5, 1999  From Maryland Zoo in Baltimore Physical Description: As he is the only male it is easy to identify him

Name: Hershey (Female) Born: January 27, 1996  At Henson Robinson Zoo Arrived: November 4, 1997  From Henson Robinson Zoo Physical Description: Hair is typically pushed forward

Name: Pink (Female) Born: June 17, 2005  At John Ball Zoo Physical Description: Has a pink toe and a faux hawk

Name: Casey (Female) Born: August 4, 2005  At John Ball Zoo Physical Description: Smallest and youngest of the group

Central American Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi 5

John Ball Zoo Habitat – Spider Monkey Island  Originally constructed in 1950. This exhibit was redone in 2009 for the spider monkeys. The tree like structures provide a more natural environment than the previous gunite mountain. Individual Animals – 3 Females (Not on site yet) Life Expectancy  Data deficient Statistics  Weight – 13-19 pounds.  Length – Tail length: 2-2.8 feet; Body length: 1-2 feet.  Males tend to be larger than females Diet – Omnivore (frugivore)  Wild – Ripe fruit, leaves, flowers, nuts, seeds, insects, arachnids, and eggs. Predators  Humans – source of food for many Central and South American peoples. Habitat  Rainforest and montane forest Region  Found along both coasts of Mexico from Tamaulipas in the northeast and Jalisco in the west south to northwestern Colombia. Reproduction  Sexually mature around 4-5 years.  The estrous cycle is 24-27 days.  Mating is restricted to a 2-3 day time period.  Gestation period of 226-232 days.  Typically one offspring at a time.  Young are normally dependent on their mothers for three years. Adaptations  Long prehensile tails that act as a fifth limb to help them swing through branches of trees. Often seen hanging by one limb or by the tail.  The shape of their skull is formed so the monkey’s eyes are facing directly forward, this gives their vision precise gaging of branches and limbs as they swiftly swing through the forest canopy.  Their hands are formed for climbing, they only have four fingers and lack a thumb. This increases their strength and grip.

Central American Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi 6

Behavior – Diurnal (active during the day, sleep at night)  Social  Arboreal  Foragers  They "bark" when threatened and often throw branches, jump up and down, and shake tree limbs when approached by humans. They emit a sound similar to a whinny when they are separated from one another.  Habitat loss, pet trafficking, and hunting in some regions. Conservation Ask  Be mindful of wildlife and the environment as you make every day purchasing decisions. o Action – When you make purchases, support green companies/eco-labels . Look for theses Eco-labels: Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, Forest Stewardship Council, & Sustainable Palm Oil

Black-footed Cat 7

Felis nigripes John Ball Zoo Habitat – Located in the Natural Treasures Building with outdoor access. Individual Animals – 1 Male  Oscar – Male

o Born May 11, 2006 . Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo o Arrived October 04, 2007 . From Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo Life Expectancy  Under Managed Care: Up to 15.6 years  There is little known about life expectancy in the wild, but there are records showing some individuals living up to 13 years Statistics  Weight – 2.2-5.3 pounds  Length o Body: 13.7-19.3 inches o Tail: 3-7.8 inches  Males tend to be larger than females  Smallest of the African Cat species Diet – Carnivore  Wild – 98% mammals and birds; 2% amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates.  Zoo – Feline (Ground whole animal), mice, chicks, and small rats. o 2 feedings a day Predators  Little is known about predation on this species. Unlike many felids, human predation on these cats is relatively rare. Habitat  Savannas and dry grasslands Region  Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa, as well as small parts of Angola, Zimbabwe, and possible Lesotho.

Black-footed Cat Felis nigripes 8

Reproduction – Polygynous (having more than 1 female as a mate)  Females become mature at 14-21 months old  Prior to mating, a female’s urine-spraying increases to advertise her readiness to the local male.  Mating occurs in August and September  Gestation takes 59-68 days.  Females give birth in underground dens to 1-3 offspring in November to December  Young begin to venture out of their den at 3 weeks old and are fully weaned at about 6 weeks old, when they can begin to catch their own prey. Adaptations  These cats have a broad skull with large, rounded ears, which provide enhanced hearing in an area with scarce prey.  Low-set ears are often completely flattened, an adaptation to hunting in areas with little cover.  They are protected from the hot sand by hair on the black soles of the feet. Behavior – Nocturnal  Deadliest cat with a 60% success rate while hunting Conservation Concerns  Loss of key resources, both den sites and prey

Conservation Ask  Support Global and Local Conservation Programs o Donate time/money to the zoo o Become a member, return visit, make purchase . John Ball Zoo participate in the Black-footed cat Species Survival Plan. Oscar’s offspring has gone on to sire offspring of their own.

