Fire Regimes in the Spinifex Landscapes of Australia. in 'Flammable Australia: Fire Regimes and Biodiversity Ofa Continent'

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Fire Regimes in the Spinifex Landscapes of Australia. in 'Flammable Australia: Fire Regimes and Biodiversity Ofa Continent' References Allan GE, Southgate R (2001) Fire regimes in the spinifex landscapes of Australia. In 'Flammable Australia: Fire Regimes and Biodiversity ofa Continent'. (Eds RA Bradstock, JE Williams and AM Gill) pp. 145-176. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge) Bellingham PJ, Sparrow AD (2000) Resprouting as a life history strategy in woody plant communities. Oikos 89, 409-406. Bond W, Midgley 11 (2001) Ecology of sprouting in woody plants: the persistence niche. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 16, 45-53. Bond W, Midgley JJ (2003) The evolutionary ecology of sprouting in woody plants. International Journal ofPlant Science 164, 103-1 14. Bond WJ, Van Wilgen BW (1996) 'Fire and Plants.' (Chapman & Hall: London) Bowen BJ, Pate JS (1993) The significance of root starch in post-fire shoot recovery of the resprouter Stirlingia latifolia R.Br. (Proteaceae). Annals ofBotany 72 7-16. Bradstock RA, Auld TD, Ellis ME, Cohn 1S (1992) Soil temperatures during bushfires in semi-arid, mallee shrublands. Australian Journal ofEcology 17, 433-440. Burbidge NT (1943) Ecological succession observed during regeneration of Triodia pungens after burning. Journal ofthe Royal Society ofWestern Australia 28, 149-156. Canadell J, Lloret F, Lopez-Soria L (1991) Resprouting vigor oftwo Mediterranean shrub species after experimental fire treatments. Vegetatio 95, 119-126. Cary GJ, Morrison DA (1995) Effects offire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region: Combinations of inter-fire intervals. Australian Journal ofEcology 20, 418-426. Clarke PJ, Knox KJE (2002) Post-fire response of shrubs in the tablelands ofeastern Australia: do existing models explain habitat differences? Australian Journal ofBotany 50, 53-62. Clarke PJ, Knox KJE, Wills KE, Campbell M (2005) Landscape patterns ofwoody plant response to crown fire: disturbance and productivity influence sprouting ability. Journal ofEcology 93, 544-555. Cruz A, Beatriz P, Moreno 1M (2003) Resprouting ofthe Mediterranean-type shrub Erica australis with modified lignotuber carbohydrate content. Journal ofEcology 91, 348-356. 144 Drewa PB, Platt WJ, Moser EB (2002) Fire effects on resprouting of shrubs in headwaters ofsoutheastern longleaf pine savannahs. Ecology 83, 755-767. FI inn MA, Wein RW (1977) Depth of underground organs and theoretical survival during fire. Canadian Journal ofBotany 55, 2550-2554. Grant CD, Lonegaran WA, Koch JM, Bell DT (1997) Fuel characteristics, vegetation structure and fire behavior of 11-15 year old rehabilitated bauxite mines in Western Australia. Australian Forestry 60, 147-157. Hodgkinson KC (1982) Adaptation of shrub species to fire in the arid zone. In 'Evolution ofthe flora and fauna ofarid Australia'. (Eds WR Barker and PJM Greenslade). (Peacock Publications: Frewville) Hodgkinson KC (1998) Sprouting success ofshrubs after fire: height-dependent relationships for different strategies. Decologia 115, 64-72. Lloret F, Siscart 0, Dalmases C (2004) Canopy recovery after drought dieback in holm­ oak mediterranean forests ofCatalonia (NE Spain). Global Change Biology 10, 2092­ 2099. Malanson GP, Trabaud L (1988) Vigor of post-fire resprouting by Quercus coccifera L. Journal ofEcology 76,351-365. Matlack GR, Gibson OJ, Good RE (1993) Regeneration ofthe shrub Gaylussacia baccata and associated species after low intensity fire in an Atlantic coastal plain forest. American Journal ofBotany 80, 119-126. Moreno JM, Oechel WC (1991) Fire intensity and herbivory effects on post-fire resprouting ofAdenostomafasciculatum in southern Californian chaparral. Decologia 85, 429-433. Morgan JW (2001) Seedling recruitment patterns over 4 years in an Australian perennial grassland community with different fire histories. Journal ofEcology 89, 908-919. N ieuwenhuis A (1987) The effect offire frequency on the sclerophyll vegetation ofthe West Head, New South Wales. Australian Journal ofEcology 12, 373-385. Noble JC (1989) Fire regimes and their influence on herbage and mallee coppice dynamics. In 'Mediterranean landscapes in Australia: mallee ecosystems and their management'. (Eds JC Noble and RA Bradstock) pp. 168-181. (CSIRO: East Melbourne) Odion DC, Davis FW (2000) Fire, soil heating, and the formation ofvegetation patterns in chaparral. Ecological Monographs 70, 149-169. 