DOCSLIB.ORG

Organisation Anfragerin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Organisation Anfragerin BEREICH | EVENTL. ABTEILUNG | WWW.ROTESKREUZ.AT ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Iran: Women, children, LGBTI persons, persons with disabilities, “moral crimes” COI Compilation December 2015 This report serves the specific purpose of collating legally relevant information on conditions in countries of origin pertinent to the assessment of claims for asylum. It is not intended to be a general report on human rights conditions. The report is prepared within a specified time frame on the basis of publicly available documents as well as information provided by experts. All sources are cited and fully referenced. This report is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Every effort has been made to compile information from reliable sources; users should refer to the full text of documents cited and assess the credibility, relevance and timeliness of source material with reference to the specific research concerns arising from individual applications. © Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD An electronic version of this report is available on www.ecoi.net. Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD Wiedner Hauptstraße 32 A- 1040 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43 1 58 900 – 582 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.redcross.at/accord Commissioned by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Division of International Protection. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author. Table of contents 1 Treatment of women .............................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Citizenship ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Dress code and gender segregation ................................................................................... 5 1.3 Freedom of movement ...................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Social and economic rights ................................................................................................ 15 1.5 Marriage and divorce ......................................................................................................... 19 1.6 Temporary marriage .......................................................................................................... 30 1.7 Violence against women .................................................................................................... 34 1.8 Female genital mutilation (FGM) ...................................................................................... 42 1.9 Trafficking in women ......................................................................................................... 44 2 Treatment of children ........................................................................................................... 46 2.1 Legal status of children ...................................................................................................... 46 2.2 Child marriage .................................................................................................................... 50 2.3 Sexual abuse of children and violence against children .................................................. 52 2.4 Social and economic rights ................................................................................................ 55 2.5 Freedom of movement for children and minors who travel with mothers .................... 58 2.6 Child labour and street children ........................................................................................ 58 2.7 Trafficking in children ........................................................................................................ 61 3 Treatment of individuals of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities ................ 63 3.1 Legal situation and treatment by the state ...................................................................... 63 3.2 Treatment by members of society .................................................................................... 69 3.3 Sex reassignment procedures and post-operation treatment ........................................ 70 4 Treatment of persons accused of sexual and moral crimes ............................................... 72 4.1 Consensual intimate contact including pre-marital sexual relations and adultery ........ 72 4.2 Men’s transgressing of social mores ................................................................................. 77 4.3 “Honour crimes” ................................................................................................................ 78 5 Treatment of persons with disabilities ................................................................................ 82 Sources .......................................................................................................................................... 85 2 1 Treatment of women 1.1 Citizenship This section focuses on information relating to the citizenship of Iranian women who are married to non-Iranian husbands. For details regarding the citizenship of children from marriages between Iranian women and non-Iranian men, as well as general information on Iranian nationality law, please refer to our July 2015 COI compilation “Iran: Political Opposition Groups, Security Forces, Selected Human Rights Issues, Rule of Law”, section 8 (“Nationality and statelessness”) (ACCORD, July 2015, pp. 215-219). Semira N. Nikou, a senior research associate and doctoral candidate at the Public International Law and Policy Group at the Washington, D.C.