Pilot's Guide to Runway Safety
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Aviation Safety Regulation
* Paul Stephen Dempsey McGill University Institute of Air & Space Law Some slides from Singapore CAA, France BEA, US FAA, ICAO and various websites. *The Chicago Convention of 1944 created the International Civil Aviation Organization [ICAO] and gave it quasi-legislative authority to promulgate standards and recommended practices [SARPs] as Annexes to the Chicago Convention. These standards are binding upon member States that fail to notify ICAO of the differences in their domestic law. * * Article 12 of the Convention requires every contracting State to keep its regulations uniform, to the greatest extent possible, with those established under the Convention. * Article 37 attempts to achieve uniformity in air navigation, by requiring that every contracting State cooperate in achieving the “highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organization in relation to aircraft personnel, airways and auxiliary services in all matters in which uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation.” * The sentence that follows provides, “[T]o this end [ICAO] shall adopt and amend from time to time . international standards and recommended practices and procedures” addressing various aspects of air navigation. * Therefore, ICAO’s 191 member States have an affirmative obligation to conform their domestic laws, rules, and regulations to the international leveling standards adopted by ICAO. * * Annex 1 (Personnel Licensing), Annex 6 (Operation of Aircraft), and Annex 8 (Airworthiness of Aircraft) require ICAO’s member States to promulgate domestic laws and regulations to certify airmen, aircraft, and aircraft operators as airworthy and competent to carry out safe operations in international aviation. * Subject to the notification of differences under Article 38 of the Convention, the legal regime effectively assumes that States are in compliance with these safety mandates. -
Advisory Circular (AC)
U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Parts 91, 121, 125, and 135 Date: 7/30/12 AC No: 120-74B Flightcrew Procedures During Taxi Initiated by: Change: Operations AFS-200/800 1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) provides guidelines for the development and implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP) for conducting safe aircraft operations during taxiing to avoid causing a runway incursion. In accordance with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Order 7050.1, Runway Safety Program, the definition of a runway incursion is any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. It is intended for use by persons operating aircraft with two or more pilots on the flight deck under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 91, 121, 125, and 135. The FAA recommends that these guidelines become an integral part of all SOPs, flight operations manuals (FOM), and formal flightcrew member training programs. The use of flightcrew SOPs should be emphasized and employed during all phases of flight, including ground operations. Appendices 1 and 2 of this AC contain examples of SOPs that are identical or similar to some SOPs currently in use. These appendices are not directive or prescriptive in nature and do not represent a rigid FAA view of Best Practices. SOPs may vary among fleets and among certificate holders and may change over time. Operators may integrate the information contained in Appendices 1 and 2 into their fleet-specific, route-specific, and equipment-specific operations and checklists. -
Aviation Suzanne Pinkerton
University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 9-1-1978 Aviation Suzanne Pinkerton Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr Recommended Citation Suzanne Pinkerton, Aviation, 10 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 530 (1978) Available at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr/vol10/iss2/11 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Inter- American Law Review by an authorized administrator of Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LAWYER OF THE AMERICAS AVIATION REPORT SUZANNE C. PINKERTON* United Nations In September 1977, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) held its Twenty-second Assembly. Among the resolutions adopted was Resolution A 22-16,1 in which the Assembly requested those member states which had not previously done so, to become parties to the Conven- tion for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (Hague, 1970)2 and the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 1971).1 On November 3, 1977, the United Nations General Assembly, in response to the concern voiced by the ICAO, adopted by consensus Resolution 32/84 on the safety of international civil aviation. In adopting the resolution the General Assembly reaffirmed its condemna- tion of aerial hijacking and other interference with civil air travel. Two days earlier the Special Political Commitee had approved, by consensus, the resolution in draft form? In its final form, Resolution 32/8 is divided into five paragraphs. -
Air Transport Industry Analysis Report