Kinkajou Potos flavus 9

John Ball Zoo Habitat – Located in the Natural Treasures Building Individual Animals – 1 Male, 1 Female  Male – Papa (Retired. He is behind the scenes in the South America building) o Birth: Unknown

o Arrived July 08, 1994 . From Gladys Porter Zoo o Approx. Weight: 6-7lbs  Female – Alice (daughter of Papa) . Born at John Ball Zoo  On February 06, 2001 o Approx. Weight: 8-10lbs Life Expectancy  Average at AZA institutions: 26 years  Oldest recorded at AZA institutions: 40.5 years  Little is known about the average life span in the wild, but evidence suggest it is not uncommon for Kinkajous to live beyond 20 years. Statistics  Weight – 4.4-10lbs.  Length – Up to 32 inches Diet – Frugivore  Wild – Ripe fruit, mainly figs due to their year-round abundance. Nectar, flowers, and some insects. o Kinkajous are active seed dispersers and possibly pollinators as well.  Zoo – Fruit, mixed veggie, primate biscuits. Predators  Raptors like Isidor's eagles and Harpy eagles, also jaguars, and primarily humans.

Habitat  Tropical regions  A variety of forest habitats Region  From southern Tamaulipas, Mexico to southern Brazil Kinkajou 10 Potos flavus

Reproduction – Polygamous  Sexually mature by age 2.  Females are in estrous for 17 days  Breeding occurs year-round  Gestation period of 98-120 days.  Typically one offspring at a time, occasionally 2.  Female kinkajous are the primary providers of parental care.  Young are weaned at 8 weeks and independent at 4 months, sometimes sooner. Adaptations  Long, extensible tongue that is used to drink nectar  Long fully prehensile tail.  Fully reversible feet.  They utilize extreme spinal flexibility to maneuver among the tree limbs and obtain food at terminal branches. This flexibility, which allows for a rotation of 180º between the pelvis and head, is a unique trait that distinguishes kinkajous from their close relatives, the coatis and raccoons.  Large eyes helps to see at night. Behavior  Nocturnal  Arboreal  Foragers  Scent marking is important for sexual, territorial, and social communication. Conservation Concerns  Habitat Destruction.  Pet/meat trade is also a concern but more research needs to be done to understand the extent this impacts the population. Conservation Ask  Be mindful of wildlife and the environment as you make every day purchasing decisions. o Action – When you make purchases, support green companies/eco-labels . Look for theses Eco-labels: Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, Forest Stewardship Council, & Sustainable Palm Oil

Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis 11

John Ball Zoo Habitat – Animal Ambassador, housed in the Forest Realm Individual Animals – 1 Female: Turnip  Born April 29, 2015

o Unknown location  Arrived June 09, 2016 o From a private donor Life Expectancy  Under Managed Care: 10 years  Wild: 7 years Statistics ● Body Length – 1.5-2.6 feet ● Tail Length – 0.5-1.3 feet ● Weight – Up to 13.8 pounds ● Males are slightly larger than the females. Diet – Omnivore, opportunistic feeder ● Wild – birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish, eggs, carrion, insects, terrestrial non- insect arthropods, terrestrial worms, aquatic crustaceans, seeds, grains, nuts, and fruit. Predators ● Great Horned Owls, Golden Eagles, Bald Eagles, Mountain Lions, Bobcats, Coyotes, Grey Foxes, Red Foxes, and American Badgers.

Habitat  Woodlands, forests, wooded ravines, scrubland, and grassy plains. o Over time they have become more prominent in areas of extreme cultivation as well as in suburban neighborhoods Region  Most of North America. They reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, covering most of the continental United States and southern regions of Canada. They also range to the south over a portion of northern Mexico.