-based American University’s Washington College of Law (WCL), noted in a January 2015 article for the Human Rights Brief, a student-run publication of the same college, that “[m]ost provisions with respect to citizenship are found in Book 2 – On Nationality of the Iranian Civil Code” (Nikou, 13 January 2015, p. 2). Article 987 of the Civil Code (Book 2) contains the following provisions relating to the citizenship of Iranian women who are married to non-Iranian nationals: “Article 987 - An Iranian woman marrying a foreign national will retain her Iranian nationality unless according to the law of the country of the husband the latter’s nationality is imposed by marriage upon the wife. But in any case, after the death of the husband or after divorce or separation, she will re-acquire her original nationality together with all rights and privileges appertaining to it by the mere submission of an application to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to which should be annexed a certificate of the death of her husband or the document establishing the separation. Note 1- If the law of nationality of the country of the husband leaves the wife free to preserve her former nationality or to acquire the nationality of her husband, the Iranian wife who opts to acquire the nationality of the husband and who has proper reasons for doing so can apply in writing to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry can accord her request. Note 2 - Iranian women who acquire foreign nationality by marriage do not have the right to possess landed property if this would result in the economic dominance of a foreigner. The finding of this issue is the responsibility of a commission comprising representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Interior Ministry and the Intelligence Ministry. The provisions of Article 988 and its note on persons who have renounced Iranian nationality and must leave do not apply to the above – mentioned women. (Amended in accordance to the Law on Amendment of Several Articles of the Civil Law, 1991)” (Civil Code, amended as of 2006, Article 987) Article 976, Section 6 of the Civil Code states that “[e]very woman of foreign nationality who marries an Iranian husband” is Iranian (Civil Code, amended as of 2006, Article 976). 3 An October 2015 article of the Oxford Human Rights Hub (OxHRH), a network based at the University of Oxford’s law faculty that deals with the exchange of ideas and resources on human rights issues, summarizes the provisions of Article 976: “In 2006, parliament amended Article 976 of Iran’s Civil Code to allow children born of Iranian mothers to apply for citizenship provided they fulfilled certain conditions. Under the 2006 law, children can apply for citizenship once they reach the age of 18 but they must have been born inside Iran and must have no criminal record. They also need to renounce any other nationality they hold. The amendments further require that the marriage of the parents has been registered in full compliance with the law.” (OxHRH, 8 October 2015) In a 2014 report written under the aegis of Tilburg University Law School’s statelessness programme, social scientist Jason Tucker noted that “Iranian mothers do not have the same rights as Iranian fathers to pass their nationality to their children” (Tucker, 2014, p. 7). The UN Secretary-General notes in a February 2015 report to the UN Human Rights Council (HRC): “Iranian women who marry men from Iraq or Afghanistan are unable to pass on their Iranian nationality to their children, who thereby risk becoming stateless. Gender- discriminatory nationality laws often lead to the statelessness of women and children, or to situations where a woman, her children or husband are deprived
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Assembly Distr
    UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/11/6/Add.1 26 May 2009 ENGLISH/FRENCH/SPANISH ONLY HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Eleventh session Agenda item 3 PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF ALL HUMAN RIGHTS, CIVIL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Yakin Ertürk* Addendum COMMUNICATIONS TO AND FROM GOVERNMENTS** * The report was submitted late in order to reflect the most recent information. ** The report is being circulated in the languages of submission only as it greatly exceeds the page limitations currently imposed by the relevant General Assembly resolutions. GE.09-13435 (E) 090609 A/HRC/11/6/Add.1 page 2 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 - 3 4 II. OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICATIONS .......................................... 4 - 10 4 III. COMMUNICATIONS SENT AND GOVERNMENT REPLIES RECEIVED ....................................................................... 11 - 671 6 Afghanistan ........................................................................................ 12 - 24 7 Bahrain ............................................................................................... 25 - 43 8 Brazil .................................................................................................. 44 - 46 11 Canada ............................................................................................... 47 - 64 11 Colombia