Annual Analyses of the EU Air Transport Market 2016 Final Report March 2017 European Commission Annual Analyses related to the EU Air Transport Market 2016 328131 ITD ITA 1 F Annual Analyses of the EU Air Transport Market 2013 Final Report March 2015 Annual Analyses of the EU Air Transport Market 2013 MarchFinal Report 201 7 European Commission European Commission Disclaimer and copyright: This report has been carried out for the Directorate General for Mobility and Transport in the European Commission and expresses the opinion of the organisation undertaking the contract MOVE/E1/5-2010/SI2.579402. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the European Commission and should not be relied upon as a statement of the European Commission's or the Mobility and Transport DG's views. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the information given in the report, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. Copyright in this report is held by the European Communities. Persons wishing to use the contents of this report (in whole or in part) for purposes other than their personal use are invited to submit a written request to the following address: European Commission - DG MOVE - Library (DM28, 0/36) - B-1049 Brussels e-mail (http://ec.europa.eu/transport/contact/index_en.htm) Mott MacDonald, Mott MacDonald House, 8-10 Sydenham Road, Croydon CR0 2EE, United Kingdom T +44 (0)20 8774 2000 F +44 (0)20 8681 5706 W www.mottmac.com Issue and revision record StandardSta Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description ndard A 28.03.17 Various K. -
Estimation of Aircraft Taxi-Out Fuel Burn Using Flight Data Recorder Archives
Estimation of Aircraft Taxi-out Fuel Burn using Flight Data Recorder Archives Harshad Khadilkar∗ and Hamsa Balakrishnany Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA The taxi-out phase of a flight accounts for a significant fraction of total fuel burn for aircraft. In addition, surface fuel burn is also a major contributor to CO2 emissions in the vicinity of airports. It is therefore desirable to have accurate estimates of fuel consumption on the ground. This paper builds a model for estimation of on-ground fuel consumption of an aircraft, given its surface trajectory. Flight Data Recorder archives are used for this purpose. The taxi-out fuel burn is modeled as a linear function of several factors including the taxi-out time, number of stops, number of turns, and number of acceleration events. The statistical significance of each potential factor is investigated. The parameters of the model are estimated using least-squares regression. Since these parameters are estimated using data from operational aircraft, they provide more accurate estimates of fuel burn than methods that use idealized physical models of fuel consumption based on aircraft velocity profiles, or the baseline fuel consumption estimates provided by the International Civil Aviation Organization. Our analysis shows that in addition to the total taxi time, the number of acceleration events is a significant factor in determining taxi fuel consumption. Nomenclature ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization FDR Flight Data Recorder MTOW Maximum TakeOff Weight Tamb Ambient absolute temperature f Total fuel consumed during taxi-out t Taxi-out time ns Number of stops nt Number of turns na Number of acceleration events I. -
Electric Airports
Electric Airports In the next few years, it is highly likely that the global aircraft fleet will undergo a transformative change, changing air travel for everyone. This is a result of advances in battery technology, which are making the viability of electric aircraft attractive to industry leaders and startups. The reasons for switching from a fossilfueled to electric powertrain are not simply environmental, though aircraft do currently contribute around 3% of global carbon dioxide emissions [1]. Electric aircraft will provide convenient, comfortable, cheap and fast transportation for all. This promise provides a powerful incentive for large companies such as Airbus and many small startups to work on producing compelling electric aircraft. There are a number of fundamental characteristics that make electric aircraft appealing. The most intuitive is that they are predicted to produce very little noise, as the propulsion system does not rely on violent combustion [2]. This makes flying much quieter for both passengers and people around airports. As they do not need oxygen for burning jet fuel, they can fly much higher, which in turn will make them faster than today’s aircraft as air resistance decreases with altitude [3]. The most exciting characteristic is that electric aircraft could make vertical takeoff and landing, or VTOL, flight a possibility for everyone. Aircraft currently take off using a long runway strip, gaining speed until there is enough airflow over the wings to fly. It obviously doesn’t have to be this way, as helicopters have clearly demonstrated. You can just take off vertically. Though helicopters are far too expensive and slow for us to use them as airliners. -
GENERAL AVIATION REPORT GUIDANCE – December 2013
