Analytical Chemistry
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MINISTRY OF HEALTHCARE OF UKRAINE PIROGOV VINNYTSYA NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY THE PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY CHAIR 250 200 150 100 Analytical chemistry 50 Part I Qualitative analysis Educational manual is prepared for foreign students of the pharmaceutical faculty dissolved components sample precipitating agent Vinnytsya 2012 MINISTRY OF HEALTHCARE OF UKRAINE PIROGOV VINNYTSYA NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY THE PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY CHAIR Analytical chemistry Part I Qualitative analysis Educational manual is prepared for foreign students of the pharmaceutical faculty Vinnytsya 2012 «Approved» by Methodical council of Pirogov National Medical University of Vinnytsya Minutes №1 of 30.08.2012 Authors: T.I. Yuschenko N.I. Kaminska A.E. Kosareva L.V. Slobodyanyuk O.P. Yashchuk The educational manual to practical classes in analytical chemistry for foreign students of the pharmaceutical higher school and the pharmaceutical faculties of the III-IV levels of “Quantitative analysis” accreditation. 2 Introduction The analytical chemistry is one of the fundamental chemical disciplines, which is the basis for the subsequent study of such core of disciplines as pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosicy, forensic chemistry, technology of drugs, etc. for future specialists in pharmacy. Analytical Chemistry is the science of the methods for studying the composition of material. It consists of two basic divisions: qualitative analysis (what is present) and quantitative analysis (how much is present). The aim of analytical chemistry teaching is creating the theoretical basis of chemical analysis for the students and also practical skills and experience of making it. The given manual for practical classes in analytical chemistry is intended for self-preparation of students for practical classes, carrying-out the experiment. Each topic includes: - brief exposition of theoretical material which accentuates student’s attention on the topic’s base position; - laboratory work which reveals the possibilities of analytical methods learning information facts; - control tasks for each topic which help to check the degree of material learning. The manual consists of three parts: - qualitative analysis; - quantitative analysis; - instrumental methods of analysis. The first part “Qualitative analysis” contains descriptions of analytical reactions for detection cations and anions which are present in drugs. 3 TOPIC PLAN OF LECTURES Specialitys “Pharmacy” and “Clinical pharmacy” Number of Theme of lectures № hours 1 2 3 Analytical chemistry and chemical analysis. Qualitative and quantitative analysis. Methods of qualitative analysis and their 2 1. classification. Analytical reactions and requirements to them. Classification of ions. The mass action law in the heterogenius systems. Solubility of substances in water. Ions equilibrium between the substance in 2 2. its solid and dissolved forms liquid. Ion product, solubility product, activity product. Conditions of precipitate formation. Influence of difference substances on precipitate solubility. 3. The mass action law in the homogenous systems (equilibrium in 2 buffer solutions and salts which hydrolyze). The mass action law in the homogenous systems (complex 4. compounds). Masking ions which interrupt. Organic reagent in 2 qualitative analysis. TOTAL OF MODULE 1 8 TOPIC PLAN OF PRACTICAL LESSONS Speciality “Pharmacy” Number of Theme of practical lessons № hours 1 2 3 Rules of safety appliance in chemical laboratory. Acidic-basic classification of cations. Characteristic reactions of the I analytical group cations and condition of their detection. The 1. analysis of a mix of the I analytical group cations. Laboratory 4 experiment. Problem solving: “Test sensitivity. Reaction’s specificity and selectivity”. Group reagent for the II analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the II analytical group cations and condition of their 2. detection. The analysis of a mix of the II analytical group 4 cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Ionization theory”. 4 1 2 3 Group reagent for the III analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the III analytical group cations and condition of their detection. The analysis of a mix of the III analytical group 3. 4 cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Solubility equilibria. Solubility ─ product constant for a sparingly soluble salt”. Tests on analysis of I-III analytical groups cations. The analysis 4. 4 of a mix of I-III analytical groups cations. Control experimental task of a mix of I-III analytical groups 5. 