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Evolution and Biodiversity Evolution and Biodiversity: The evolutionary basis of biodiversity and its potential for adaptation to global change Report of an electronic conference, March 2010 E-Conference organisation: Fiona Grant, Juliette Young and Allan Watt CEH Edinburgh Bush Estate Penicuik EH26 0QB UK Joachim Mergeay INBO Bosonderzoek Gaverstraat 4 9500 Geraardsbergen Belgium Luis Santamaria IMEDA, CSIC-UIB Miquel Marquès 21 07190 Esporles Islas Baleares Spain The publication should be cited as follows: Grant, F., Mergeay, J., Santamaria, L., Young, J. and Watt, A.D. (Eds.). 2010. Evolution and Biodiversity: The evolutionary basis of biodiversity and its potential for adaptation to global change. Report of an e-conference. Front cover photo credit: The changing landscape (Peyresq, southern France). Allan Watt, CEH Edinburgh. Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................ 1 Preface ........................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3 Summary of contributions .......................................................................................... 5 Research priorities ..................................................................................................... 10 List of contributions ................................................................................................... 14 Session I: The evolutionary basis of biodiversity .................................................... 17 Session II: Evolutionary responses to anthropogenic pressures ........................... 35 Session III: Evolution in complex systems and coevolutionry networks .............. 65 References and further reading ................................................................................ 87 1 Preface Research on biodiversity is essential to help the European Union and EU Member States to implement the Convention on Biological Diversity as well as reach the target of halting the loss of biodiversity in Europe by 2010. The need for co-ordination between researchers, the policy-makers that need research results and the organisations that fund research is reflected in the aims of the European Platform for Biodiversity Research Strategy (EPBRS), a forum of scientists and policy makers representing the EU countries, whose aims are to promote discussion of EU biodiversity research strategies and priorities, to exchange information on national biodiversity activities and to disseminate current best practices and information regarding the scientific understanding of biodiversity conservation. This is a report of the E-Conference entitled Evolution and Biodiversity: The evolutionary basis of biodiversity and its potential for adaptation to global change preceding the EPBRS meeting to be held under the Spanish EU presidency in Palma, Mallorca, from the 12th-15th April 2010. 2 Introduction Joachim Mergeay, E-Conference Chair We are facing global changes that are unprecedented in the history of humanity, but that we have caused ourselves. We have created a world where the influence of a single species is omnipresent in all realms and ecosystems. Pollution, overexploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species and climate change are the main causes of global change, and as a corollary, current biodiversity loss. Jointly they form a multitude of stresses on life on this planet. The main question is not whether life on earth will adapt to global change, because it will. Life inevitably finds new pathways to cope with change. The issue is rather how this will happen. What does a relatively sudden and massive interference into such ecosystems do with the stability and functioning of these ecosystems, and what is the role of evolution in the responses to global change? In contrast to the dynamic evolutionary flux that characterizes life, our view on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has mainly been a static one, trying to conserve biodiversity as it is, and preferably, as it was. Given the pace and magnitude of global change we are imposing onto our world, we need to be able to predict how life will change as a result of our own actions. We will still need the same ecosystem functions and services tomorrow, so we will need to know if and how these will be altered by our actions. That is a serious challenge. In the “United Nations international year of biodiversity” we should get to the evolutionary sources of biodiversity itself, and rethink biodiversity in all its aspects. We need to understand how evolution shapes diversity, from genes to ecosystems. How diversity originates, how functions originate, and how they are affected by change. How biotic interactions originate and how we can maintain the ecosystem services we badly need in spite of the changes we impose on life. We live in an era where science policy makers and science funding agencies are focusing more and more on direct applications and short term return-on-investment. But for science to provide solutions to the biodiversity crisis and its associated social and economic consequences, we first need to understand the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity in the face of global change. This was the key issue of this e-conference. The e-conference covered three main topics, one per week of the e-conference: Session 1: The evolutionary basis of biodiversity - strategies to manage and preserve evolutionary processes, and their likely impact on biodiversity This first session focused mostly on the lowest levels of biodiversity (genes and individuals). We started by considering the role of evolution in biodiversity from a human perspective, and then looked in more detail at: 3 - New genomic techniques and their applications in conservation biology - The genetic basis of phenotypic evolution - Non-genetic inheritance mechanisms (epigenetics) - Genetic and genomic studies of a biodiversity hotspot - How rapid evolution affects invasive species as well as species in invaded biota Session 2: Evolutionary responses to global change This session focused on how populations respond to global change, and how this affects relatively simple biotic interactions. In particular it addressed: - Landscape-level impacts on ecological and evolutionary change - Genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation on populations - Past climate change and the reconstruction of its effects - Present-day rapid evolutionary responses to climate change, and predicting evolution - The challenging task of accurately distinguishing evolutionary responses from other confounding factors Session 3: Evolution in complex systems and co-evolutionary networks: managing complexity in the face of uncertainty This session aimed mostly at understanding evolutionary dynamics in communities and ecosystems, and the feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary processes. In particular it focused on: - How we should tackle the interaction between ecology and evolution at various levels of biotic organisation - How we can learn from non-biological complex networks to better understand the evolution of biotic complexity, and try to find general patterns into complex multi- species interactions - How ecological processes influence evolution and vice-versa - Coevolution in complex environments - The theory of geographic mosaic of coevolution - How to manage biotic complexity in the face of uncertainty The keynote contributors to this e-conference were globally distributed, and came from a wide gamut of scientific backgrounds, including social, life and environmental sciences, with geneticists, ecologists, evolutionary biologists, palaeontologists and philosophers. We hoped to bring a broad and interdisciplinary view on evolutionary research, with new ideas, challenging perspectives and urgent research needs. Above all, we hoped this e-conference would be intellectually stimulating, interesting and fun. 4 Summary of contributions Joachim Mergeay and Fiona Grant Summary for week 1: ‘The evolutionary basis of biodiversity’ The evolutionary basis of biodiversity was discussed in the first week of the e-conference. A central question inherent to this topic was what should motivate society to conserve biodiversity. Stefaan Blancke and Felix Rauschmayer put forward the need to conserve biodiversity for moral reasons. Stefaan Blancke also emphasised the need to conserve biodiversity for the ecosystem services that it provided to human society. François Bonhomme, however, argued that there was a risk that the latter view would dominate science policy and political and economic decisions. As mentioned in Stefaan Blancke’s keynote, viewing biodiversity in evolutionary terms was a step forward with regards to the rather static view that had dominated our perspective in the past. This view had also led to a fixed systematic view on biodiversity that was rightly questioned by Pierre-Henri Gouyon, thereby honouring again the legacy of Charles Darwin. We have long thought of evolution as an extremely slow process, and have too often only regarded it on a macro-evolutionary scale: the origination of a new species and the loss of species through extinction. Nevertheless, the rate of species loss greatly exceeds that of the origination of new species. We cannot solve or compensate for the loss of species that we have caused in the past, and rapid evolutionary
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