GENERAL AVIATION REPORT GUIDANCE – December 2013 Changes from November 2013 version Annex C – Wick Airport updated to reflect that it is approved for 3rd country aircraft imports No other changes to November version Introduction These instructions have been produced by Border Force are designed and published for General Aviation1 pilots, operators and owners of aircraft. They help you to complete and submit a General Aviation Report (GAR) and inform you about the types of airport you can use to make your journey. The instructions explain: - What a General Aviation Report (GAR) is What powers are used to require a report Where aircraft can land and take off When you are asked to submit a General Aviation Report (GAR); When, how and where to send the GAR How to complete the GAR How GAR information is used Custom requirements when travelling to the UK The immigration and documentation requirements to enter the UK What to do if you see something suspicious What is a General Aviation Report (GAR)? General Aviation pilots, operators and owners of aircraft making Common Travel Area2 and international journeys in some circumstances are required to report their expected journey to the Police and/or the Border Force command of the Home Office. Border Force and the Police request that the report is made using a GAR. The GAR helps Border Force and the Police in securing the UK border and preventing crime and terrorism. What powers are used to require a report? An operator or pilot of a general aviation aircraft is required to report in relation to international or Channel Islands journeys to or from the UK, unless they are travelling outbound directly from the UK to a destination in the European Union as specified under Sections 35 and 64 of the Customs & 1 The term General Aviation describes any aircraft not operating to a specific and published schedule 2 The Common Travel Area is comprised of Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands Excise Management Act 1979. -
Why Some Airport-Rail Links Get Built and Others Do Not: the Role of Institutions, Equity and Financing
Why some airport-rail links get built and others do not: the role of institutions, equity and financing by Julia Nickel S.M. in Engineering Systems- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010 Vordiplom in Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen- Universität Karlsruhe, 2007 Submitted to the Department of Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Political Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2011 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2011. All rights reserved. Author . Department of Political Science October 12, 2010 Certified by . Kenneth Oye Associate Professor of Political Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . Roger Peterson Arthur and Ruth Sloan Professor of Political Science Chair, Graduate Program Committee 1 Why some airport-rail links get built and others do not: the role of institutions, equity and financing by Julia Nickel Submitted to the Department of Political Science On October 12, 2010, in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Political Science Abstract The thesis seeks to provide an understanding of reasons for different outcomes of airport ground access projects. Five in-depth case studies (Hongkong, Tokyo-Narita, London- Heathrow, Chicago- O’Hare and Paris-Charles de Gaulle) and eight smaller case studies (Kuala Lumpur, Seoul, Shanghai-Pudong, Bangkok, Beijing, Rome- Fiumicino, Istanbul-Atatürk and Munich- Franz Josef Strauss) are conducted. The thesis builds on existing literature that compares airport-rail links by explicitly considering the influence of the institutional environment of an airport on its ground access situation and by paying special attention to recently opened dedicated airport expresses in Asia. -
Assessment Method of Fuel Consumption and Emissions of Aircraft During Taxiing on Airport Surface Under Given Meteorological Conditions
sustainability Article Assessment Method of Fuel Consumption and Emissions of Aircraft during Taxiing on Airport Surface under Given Meteorological Conditions Ming Zhang * , Qianwen Huang, Sihan Liu and Huiying Li College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; [email protected] (Q.H.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (H.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 27 September 2019; Accepted: 31 October 2019; Published: 2 November 2019 Abstract: Reducing fuel consumption and emissions of aircrafts during taxiing on airport surfaces is crucial to decrease the operating costs of airline companies and construct green airports. At present, relevant studies have barely investigated the influences of the operation environment, such as low visibility and traffic conflict in airports, reducing the assessment accuracy of fuel consumption and emissions. Multiple aircraft ground propulsion systems on airport surfaces, especially the electric green taxiing system, have attracted wide attention in the industry. Assessing differences in fuel consumption and emissions under different taxiing modes is difficult because environmental factors were hardly considered in previous assessments. Therefore, an innovative study was conducted based on practical running data of quick access recorders and climate data: (1) Low visibility and taxiing conflict on airport surfaces were inputted into the calculation model of fuel consumption to set up a modified model of fuel consumption and emissions. (2) Fuel consumption and emissions models under full- and single-engine taxiing, external aircraft ground propulsion systems, and electric green taxiing system could accurately estimate fuel consumption and emissions under different taxiing modes based on the modified model. -