4 cations. Comprehensive check of thematic module 1. Group reagent for the IV analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the IV analytical group cations and condition of their detection. The analysis of a mix of the IV analytical group 6. 4 cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Acid – base equilibria. Salt’s hydrolysis and buffer solution’s”. Group reagent for the V analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the V analytical group cations and condition of their 7. detection. The analysis of a mix of the V analytical group 4 cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Oxidation-reduction equilibria”. Group reagent for the VI analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the VI analytical group cations and condition of their 8. detection. The analysis of a mix of the VI analytical group 4 cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Complex ion equilibria”. Tests on analysis of cations of IV-IV analytical groups. The 9. 4 analysis of a mix of cations of IV-IV analytical groups. Control experimental task of a mix of I-III analytical groups 10. 4 cations. Comprehensive check of thematic module 2. Characteristic reactions of the I-III analytical group anions and 11. 4 condition of their detection. Laboratory experiment. Characteristic reactions of the organic acids anions and condition 12. of their detection. The analysis of a mix of the anions. 4 Laboratory experiment. Mixture analysis of unknown composition. Comprehensive 13. 2 check of thematic module 3. 14. Comprehensive check of module 1. Qualitative analysis. 4 TOTAL OF MODULE 1 56 5 TOPIC PLAN OF PRACTICAL LESSONS Speciality “Clinical pharmacy” Number of № Theme of practical lessons hours 1 2 3 Rules of safety appliance in chemical laboratory. Acidic-basic classification of cations. Characteristic reactions of the I analytical group cations and condition of their detection. The 1-2. 4 analysis of a mix of the I analytical group cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Reaction’s specificity and selectivity”, “Ionization theory”. Group reagent for the II analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the II analytical group cations and 3. 2 condition of their detection. The analysis of a mix of the II analytical group cations. Laboratory experiment. Group reagent for the III analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the III analytical group cations and condition of their detection. The analysis of a mix of the III 4. 2 analytical group cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Solubility equilibria. Solubility ─ product constant for a sparingly soluble salt”. Group reagent for the IV analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the IV analytical group cations and 5. condition of their detection. The analysis of a mix of the IV 2 analytical group cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Acid – base equilibria”. Group reagent for the V analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the V analytical group cations and 6. condition of their detection. The analysis of a mix of the V 2 analytical group cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Oxidation-reduction equilibria”. Group reagent for the VI analytical group cations. Characteristic reactions of the VI analytical group cations and 7. condition of their detection. The analysis of a mix of the VI 2 analytical group cations. Laboratory experiment. Problem solving: “Complex ion equilibria”. Characteristic reactions of the I-III analytical group anions 8. 2 and condition of their detection. Laboratory experiment. Mixture analysis of unknown composition. Comprehensive 9. 2 check of module 1. Comprehensive check of module 1. 2 TOTAL OF MODULE 1 20 6 Part I Qualitative analysis Many problems in analytical chemistry begin with the necessity of identifying what is present in a sample. This is the scope of a qualitative analysis. The qualitative analysis is a process for identification of a substance, which allows to determine what chemical elements are included into the sample tested, what ions, functional groups or molecules are in its composition. Although modern analytical chemistry is dominated by sophisticated instrumentation, the roots of analytical chemistry and some of the principles used in modern instruments are taken from traditional techniques many of which are still used nowadays. The classical laboratory courses in inorganic and organic qualitative analysis are based on chemical tests to identify inorganic ions (cations and anions) and organic functional groups. The characteristic qualitative analytical reactions are used in the chemical methods of the qualitative analysis. They are characterized by the certain external reactions: precipitates forming of with a certain colour in solutions, colour changes in solution or alloy, elimination of evolving gaseous products without odour or with a certain odour, etc. Substance, which is used for carrying out a qualitative analytical reaction, is called