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MASTERING Aesop MASTERING Aesop MEDIEVAL EDUCATION, CHAUCER, AND HIS FOLLOWERS EDWARD WHEATLEY Mastering Aesop Medieval Education, Chaucer, and His Followers Edward Wheatley University Press of Florida Gainesville • Tallahassee • Tampa • Boca Raton Pensacola • Orlando • Miami • Jacksonville Copyright 2000 by the Board of Regents of the State of Florida Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All rights reserved 05 04 03 02 01 00 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wheatley, Edward. Mastering Aesop: Medieval education, Chaucer, and his followers I Edward Wheatley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8130-1745-9 (alk. paper) 1. English literature—Middle English, 1100-1500—History and criticism. 2. Fables, Greek—Adaptations—History and criticism. 3. English literature—Middle English, 1100-1500—Greek influences. 4. Chaucer, Geoffrey, d. 1400. Nun’s priest’s tale. 5. Lydgate, John, i37O?-i45t?—Knowledge—Literature. 6. Henryson, Robert, 1430?-! 506? Moral! fabillis of Esope the Phrygian. 7. Fables, English— History and criticism. 8. Education, Medieval—Great Britain. 9. Animals in literature. 10. Aesop’s fables. I. Title. PR347 .W48 2000 820.9'001—dc2i 99-056399 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida International University, Florida State University, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com Contents Preface vii Introduction t i. Figuring the Fable and Its Father 7 2. Theories of Fable: Telling Truth, Fearing Falsehood 32 3. Toward a Grammar of Fable Reading in Its Pedagogical Context 52 4. Commentary Displacing Text: The Nuns Priest’s Tale and the Process of Reading Curricular Fable 97 5. John Lydgate’s Isopes Fabules: Appropriation through Amplification 124 6. Robert Henryson’s Morall Fabillis: Reading, Enacting, and Appropriating 149 Afterword: Toward the Renaissance, Beyond Latin Curricular Fable 190 Appendix 1 195 Appendix 2 204 Appendix 3 212 Appendix 4 218 Appendix 5 223 Notes 227 Bibliography 253 Index 269 Index of Manuscripts 276 Index Abbreviatio, 38, 77, 90, 147, 153 Amplificatio, 38, 77, 115, 125, 153 Académie Française, 53 Anselm of Laon, 86 Accessus, 65-75; and Aristotelian prologue, Anti-Semitism, 85-86 70, 151; extrinsic, 74; oral recitation of, Antithesis, 62 66; “type C” category headings of, 66- Apologue, 47 67, 233m 18, 236m 33 Arezzo, Rinuccio de, 19, 20, 193 Accessus ad Auctores, 41-44 Argumentum, 32 Additiones, 239m 66 Aristotle, 47-49, 70, 74-75, 89, 90, 113, Aeneid, 86, 95, 104, 112, 117-18 167, 240m 69 Aesop: as adoptive father, 23on. 40; Arnulf of Orleans, 55-56 association of, with hyssop, 69, 92-94; Ars amatoria (Ovid), 56 in Henryson’s Morall Fabillis, 161-67, “Athenians Search for a King,” in, 162 186-88; “Life of . ,” 13, 18-24, 99~ Auctor: definition, 33 too, 193; as man without origin, 230m Auctores octo, 62, 81-82, 89, no, 136, 40; name as discursive identifier of, 140, 147, 149, 157-58, 160, 164, 169, 12-18, 24-31, 37 171, 173, 175, 179, 180, 184-85, Aesop’s