Reproduction – Polygynous: having more than one female mate at one time.  Both male and female younglings become sexually mature by the end of the first year, around 10 months of age on average. Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis 12

 After mating, females no longer associate with males and will become aggressive towards them through vocalizing, stamping their feet and fighting if necessary.  Breeding usually occurs sometime between February and April. o A secondary breeding can take place in May if the first litter is lost.  Gestation lasts about 59 to 77 days, beginning with a period of delayed implantation that can last up to 19 days.  Litters range from 2 to 10 individuals.  The younglings do not open their eyes until about three weeks of age.  Weaned at six to seven weeks. o It is at this time they learn to forage and hunt by following their mother in a single file line during her outings.  Male younglings become independent by July or August, while the female younglings may remain with their mother until the following spring. Both male and female younglings become sexually mature by the end of the first year, around 10 months of age on average. Adaptations  Long fore claws for digging.  Relies on fat storage for energy during the winter months.  Enlarged anal scent glands, even more than members of family Mustelidae. These paired glands contain an overpowering, yellowish musk, which can be discharged through the anus in a fluid spray, reaching over 19 feet. o The musk acts as an irritant to the senses and has been documented to cause nausea, intense pain and temporary blindness. o Skunks will face an opponent while arching their back and raising their tail, then stomp the ground with their forelegs as a warning. A temporary handstand may be performed if the ground stomping is done in synchrony with backing away. Behavior – Solitary, primarily nocturnal  Docile, often ignoring other animals, except during the breeding season. Conservation Concerns  An important source of insect control for human populations. Conservation Ask  Be mindful of wildlife and the environment as you make every day purchasing decisions. o Action – Choose your pets responsibly  Be thoughtful while engaging and connecting with Nature o Participate in nature friendly behavior Goeldi’s Monkey 13

Callimico goeldii John Ball Zoo Habitat – Located Behind the Scenes Individual Animals – 1 Male  Mario – Male o Born: August 18, 2010 . At Saint Louis Zoological Park o Arrived July 23, 2014 . From Saint Louis Zoological Park Life Expectancy  Average at AZA institutions: 8.9 years  Oldest recorded at AZA institutions: 27.6 years  Average life span in wild: Insufficient data Statistics  Weight – 0.7-1.2 pounds.  Length o Body: 7.4-9.0 inches o Tail: 10-12.7 inches Diet – Omnivore  Wild – fruits, insects, and small vertebrates.  Zoo – raisins, apple, pear, blueberry, sweet potato, strawberry, mixed vegetables, green pepper banana, eggs, crickets, mealworms, waxworms, super worms, and Mazuri Callitrichid Gel. o 3 Feedings a day

Predators  Pumas, snakes, eagles, and hawks

Habitat  Rainforest

Region  Northern Amazon Rainforest. Southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, western Brazil, and northern Bolivia.

Goeldi’s Monkey 14 Callimico goeldii Reproduction  Sexual maturity is reached at 14 months  Estrous cycle averages every 23 days with a duration of 1 week  Gestation averages 155 days allowing multiple births a year  Females give birth to a single offspring  Young nurse for 12 weeks and can digest solid food at 4 weeks  The mother carries the young for 2 weeks, the father carries the young for the 3rd week Adaptations  Can leap up to 13 feet.  They leap from one tree, turn in flight and grab their target. Behavior  Sleep close together in dense under brush or in a hollow tree  Communicates through vocalizations, sent, facial and body language o Some vocalizations are ultrasonic

Conservation Concerns  No major threats, however logging is becoming more common in the regions that Goeldi’s monkeys inhabit.

Cotton-top Tamarin 15 Saguinus oedipus

John Ball Zoo Habitat – Located in the Natural Treasures Building Individual Animals – 1 Male, 1 Female  Kevin – Male o Born November 30, 2015 . At Bergen County Zoological Park

o Arrived February 12, 2018 . From Bergen County Zoological Park  Lilo – Female o Born July 27, 2012 . At Salisbury Zoological Park o Arrived July 24, 2018 . From Salisbury Zoological Park Life Expectancy  Average at AZA institutions: 10.7-12.8 years  Oldest recorded at AZA institutions: 34.9 years

 Average life span in wild: Insufficient data Statistics  Weight – 0.66-0.99 pounds.  Length o Head-body: 8.3-10.2 inches o Tail: 12.9-15.8 inches Diet – Omnivore  Wild –primarily insects and fruits. Some sap and other plant fluids.  Zoo – Small primate gel (specially formulated with vitamins and minerals), primate biscuits, fruits, vegetables, and hard boil eggs. o 3 Feedings a day Predators  Wild Cats, Snakes, Eagles, and Hawks Habitat  Tropical rainforest and open woodlands Region  Northwest Colombia Reproduction – Monogamous  Sexual maturity is reached at 18 months for females and 24 months for males  Estrous cycle lasts 15 days  Gestation averages 140 days  Females give birth to non-identical twins each year.