General Aviation Report (GAR) Guidance – January 2021
General Aviation Report (GAR) Guidance – January 2021 Changes to the 2019 version of this guidance: • Updated Annex C (CoA list of airports) Submitting a General Aviation Report to Border Force under the Customs & Excise Management Act 1979 and to the Police under the Terrorism Act 2000. Introduction These instructions are for General Aviation (GA) pilots, operators and owners of aircraft. They provide information about completing and submitting a GAR and inform you about the types of airport you can use to make your journey. The instructions explain: 1. What is General Aviation Report (GAR) 2. Powers used to require a report 3. Where aircraft can land and take off 4. When, how and where to send the GAR 5. How to submit a GAR 6. How to complete the GAR 7. How GAR information is used 8. Customs requirements when travelling to the UK 9. Immigration and documentation requirements to enter the UK 10. What to do if you see something suspicious 1. General Aviation Report (GAR) GA pilots, operators and owners of aircraft making Common Travel Area1 and international journeys in some circumstances are required to report or provide notification of their expected journey to UK authorities. The information provided is used by Border Force and the Police to facilitate the smooth passage of legitimate persons and goods across the border and prevent crime and terrorism. 2. Powers used to require a report An operator or pilot of a GA aircraft is required to report in relation to international or Channel Island journeys to or from the UK under Sections 35 and 64 of the Customs & Excise Management Act 1979. -
10. the AIRLINE PILOTS LOOK at RUNWAY GROOVING by Carl F
10. THE AIRLINE PILOTS LOOK AT RUNWAY GROOVING By Carl F. Eck Air Line Pilots Association, International SUMMARY The airline pilots have now had the opportunity to use grooved runways operation- ally for over a year. They have found significant benefits from this development and desire its universal application at all airports. Because of variable operating conditions and the fact that grooving only allows a wet runway to approach the braking capability of a dry runway, they do not believe that any reduction in runway length requirements on wet runways should result from this grooving. INTRODUCTION Every airline pilot has learned from experience that the braking capability that can be reasonably expected on a dry, clean runway surface is not attainable on all dry sur- faces. Even this lesser braking capability deteriorates rapidly when various amounts of water and other contaminants are present. Safety representatives from Air Line Pilots Association, International (ALPA) have searched long and hard for the best way to remove the hazards associated with this condition. Take-off and landing runway distances are all computed on the basis of hard dry runways, and there is for all practical purposes, no extra safety margin available for this braking deterioration in the case of abort at V1 during take-off. (Vi is the speed at which the pilot must decide whether to abort or con- tinue take-off.) Landing distances are also too marginal when all the variable stopping factors involved are considered. DISCUSSION In August 1965, ALPA published in the AIR LINE PILOT an article entitled "The Short Runway" (ref. -
Runway to Recovery
Runway to Recovery The United States Framework for Airlines and Airports to Mitigate the Public Health Risks of Coronavirus Guidance Jointly Issued by the U.S. Departments of Transportation, Homeland Security, and Health and Human Services Version 1.1 | December 2020 CONTENTS – 03 Overview 07 Principles 09 Air Transportation Stakeholder Roles and Responsibilities 11 A Risk-Based Approach for COVID-19 Outbreak Mitigation Planning 14 Public Health Risk Mitigation in the Passenger Air Transportation System 49 Future Areas of Research and Evaluation for Public Health Risk Mitigations 51 Implementation Challenges Specific to International Travel 53 Appendix A: Key Partners and Decision-Makers OVERVIEW A safe, secure, efficient, and resilient air transportation system is essential to our Nation’s physical, economic, and social health. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health emergency has demonstrated that protecting public health in the air transportation system is just as critical as aviation safety and security to the confidence of the flying public. Government, aviation, and public health leaders have been working together—and must continue to do so—to meaningfully reduce the public health risk and restore passenger, aviation workforce (including aircrew), and public confidence in air travel. The U.S. Government continues to assess the evolving situation and the effectiveness of actions and recommendations implemented to date. This updated guidance reflects this continual assessment and updated information. Although there are some updates and adjustments throughout, the key additions and changes in this document include new information on: » Passenger and Aviation Workforce Education » Contact Tracing » Mask Use, specifically the need to accommodate those who cannot wear masks » Passenger Testing This document provides the U.S.