    [Show full text]
  • Seleucid Research Bibliography
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research @ Cardiff SELEUCID RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY Draft 1.1 – Updated 27 March, 2013 compiled by Altay Coskun and Alex McAuley 1) Specialist Editions of Primary Sources: Ager IA Ager, Sheila: Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337–90 BC, Berkeley 1996. Austin2 Austin, Michel M.: The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Second Edition, Cambridge 2006. Bringmann/Steuben Bringmann, Klaus/ von Steuben, Hans (eds.): Schenkungen hellenistischer Herrscher an griechische Städte und Heiligtümer, Part 1, Berlin 1995. del Monte del Monte, Giuseppe F.: Testi dalla Babilonia Ellenistica. Volume I: Testi cronografici, Pisa 1997. Schoene, Alfred/ Petermann, H./ Roediger, R.: Eusebi Chronicorum canonum quae supersunt, 1Berlin 1866, Nd. (=2. Aufl.) Dublin 1967. FGrH Jacoby, Felix: Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Leiden Teil II, 1961/83; Teil III, 1950/55. Houghton/Lorber, SC Houghton, Arthur/Lorber, Catharine: Seleucid Coins. A Comprehensive Catalogue. With Metrological Tables by Brian Kritt. Part I: Seleucus I through Antiochus III. Volume I: Introduction, Maps, and Catalogue, Volume II: Appendices, Indices, and Plates, New York & London 2002. I.Didyma Rehm, Albert: Die Inschriften von Didyma, ed. posthum. by Richard Harder, Berlin 1958 (=Theodor Wiegand: Didyma, Zweiter Teil: Die Inschriften, von Albert Rehm). I.Erythrai I–II Engelmann, Helmut/Merkelbach, Reinhold: Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai, Teil I (Nr. 1–200); Teil 2 (Nr. 201–536), Bonn 1972/73. (IGSK 1–2) I.Iasos I–II Blümel, Wolfgang: Die Inschriften von Iasos, 2 vols., Bonn 1985.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record—Senate S1596
    S1596 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 18, 2015 better. We need to do everything we ance, where if we could close this loop- The earned income tax credit is a can to ensure that the United States is hole, we could save the taxpayer $5.7 benefit for working people who have not only a participant in international billion in savings. low to moderate income. It is an incen- trade but a leader. The only way we We have also talked about duplica- tive and a reward for those who choose can do that is by passing a strong TPA tion in Federal economic development to work, and it does help to reduce the bill. programs. There are 50-some programs number of those who are dependent on I stand ready and willing to work that provide for workforce training government welfare programs. It al- with the White House and my col- spread among a number of agencies. lows some individuals to receive pay- leagues in the Senate to get an effec- Surely we can reduce that number sig- ments from the U.S. Treasury just by tive TPA bill introduced out of com- nificantly. And if we could do so, we filing a tax return. It reduces the mittee and onto the Senate floor as could save the taxpayer $200 million. amount of tax an individual owes and soon as possible. And last week—somewhat tongue in it may also provide a tax refund. We cannot afford to miss this oppor- cheek, nevertheless not small change— Why is this issue qualified as waste tunity.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Prepared by the Special Representative of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr
    UNITED NATIONS E Economic and Social Distr. GENERAL Council E/CN.4/1996/59 21 March 1996 ENGLISH ONLY COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Fifty-second session Item 10 of the provisional agenda QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COLONIAL AND OTHER DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES Report on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, prepared by the Special Representative of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. Maurice Copithorne (Canada), pursuant to Commission resolution 1995/68 of 8 March 1995 and Economic and Social Council decision 1995/279 of 25 July 1995 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. INTRODUCTION................... 1- 26 4 A. Position of human rights in the world today . 3 - 6 4 B. Special Representative’s sources ...... 7- 10 5 C. Activities of the Special Representative . 11 - 16 6 D. Correspondence ............... 17- 18 7 E. Underlying questions ............ 19 7 F. Preliminary comments on the Special Representative’s visit to the Islamic Republic of Iran .......... 20- 26 8 GE.96-11290 (E) E/CN.4/1996/59 page 2 CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs Page II. LEGAL SYSTEM................... 27- 57 9 A. Rights of an accused ............ 28- 29 9 B. Court system ................ 30- 35 10 C. Selection and training of judges ...... 36- 40 11 D. Clerical courts ............... 41 12 E. Punishments ................. 42- 50 13 F. Independent Bar Association ......... 51- 54 14 G. Atmosphere of the law ............ 55- 57 15 III. STATUS OF WOMEN ................. 58- 64 16 IV. THE FATWA AGAINST SALMAN RUSHDIE......... 65- 67 17 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Houses Built on Sand Ii