fables, 242m 84; and 249nn. 12, 13, 14, 25inn. 34, 35; “Augustana” collection, 13-14, 229m accessus, 72, 152, 154; Latin text of 15. See also Romulus, elegiac selected comments, 212-17 Aimeric, 24m. 84 Auctoritates, 88-89, 99, 113, I25, Alain de Lille, 90; Parabolae, 24m. 83 139, 141, 144, 158-159, 240m 69, Albertanus of Brescia, 99 245m 42 Alcuin of York, 3 5 Auf er esis, 62 Allegory: exegetical, 78, 84-86, 178; in Augustine, Saint, 39-41, 49-50, 69, 80, bono, 83, 130; natural, 78, 86-87, 130, 86, 113, 151 157; with religious roles, 78-79, 179; Averroes, 47 simple, 77, 78-79, 177, 180; with Avianus, 12, 19, 33, 41-43, 45, 54, 69, social roles, 77-79, 145, 159, 174, 183; 193, 233m 28, 24m. 81, 242m 84 spiritual, 78, 80-84, IIT, H3, 147, 153, 159, 169-71, 174, 183-85; types Babrius, 14 of, in fable commentary, 77-88 Bachet, Claude-Gaspar, 21 Allen, Judson B., 84, 112 Barbaro, Ermolao, 193 Alphonsus, Petrus, 19 Barthes, Roland, 57, 139 270 / Index Baswell, Christopher, 95-96, 104, 117- Cock and the Jewel, 76, 11 5, 185; elegiac 18, 235n. 18, 2380. 55, 2.430. 21, Romulus text, 196; in Lydgate’s Isopes 246m 52; on “pedagogical exegesis,” Fabules, 129-30, 191; in Henryson’s 2-45n- 49 Morall Fabillis, 155-58; Latin Bernard of Clairvaux, 113 commentary texts, 205-6, 213, 219 Berrigan, Joseph R., 2270. 3 Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis, 38, Bersuire, Pierre, 80, 84, 86 43-44, 48-49, 107 Bestiaries, 78, 86-87, 136 Commentary, scholastic; on fable, 62-96, Bible, 88, 1 13 236m 30; paraphrase in, 76-77; Blackham, H. J., 11-12 transmission of, 56; vernacular plot Boccaccio, Giovanni, 49-50, 69, 94 summaries in, 23 5m 18; passim. See Boethius, 89, 90, 113, 2.35m 17, 240m also Appendixes 2-5, pp. 204-25 69; commentary of, on Porphyry’s Conrad of Hirsau, 44-46, 233n. 28 Isagogue, 66 Consolation of Philosophy, 89, 90, 23 5m 17 Boner, Ulrich, 63 Constructiones, 60 Book of Good Love, 56 Contra Mendacium, 39-41 Bourdieu, Pierre, 52-54 Copeland, Rita, 29, 77, 107, 190-92 Bouyer, Jean, 103 Courtenay, William J., 55 Bracciolini, Poggio, 19, 193 “Crow and the Peacock, The,” 93-94, 99 Bradwardine, Bishop Thomas, 113 Brucker, Charles, 27-28 Dagenais, John, 56, 84, 95, 1 12, 234m it Brutus, 1 14 Daun Burnel the Asse, 119 Bury St. Edmunds, 124 De anima (Aristotle), 90 De beneficiis (Seneca), 88-89 Carruthers, Mary, 93, 254m 38 De Capone et Accipitre, 228m 8 Cato, 108, 240m 69, 242m 84 De contemptu mundi, 164 Caxton, William, 19, 29, 193, 252m 3 De divinatione (Cicero), 109 Chandler, Thomas, 193 De gemmis (Evax), 87 Chaucer, Geoffrey: and the Host, 120-21; De genealogía deorum gentilium, 49-50 House of Fame, 24611. 52; Manciple’s Demats, Paule, 32 Tale, 98, 119; Merchant’s Tale, 99-100, Denominatio, 62 120, 242m 8; Monk’s Tale, 107; Nun’s Derivatio, 60, 23 511. 