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Liberia: Van Vrijheidsideaal Naar Verloren Paradijs
Liberia: van vrijheidsideaal naar verloren paradijs Liberia: van vrijheidsideaal naar verloren paradijs Fred van der Kraaij Gepubliceerd door: Afrika-Studiecentrum Postbus 9555 2300 RB Leiden [email protected] www.ascleiden.nl Kaftfoto: Bord in dorp in River Gee County, 2008 [MPEA, Republiek Liberia] Verantwoording foto’s: Allen Konrad: 10a, 29b; Annelies Smit-Kloet: 11d; Belga-ANP/Fred van der Kraaij: 2; David McClellan: 25b, 27b, 28c, 28e, 30a; Facebook Mano River Group: 11b; Fred van der Kraaij: 1, 3, 4, 5, 8b, 8c, 8d, 9d, 10c, 11a, 11c, 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 13a, 13b, 13c, 14, 15, 16, 18a, 22, 27c, 27d, 28a, 28d, 31; Howard R. Alcock: 9a, 10b, 29a; Jeanne Miller: 6a, 6b; Leo Platvoet: 8a, 25a, 26a; Marcus Jones: 21; Martin Waalboer: 26b, 26c, 26d, 28f, 30b, 30c, 30d; Matthias Lampe: 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 9b, 9c; Rosemarie Donkersloot: 24; Stephen Ellis/Gregory Stemn: 17, 18b, 19, 20; Thomas van Putten: 27a, 28b, 29c. Kaarten: Nel de Vink (DeVink Mapdesign) Gedrukt door Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede ISBN: 978-90-5448-130-0 © Fred van der Kraaij, 2013 Inhoud Lijst van kaarten, foto’s en boxen vi Lijst van afkortingen viii Voorwoord xix 1 ‘The love of liberty brought us here’ 1 ‘De liefde voor de vrijheid bracht ons hier’ 1 Monrovia, 1975 7 De Universiteit van Liberia 16 De moderne economie 19 ‘The day Monrovia stood still’ – de dag dat Monrovia stilstond 27 De Maryland moorden en hun politieke context 33 ‘Oog om oog, tand om tand’ 37 De staatsgreep 41 Na de staatsgreep 44 2 ‘Paradise lost’ 53 ‘Het verloren paradijs’ 53 De burgeroorlogen 58 -
Liberia » Charles Taylor
» Biografías Líderes Políticos » África » Liberia » Charles Taylor Charles Taylor © UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe Liberia Acttualliizaciión:: 8 ffebrrerro 2016 Presidente de la República (1997-2003) Ghankay Charlles MacArtthur Dapkana Tayllor Mandatto:: 2 agostto 1997 -- 11 agostto 2003 Naciimiientto:: Arrtthiingtton,, Monrroviia,, condado de Monttserrrrado,, 29 enerro 1948 Parttiido pollííttiico:: Parrttiido Pattrriióttiico Naciionall ((NPP)) Proffesiión:: Funciionarriio dell Esttado Editado por: Roberto Ortiz de Zárate Biografía Durante años, las biografías le presentaron como el tercero de los 15 hijos de padres liberianos afincados en un suburbio de Monrovia; ella, una sirvienta doméstica de la tribu gola, una de las muchas de que consta la comunidad étnica indígena, y él, un maestro y magistrado de religión baptista y perteneciente al muy minoritario colectivo de los américo-liberianos, esto es, los descendientes de los antiguos esclavos convertidos en libertos por las sociedades abolicionistas de Estados Unidos y que en 1847 fundaron Liberia como la primera república negra de África, más de un siglo antes de que accedieran a la independencia las colonias europeas. Más recientemente, se ha difundido una versión sobre el origen del padre de Taylor harto diferente, según la cual aquel nació, creció y trabajó de profesor en Trinidad y Tobago cuando este archipiélago caribeño era una colonia británica, antes de marchar a Liberia, donde fue encarcelado por motivos políticos. Tal es así que Taylor tendría en la actualidad familiares directos en dicho país americano. Taylor, ni ha confirmado ni ha desmentido estas informaciones sobre su familia, y las reseñas biográficas sobre sus andanzas antes de darse a conocer como líder guerrillero en 1989 son parcas e imprecisas. -
President: How Charles Taylor Won the 1997 Liberian Elections
The Journal of Modern African Studies, , (), pp. – Printed in the United Kingdom # Cambridge University Press From ‘warlord’ to ‘democratic’ president: how Charles Taylor won the 1997 Liberian elections David Harris* For the best part of seven years, an increasing number of warring factions fought a vicious civil war for control of the West African state of Liberia. In August , the fourteenth peace accord led to presidential and parliamentary elections in July of the following year. Charles Taylor and his National Patriotic Party (NPP), formed out of the original invasion force, emerged victorious with a landslide per cent of the vote. Given the inter- national reputation of Taylor as a brutal warlord whose sole aim had never wavered from the capture of power in Monrovia, Taylor’s across-the-board victory appears difficult to explain. Having concluded that, despite problems and allegations, the election did seem more free and fair than not, the article examines the factors that probably influenced the electorate’s choices. The results of this research show an election heavily dependent on an uncertain security situation. However, it suggests that, although a former ‘warlord’ has been rewarded, the voting was a reasoned ploy by the electorate to maximise the possibility of improved living conditions. In several war-torn African states in recent years, competitive multi- party elections have been held as a significant element in the attempted achievement of a negotiated peace. Sometimes, as in Mozambique after the elections of October , this process has been broadly successful; at other times, and most tragically in Angola after those of September , it has merely heralded a return to war. -
Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Liberia
UNIDIR/96/32 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Liberia Paper: Clement Adibe Questionnaire Compilation: Mike MacKinnon Project funded by: the Ford Foundation, the United States Institute of Peace, the Winston Foundation, the Ploughshares Fund, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; and the governments of Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Finland, France, Germany, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1996 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. UNIDIR/96/32 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.96.0.23 ISBN 92-9045-117-3 Table of Contents Page Previous DCR Project Publications............................... v Preface - Sverre Lodgaard ..................................... vii Acknowledgements ...........................................ix Project Introduction - Virginia Gamba ............................xi List of Acronyms........................................... xvii Part I: Case Study ...................................... 1 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................... 3 1.1 The Historical Context of the Liberian Conflict ........ 4 Chapter 2: ECOWAS and the Liberian Conflict ................. 13 2.1 The Political Trajectory: From “Persuasion for Peace” to the Imposition of an Interim Government............. 19 2.2 The Military Trajectory: From Containment to Escalation . -
Liberian Studies Journal
VOLUME XVIII 1993 NUMBER 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL 1 1 10° VI 8°W LIBERIA -8 °N 8 °N- MONSERRADO MARGIBI -6 °N RIVER 1 6 °N- Geography Department 10 °W 8 °W Pittsburgh at Johnstown 1 University of 1 Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor Cover map: compiled by William Kory, cartography work by Jodie Molnar; Geography Department, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. i PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor VOLUME XVIII 1993 NUMBER 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor D. Elwood Dunn The University of the South Associate Editor Similih M. Cordor Florida Community College Book Review Editor Alfred B. Konuwa Butte College EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bertha B. Azango Lawrence B. Breitborde University of Liberia Beloit College Christopher Clapham Warren L. d'Azevedo Lancaster University University of Nevada Reno Henrique F. Tokpa Thomas E. Hayden Cuttington University College Society of African Missions Svend E. Holsoe Corann Okorodudu University of Delaware Rowan College of New Jersey Edited at the Department of Political Science, The University of the South The Editors and Advisory Board gratefully acknowledge the contributions of The University of the South (particularly the Office of Print Services Staff) in the production of the Journal. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS FOREIGN FIRMS AND THE FINANCING OF CHARLES TAYLOR'S NPFL by William Reno ................................................ ............................... 175 WOMEN, SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN LIBERIA by George Klay Kieh and Doris H. -
Liberia – Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report
FINAL REPORT OF THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION OF LIBERIA (TRC) VOLUME I: FINDINGS AND DETERMINATIONS “Confronting our difficult past for a better future” _________________________________________ This volume of the TRC Report contains findings and determinations made to date by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia Truth, Justice and Reconciliation VOLUME 1 FINDINGS AND DETERMINATIONS Table of Contents List of Abbreviations I. Introduction A. Statement from the Commission B. Summary of Findings and Determinations C. Commissioners of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia (TRC) and International Technical Advisory Committee (ITAC) D. Commissioners, Specialists, Senior Staff and Administration i. Commissioners ii. Specialists iii. Senior Staff iv. Administration II. Mandate and issues of Law a. Mandate b. Legal Methodology i. Distinguishing IHRL from IHL ii. Distinguishing Armed Violence from Armed Conflict c. Standard of Proof d. Legal Architecture, Standards and Crimes i. ‚Egregious‛ Domestic Crimes (EDC) ii. ‚Gross‛ Human Rights Violations (GHRV) iii. ‚Serious‛ Humanitarian Law Violations (SHLV) III. Methodology a. Commissioner Training and Preparation 2 b. Domestic and International Staff Training c. Statement-Taking d. Civil Society, Participation, Outreach and Hearings i. Civil Society ii. National and International Outreach and Hearings iii. Women iv. Children v. Youth vi. Traditional Leaders vii. The Media e. Inquiry, Investigation and Witness Protection IV. Victims a. Women b. Children c. Other vulnerable groups d. Public Hearings V. Findings a. Root Causes of Liberia’s Conflicts: 1822-2003 i. Introduction ii. Historical Antecedents to Liberian Conflict: Pre- independence (1822-1847) iii. Statehood and Evolution of Socio-political Inequalities (1847-1989) b. Accountability of Perpetrators c.