    i Houses built on sand ii Series editors: Simon Mabon, Edward Wastnidge and May Darwich After the Arab Uprisings and the ensuing fragmentation of regime– society relations across the Middle East, identities and geopolitics have become increasingly contested, with serious implications for the ordering of political life at domestic, regional and international levels, best seen in conflicts in Syria and Yemen. The Middle East is the most militarised region in the world, where geopolitical factors remain predominant in shaping political dynamics. Another common feature of the regional landscape is the continued degeneration of communal relations as societal actors retreat into substate identities, while difference becomes increasingly violent, spilling out beyond state borders. The power of religion – and trans- state nature of religious views and linkages – thus provides the means for regional actors (such as Saudi Arabia and Iran) to exert influence over a number of groups across the region and beyond. This series provides space for the engagement with these ideas and the broader political, legal and theological factors to create space for an intellectual reimagining of socio- political life in the Middle East. Originating from the SEPAD project (www.sepad.org.uk), this series facilitates the reimagining of political ideas, identities and organisation across the Middle East, moving beyond the exclusionary and binary forms of identity to reveal the contingent factors that shape and order life across the region. iii Houses built on sand Violence, sectarianism and revolution in the Middle East Simon Mabon Manchester University Press iv Copyright © Simon Mabon 2020 The right of Simon Mabon to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabet and the Islamic Republic of Iran Nancy Amoury Combs William & Mary Law School, [email protected]
    College of William & Mary Law School William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository Faculty Publications Faculty and Deans 2000 On Children and Dual Nationality: Sabet and The Islamic Republic of Iran Nancy Amoury Combs William & Mary Law School, [email protected] Repository Citation Combs, Nancy Amoury, "On Children and Dual Nationality: Sabet and The slI amic Republic of Iran" (2000). Faculty Publications. 1045. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1045 Copyright c 2000 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs v. IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL On Children and Dual Nationality: Sabet and The Islamic Republic ofIran Nancy Amoury Combs' Keywords: dual nationality, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, minors, Abstract: The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal's recent decision in Sabet and The Islamic Republic of Iran sheds new light on difficult issues concerning the dual nationality of minors. In particular, the case was the first in which the Tribunal determined minor dual national claimants to have a dominant and effective nationality different from that of either of their parents. Further, the Tribunal broke new ground in its analysis of 'the caveat,' an equitable doctrine that can bar the claims of dual nationals. This article applauds the Tribunal's ad­ vances in its caveat jurisprudence and develops a new approach that would further those ad­ vances. 1. INTRODUCTION Before the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the Sabet family was among the wealthiest in Iran.! The patriarch of the family, Habib Sabet, was born to poverty but went on to establish.
    [Show full text]
  • Eid Al-Fitr Prayers in Al-Aqsa Mosque
    WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 43rd year No.13942 Saturday MAY 15, 2021 Ordibehesht 25, 1400 Shawwal 3, 1442 IRGC destroys Alekno invites NPC’s plan for Friday mosque of terrorist group 17 players to Iran diversifying petchem Damghan undergoes Page 2 for 2021 VNL Page 3 products underway Page 4 restoration Page 6 Rouhani calls on Muslim countries to defend Palestine TEHRAN – Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has urged Muslim countries to support the Palestinian people in the face of Israeli aggression. In a phone conversation with Qatari Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani on Thursday, the Iranian president under- lined the need for unity and cooperation See page 3 among Islamic countries in defending the Palestinian people. Continued on page 3 Development projects worth $1.47b inaugurated in free trade, special economic zones TEHRAN – President Hassan Rouhani on Thursday inaugurated numerous projects valued at 62 trillion rials (about $1.47 bil- lion) in the free trade and special economic zones of five different provinces across the country in an online event. Put into operation following the series of inaugurations started in the previous Iranian calendar year (ended on March 20), the said projects were based in the free trade and special economic zones of East Azarbaijan, Khuzestan, Alborz, Hormozgan, and Sis- tan-Baluchestan provinces. Continued on page 4 “That Day” chronicles Gen. Soleimani’s meeting with “The 23” crew Photo Illustration by Bahman Vakhshour TEHRAN – The Owj Arts and Media Organization has recently produced a documentary named “That Day” that gives images of Lieutenant-General Qa- ssem Soleimani’s meeting with the crew Tehran Times/ Tehran Times/ of the 2018 war drama “The 23”.
