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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity, Toxicity, Genetic Analysis and Popular Use of Eugenia Luschnathiana (O

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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity, Toxicity, Genetic Analysis and Popular Use of Eugenia Luschnathiana (O BOLETIN LATINOAMERICANO Y DEL CARIBE DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES Y AROMÁTICAS © / ISSN 0717 7917 / www.blacpma.ms-editions.cl Revisión / Review Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, toxicity, genetic analysis and popular use of Eugenia luschnathiana (O. Berg) Klotzsch ex B. D. Jacks: a literature review [Composición química, actividad antioxidante, antimicrobiana, toxicidad, análisis genético y uso popular de Eugenia luschnathiana (O. Berg) Klotzsch ex B. D Jack: una revisión de la literatura] Martha Quitéria Silva Henriques, David Henrique Xavier Barbosa, Danielle da Nóbrega Alves, Ana Karoline Vieira Melo & Ricardo Dias de Castro Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil Abstract: This review describes the geographical distribution, botanical data, popular use, chemical composition, pharmacological activities and genetic aspects related to Eugenia luschnathiana, a native Reviewed by: Brazilian plant popularly known as “bay pitomba”. E. luschnathiana leaves are characterized Marcelo Luis Wagner morphologically by the presence of a petiole, an attenuated base, acuminated apex, elliptical shape, and Universidad de Buenos Aires parallel venation. The major chemical compounds found in E. luschnathiana are sesquiterpenes. Literature Argentina reports showed that E. luschnathiana extracts have antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The extracts from the leaf, fruit and stem, and a Ali Parlar concentrated residual solution of its essential oil, displayed negligible toxicity. Lastly, a cytogenetic University of Adiyaman Turkey analysis indicated that some markers can be used for the study of genetic diversity, population structure, and genetic improvements. The information available on E. luschnathiana supports the hypothesis that this plant may be a source of compounds with promising pharmacological activity. Keywords: Eugenia luschnathiana; Pharmacological effects; Plant extracts; Antimicrobial agents. Correspondence: Ricardo Dias DE CASTRO: [email protected] Section Review Received: 20 July 2020 Accepted: 6 October 2020 Accepted corrected: 11 October 2020 Resumen: Esta revisión describe la distribución geográfica, datos botánicos, uso popular, composición Published: 30 May 2021 química, actividad farmacológica y el análisis genético de Eugenia luschnathiana, una planta originaria del Brasil conocida popularmente como "pitomba da baía". Las hojas de E. luschnathiana se caracterizan por la presencia de pecíolo, base atenuada, ápice acuminado, forma elíptica y venación paralela. Su composición química presenta mayormente sesquiterpenos. Los informes en la literatura muestran que los extractos de E. luschnathiana presentan propiedades antioxidantes y actividad antimicrobiana contra las Citation: bacterias Gram-negativas y Gram-positivas. Los extractos de la hoja, fruto y tallo, y una solución residual Henriques MQS, Barbosa DHX, Alves DN, Melo AKV, Castro RD. concentrada del aceite esencial, presentaron baja toxicidad. Por último, un análisis citogenético indicó que Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial algunos marcadores pueden utilizarse para estudios de diversidad genética, estructura poblacional y activity, toxicity, genetic analysis and popular use mejoramiento genético. Las informaciones disponibles acerca de E. luschnathiana proponen la hipótesis of Eugenia luschnathiana (O. Berg) Klotzsch ex B. de que esta planta puede ser una fuente de compuestos con actividad farmacológica prometedora. D. Jacks: a literature review Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Aromat Palabras clave: Eugenia luschnathiana; Efectos farmacológicos; Extractos vegetales; Agentes 20 (3): 215 - 225 (2021). antiinfecciosos https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.21.20.3.17 215 Henriques et al. Phamacological activity and chemical composition of Eugenia luschnathiana INTRODUCTION and June 2020, with published works on Eugenia Due to its various pharmacological activities and luschnathiana from consultation in several academic phytochemical profile, the Myrtaceae family, found databases, including the National Library of especially in subtropical and tropical regions, Medicine - PubMed representing about 140 genera and 5800 species is (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), Scopus widely described and studied ( Stefanello et al., 2011; (https://www.scopus.com), Web of Science Sobeh et al., 2019). Myrtaceae belongs to the (www.webofknowledge.com), Virtual Health division Magnoliophyta, the class Magnoliopsida, Library – Bireme https://bvsalud.org), Chemical and the order Myrtales (Morais et al., 2014). Plants of Abstracts Service (CAS) - SciFinder this family are widely found in Australia and Asia, (https://scifinder.cas.org), and the Scientific and in the Atlantic rainforests of the Americas Electronic Library Online - Scielo (Morais et al., 2014). They are widely investigated in (https://scielo.org) using the descriptor “Eugenia natural product research, and their use as a functional luschnathiana”. The bibliographic searches were food with biological activity has been well conducted independently by four researchers, with no documented (Freitas et al., 2016; de Souza et al., restrictions on language or year of publication. A 2018;). Previous studies reported that Eugenia total of 13 articles were found that will be described calycina leaf and bark extracts have antimicrobial in detail. activity (antifungal and antibacterial) and low cytotoxicity (Ferreira et al., 2014; Sousa et al., 2015). BOTANICAL ASPECTS, GEOGRAPHICAL The genus Eugenia is composed of about DISTRIBUTION, AND POPULAR USE 1115 species which correspond to one third of the Botanical aspects family Myrtaceae (Morais et al., 2014), among which Eugenia luschnathiana presents ellipticall leaves, is Eugenia luschnathiana (O. Berg) Klotzsch ex BD. with an attenuated base, acuminated apices, leathery Jacks, which is known in popular community as “bay texture, and revolute margins; it presents pitomba”. The genus is chiefly represented by E. indeterminate inflorescence, with persistent bracts axillaris, E. beaurepaireana, E. brasiliensis, E. and bract flowers (Do Brasil, 2020). The plant dysenterica, E. umbeliflora, and E. uniflora L., which contains unicellular trichomes, a uniseriate epidermis, are recognized for their pharmacological antioxidant, a concave-convex shape in the cross-section of the antibacterial, antidiarrheal, antifungal, cytotoxic, anti- medial region of the vein, and secretory cavities inflammatory, and antipyretic activities (Magina et located close to the collenchyma and druses (Donato al., 2009; Galheigo et al., 2016; Dos Santos et al., & Morretes, 2009; Esposito-Polesi et al., 2011; 2018; Hegazi et al., 2019). Lemos et al., 2018). Eugenia luschnathiana appears in several E. luschnathiana species are native to Brazil and states in northeastern Brazil. It usually reaches about commonly occur as trees or shrubs. Its leaves have 2 to 5 meters in height, presenting white buds, and characteristics that distinguish it from other species white or green flowers with yellowish globose- of the Eugenia genus, such as the distribution pattern shaped fruits (de Lucena et al., 2014; Do Brasil, of primary ribs; midvein sulcate on adaxial lamina 2020) surface; raceme ending in a vegetative stem; a pyloric Extracts obtained from different species of disc; hairy stylus; and the presence of globose and the genus Eugenia were evaluated for their subglobose fruits (Amorim & Alves, 2012). The phytochemical properties, antioxidant activity, leaves have a great capacity for ecological adaptation, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity. Information which can be verified through the presence of concerning biological properties is also found in stomata, in addition to the great thickness of the ethnopharmacological studies ( Lemos & Araujo, cuticle on the adaxial face and several trichomes on 2015; Guerra et al., 2016). However, studies on the the abaxial face (Esposito-Polesi et al., 2011). species E. luschnathiana are scarce, and therefore the Another relevant characteristic refers to the great aim of the present study was to develop a review of thickness of the leaf blade and palisade parenchyma, the literature regarding its geographic distribution, in addition to a spongy parenchyma with the presence botanical properties, popular use, chemical of druses (Lemos et al., 2018). composition, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial It is an undemanding species in terms of activity, cytotoxicity, and a genetic analysis. water consumption, which can be evidenced by the The review was performed between April presence of a thick cuticle and hypostomatic leaf, Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas / 216 Henriques et al. Phamacological activity and chemical composition of Eugenia luschnathiana composed of several trichomes on the abaxial surface anomocytic cells (Defaveri et al., 2011). The leaf and fibers in the region of the vascular bundles, in edge is quite versatile, ranging from straight (in the addition to epidermal secretion cells arranged in rays sun), to bent towards the abaxial face (in the shade) (Lemos et al., 2018). It may also present paracytic (Donato & Morretes, 2009; Lemos et al., 2018). stomatal cells (Donato & Morretes, 2009) or Figure No. 1 E. luschnathiana leaves present petioles, attenuated base, acuminated apex, elliptical shape, and parallel lineal venation. Geographic distribution of E. luschnathiana number of indications and the number
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