Cotton-top Tamarin 16 Saguinus oedipus Adaptations  The ancestral primate nails on their toes and fingers have evolved into claws on all but their big toes, allowing them to climb in a squirrel like fashion.  Long tail assists in balance.

Behavior  Social, living in groups of 3-13  Cooperative breeding (unique amongst primates) is a practice where several females care for the offspring and males tend to carry the young giving females more time to forage.  They fluff up their fur and make loud calls to scare away intruders

Conservation Concerns  Clearing of their forest habitat and population depletion from animal trade.

Conservation Ask  Be mindful of wildlife and the environment as you make every day purchasing decisions. o Action – When you make purchases, support green companies/eco-labels . Look for theses Eco-labels: Rainforest Alliance & Forest Stewardship Council  Support Global and Local Conservation Programs o Action – Join and support conservation organizations . Fundacion Proyecto Titi

Six-Banded Armadillo 17 Euphractus sexcinctus

John Ball Zoo Habitat – Located it the Natural Treasures building

Individual Animals: 1 Female - Joanna  Born June 17, 2018 o At Saint Louis Zoological Park  Arrived October 29, 2018 o From Saint Louis Zoological Park Life Expectancy  Average: 8-12 years

 Can live up to 18 years under managed care. Statistics  Weight: 11 pounds  Length: 1.3 feet Diet – Omnivore  Wild – 90% of their diet is fruit, tubers, and palm nuts. o Occasionally ants, termites, carrion, and frogs. Predators – Humans Habitat  Savanna or grasslands

Region  South America east of the Andes Mountains

Reproduction  Gestation lasts 60-64 days.  Litter size is 1-3 baby armadillos.  During the first month of their lives, the babies quadruple their weight and by the end of the month are able to consume solid foods.  Within nine months the baby armadillo matures into an adult.

Six-Banded Armadillo 18 Euphractus sexcinctus

Adaptations  Their body consists of 6-8 moveable bands made of keratin.  They are good swimmers and stay afloat by swallowing air.  Claws developed for digging and constructing burrows. Behavior  Diurnal  Solitary  Rely on sense of smell due to poor vision. Conservation Concerns  Hunted extensively, mostly for local use as a protein source and for medicinal use.

Conservation Ask  Support Global and Local Conservation Programs o Donate time/money to the zoo . Become a member, return visit, make purchase  There is a Species Survival Plan for Six-Banded Armadillos

Linne’s Two-toed Sloth 19 Choloepus didactylus

John Ball Zoo Habitat – Located in the Natural Treasures Building in a mixed species habitat with a Six-banded Armadillo Individual Animals – 1 Male: Linus  Birth: August 1982 (Estimate) o Location: Unknown  Arrived: October 06, 1983 o From Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens o Approx. Weight: 25lbs Life Expectancy  Average at AZA institutions: 16 years  Oldest recorded at AZA institutions: 49 years  Little is known about the average life span in the wild. Statistics  Length – 21-29 inches Diet  Wild – primarily vegetation, including berries, leaves, small twigs, and fruits, cropping the leaves with their lips. On occasion sloths have been known to eat insects and other small prey. They obtain water from vegetation and by lapping dew. Predators  Ocelot, Jaguar, Harpy eagles, and Crested Eagles. Habitat  High in the canopies of tropical rainforests Region  Central America and northern South America, including portions of Brazil and Peru. Reproduction  Sexually mature by age 3 for females, age 4-5 for males.  Gestation period of 6 months.  Typically give birth to one offspring each year that clings to mother’s belly for 5 weeks.

Linne’s Two-toed Sloth 20 Choloepus didactylus Adaptations  Fur is adapted for wet tropical weather.  Streamlined body aides in swimming.  Each strand of fur has grooves which collect algae, giving the sloth a greenish tint and camouflaging it from predators.  Hardened lips which act to shear and crop leaves. Behavior  Solitary  Nocturnal, sleeping for 15 hours during the day, and waking during the night only to feed.  Descend to the ground for 1 of 2 reasons either to change trees in search of a new food source or to defecate o Sloths can go a week without defecating.  Their most common resting position is curled into a ball in the branches of a tree and resembles either a termite nest or a knot in the wood. Conservation Concerns  Habitat Loss due to logging Conservation Ask  Be mindful of wildlife and the environment as you make every day purchasing decisions. o Action – When you make purchases, support green companies/eco-labels . Look for theses Eco-labels:  Forest Stewardship Council  Sustainable Palm Oil