19 Priest’s Tale, 18, 28, 97-123, 124, 125, Dialogas super Auctores, 44-46 136, 147, 161, 168, 177, 192 Dido, 104, 249m 15 (differences from source texts, tot; Disciplina clericalis, 19, 182, 193 dream in, 106-7; structure of, 103-4); Distichs of Cato (Disticha Catonis), 88, Summoner’s Tale, 57; Tale of Melibee, 90, 107-8, 167, 233m 28, 234m 16 99; Troilus and Criseyde, 107; Wife of Divisio, 177, 25 m. 31 Bath, 145 “Dog and the Cheese, The”: in Lydgate’s Ciavarella, Dr., 30, 236n. 32 Isopes Fabules, 133, 147. See also Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 90, 108, 109, “Meat and the Dog, The” 245m 50 “Dog and the Sheep, The,” 79; elegiac Circutio, 62 Romulus text, 198; in Henryson’s “City Mouse and Country Mouse, The,” Morall Fabillis, 159-61, 172; Latin 90; elegiac Romulus text, 200-201; in commentary texts, 208, 214, 220; in Henryson’s Moral! Fabillis, 158; Latin Lydgate’s Isopes Fabules, 132-33, commentary texts, 209-10, 215-16, 140-44 221 “Doves and the Hawk, The,” 2-3 Index / 271 Dream-vision, 162-67 commentary texts, 206-8, 214, 219-20; Dronke, Peter, 32 in Lydgate’s Isopes Fabules, 13 1-32, “Dying Kite, The,” 80 139-40 “Frog and the Ox, The,” 25 m. 39 Ebin, Lois, 2470. 10 Ecloga (Theodolus), 97 Ganelon, 114 Edelstein, Der, 63 Gehl, Paul, 65, 91-92, 234m 16 F.llenberger, Bengt, 154 Geoffrey of Vinsauf, 89, 113, 175 Esopus moralizatus, io, 62, 80, 83, 88-89, Geometry, 2430. 25 no, 136, 139, 144-45, r47, 149, 159, “Glosynge,” 57 164, 168, 172, 175-76, 183, 184, 239m Grammatica, 58 66, 249m 14, n. 15, 25m. 35; accesses, Gray, Douglas, 149-50, 184, 2500. 26 72, 151, 152; Latin text of selected Greek, in curriculum, 193 comments, 204-11, 228m 7 Gregory the Great, 89, 113 Etymologiae, 40-41 Grocyn, William, 193 Eusebius, 24, 23m. 137 Grubmiiller, Klaus, 12, 30 Evax, King of Arabia, 87, 136-38, 156 Guarino, Battista, 193 Exemplum, 48, 109-11 Guidotti, Ansedesio dei, 1-3 Gumbert, Hans Ulrich, 28 Fable: as allegory, 12; in classical and medieval literary theory, 34-51; as Habitus, 54 curricular text, 34-96; as genre, 7-12; “Hares and the Frogs, The,” 180 executions due to, 2; exegetical Harpies, 143-44 reading of, 67—69; as exemplum, 12; Hellinga, Lotte, 2290. 24 formalist definitions of, 5, 7-12; Hendiadys, 62 Libistican, 10, 12, 41; as mode of Henry IV, King of England, 97-98, 135 discourse, 5, 11-30, 161; “truth” and Henry V, King of England, 97, 124 morality in, 33-51. See also individual Henryson, Robert, 14; Morall Fabillis, 18, titles 112, 149-90, 192-93 (Aesopic fables Fabula, 32-51 in, 155-77; beast-epic fables in, 177- Facetiae (Poggio Bracciolini), 19, 193 87; “The Cock and the Fox,” 177-78); Facetus, 164 “The Cock and the Jasp,” 155-158 “Father and Son, The,” 79, 80, 162, (“The Fox and the Wolf,” 178; “The 23511. 21 Fox, the Wolf, and the Cadger,” 1 So- Feltre, Vittorino da, 193 82, 186; “The Fox, the Wolf, and the Floretus, 164 Husbandman,” 182-85, J86); “The Foucault, Michel, 13-15, 18 Lion and the Mouse,” 161-67 “Fox and the Crow, The,” 81 (narrator of, 150-72, 186-88; “The “Fox and the Eagle, The,” 184 Paddock and the Mouse,” 172-76, “Fox and the Stork, The,” 61 187, 191, 252m 42; Prologue, 151-55; Fox, Denton, 150, 156, 157, 180, 252m “The Preaching of the Swallow,” 167- 42, n.
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