145 Olson MS, Platt WJ (1995) Effects ofhabitat and growing season fires on resprouting of shrubs in longleaf pine savannahs. Vegetatio 119, 101-118. Rice SK (1993) vegetation establishment in post-fire Adenostoma chaparral in relation to fine-scale pattern in fire intensity and soil nutrients. Journal ofVegetation Science 4. Schimmel J, Granstrom A (1996) Fire severity and vegetation response in the Boreal Swedish forest. Ecology 77, 1436-1450. Scotter DR (1970) Soil temperatures under grass fires. Australian Journal ofSoil Research 8,273-9. Verdaguer 0, Ojeda F (2005) Evolutionary transition from resprouter to seeder life histories in two Erica (Ericaceae) species: insight from seedling axillary buds. Annals of Botany 95,593-599. Vesk PA, Warton 01, Westoby M (2004) Sprouting by semi-arid plants: testing a dichotomy and predictive traits. Gikos 107, 72-89. Wade DO, Johansen RW (1986) 'Effects offire on southern pine: observations, and recommendations.' USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SE-41. Watson P, Wardell-Johnson G (2004) Fire frequency and time-since-fire effects on the open-forest and woodland flora of Girraween National Park, south-east Queensland, Australia. Austral Ecology 29, 225-236. Williams PR, Congdon RA, Grice AC, Clarke PJ (2004) Soil temperature and depth of legume germination during early and late dry season fires in a tropical eucalypt savannah of north-eastern Australia. Austral Ecology 29, 258-263. 146 Chapter 8 General conclusions Introduction This thesis sought to examine the effects of fire regime on the vegetation dynamics in spinifex grasslands in central Australia. This chapter synthesizes the results of this research and puts forward the hypothesis that plants within spinifex grasslands possess adaptations that have been selected for under a fire regime characterised by periodic, summer fire. It also summarizes the management implications of these findings, and points towards potential future research directions. Spinifex fire regimes Chapter 2 showed that contemporary fire regimes in spinifex grasslands are characterised by extensive wildfire events that occur in response to fuel accumulations after extreme rain. During these events, the scale of fires can be enormous, with one fire during the 1980s burning over 6000 km2 of sand dune and range country. The almost complete absence of fires during inter-event periods was also striking, with less than 1% (~ 80 2 km ) of the study area burning during the entire period from 1985-2000. The main season of fire occurrence in spinifex grasslands is over the late spring and summer months, when air temperatures are highest and humidity levels are low. The potential for fires during these months is enhanced by the increased likelihood of summer lightning strikes (Griffin, Price et al. 1983). Chapter 2 also showed that spinifex grasslands are occasionally subjected to short fire intervals, and that these fires occur when sufficient rains fall soon after initial fires. It is suggested that these short interval fires are fuelled by inter-hummock grass species, such as Aristida holathera and A. inaequiglumis, as these species were common in the seed bank (see Chapter 5) and Triodia fuels are virtually absent during early stages of post-fire succession (see Chapter 4). Chapter 3 showed that these short interval fires are of lower intensity and severity than initial Triodia-fuelled fires (see Chapter 6), but as was demonstrated in Chapters 4 and 5, their ecological impact can still be significant. 147 While the data from this thesis only pertain to the very recent history of fires, it was suggested in Chapter 2 that the contemporary relationship between rain and widespread fire in spinifex grasslands may also have prevailed prior to the arrival of humans in Australia. Such a hypothesis may be plausible, given that fires in arid environments across the globe are constrained by low biomass levels, and that opportunities for fire only ever occur when high rainfalls promote substantial fuel accumulation (Frost 1985; Kitzberger, Swetnam et al. 2001; Veblin, Kitzberger et al. 1999). At this stage no data are available to directly validate this hypothesis, although it could be tested in the future using research techniques similar to those of Atahan et al. (2004) and Dodson et al. (2005), who used Pliocene charcoal records from palaeo-lakes to show that pre-human fire regimes in south-western Australia were characterised by fires that were highly seasonal and frequent. In Chapter 2 it was also suggested that the seasonality of fires in spinifex grasslands may not have changed considerably since pre-human times, as fuel combustibility during these times would still have been highest in summer. This hypothesis has previously been put forward by Suijendorp (1981), who also postulated that pre-human fire regimes may have been even more seasonal than contemporary ones, owing to the absence of anthropogenic ignition sources and the dependence on summer lightning strikes to initiate fires. If these hypotheses hold, then it can be presumed that the spinifex flora has spent a considerable portion of its evolutionary history adapting to fire regimes characterised by infrequent summer fires that occur in response to
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