    [Show full text]
  • Prostitutes, Temporary Wives
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses April 2021 PROSTITUTES, TEMPORARY WIVES, AND MOTREBS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEX WORK IN IRANIAN FILM AND FICTION FROM THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION (1906-1911) TO THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION (1979) maryam zehtabi sabeti moqaddam University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Modern Literature Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation zehtabi sabeti moqaddam, maryam, "PROSTITUTES, TEMPORARY WIVES, AND MOTREBS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEX WORK IN IRANIAN FILM AND FICTION FROM THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION (1906-1911) TO THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION (1979)" (2021). Doctoral Dissertations. 2153. https://doi.org/10.7275/19985445 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/2153 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PROSTITUTES, TEMPORARY WIVES, AND MOTREBS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEX WORK IN IRANIAN FILM AND FICTION FROM THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION (1906-1911) TO THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION (1979) A Dissertation Presented by MARYAM ZEHTABI SABETI MOQADDAM Submitted
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Naturalization Policy
    U.S. Naturalization Policy Updated May 3, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43366 U.S. Naturalization Policy Summary Naturalization is the process that grants U.S. citizenship to lawful permanent residents (LPRs) who fulfill requirements established by Congress and enumerated in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). In general, U.S. immigration policy gives all LPRs the opportunity to naturalize, and doing so is voluntary. To qualify for citizenship, LPRs in most cases must have resided continuously in the United States for five years, show they possess good moral character, demonstrate English language ability, and pass a U.S. government and history examination, which is part of their naturalization interview. The INA waives some of these requirements for applicants over age 50 with 20 years of U.S. residency, those with mental or physical disabilities, and those who have served in the U.S. military. Naturalization is often viewed as a milestone for immigrants and a measure of their civic and socioeconomic integration to the United States. Naturalized immigrants gain important benefits, including the right to vote, security from deportation in most cases, access to certain public-sector jobs, and the ability to travel with a U.S. passport. U.S. citizens are also advantaged over LPRs for sponsoring relatives to immigrate to the United States. During the past three decades, the number of LPRs who submitted naturalization applications has varied over time, ranging from a low of about 207,000 applications in FY1991 to a high of 1.4 million in FY1997. In FY2020, 967,755 LPRs submitted naturalization applications.
    [Show full text]
  • The Myopic Loss of Nationality Rights Leading to Statelessness
    SAHNI ARTICLE 3.3.21 (WORD) (DO NOT DELETE) 5/6/2021 7:21 PM THE MYOPIC LOSS OF NATIONALITY RIGHTS LEADING TO STATELESSNESS Binda Preet Sahni * I.INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 112 II.DISCUSSION ........................................................................................... 115 A. The Right to Nationality and the Right to Citizenship ........... 115 1. What is the Right to Nationality? ..................................... 116 2. What is the Right to Citizenship? ..................................... 118 B. Determining the Right to Nationality ..................................... 124 1. When a State Revokes Access to Nationality Rights ....... 124 2. When an Individual Loses Nationality Rights by His or Her Own Act ........................................................................... 137 III.CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 144 ABSTRACT This article discusses how various jurisdictions address the loss or deprivation of nationality or citizenship that leads to statelessness. Nationality loss can occur by two means: a State may displace an individual’s right to nationality arbitrarily through its official or unofficial laws or through its conduct; alternatively, an individual may relinquish his or her existing nationality by his own intentional or inadvertent act. His or her contribution triggers operation of law which then limits access to nationality rights. * Binda Preet Sahni, PhD.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowers in the Garbage: Transformations of Prostitution in Iran in the Late Nineteenth-Twenty-First Centuries in Iran
    International Journal of Historical Archaeology https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-020-00541-z Flowers in the Garbage: Transformations of Prostitution in Iran in the late Nineteenth-Twenty-First Centuries in Iran Maryam Dezhamkhooy1 & Leila Papoli-Yazdi2 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract The archaeology of garbage project was conducted in 2017-18 to investigate the daily garbage of inhabitants of two districts of Tehran. Among the discarded materials, we recognized scattered evidence of prostitutes’ daily life. Finding such evidence gave us an alibi to work on the historical documents in order to trace the patterns of prostitution in nineteenth-century Tehran. In this article, we configure “the geography of prostitu- tion” and the politics of marginalization in the largest city of Iran through investigating the material culture found in garbage fills, surveying the city plan, photos, written documents, and archival data. Key words Garbology. Prostitution . Iran . Modernization . Women . Recent/ Contemporary past . Red district Introduction This paper is a narrative of prostitution and its transformations with the advent of modernism. It does not render a meta-narrative or a general history of prostitution in the recent history of Iran. The authors try to present a detailed narrative, as far as the sources allow, of everyday life of prostitutes in Tehran, Iran. We also endeavour to develop a chronological framework. Archaeologically speaking, the evidence presented two forms of narratives: an official history including states’ policies of prostitution, and * Leila Papoli-Yazdi [email protected] Maryam Dezhamkhooy [email protected] 1 Humboldt Stiftung Allumni, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Historical studies, University of Gothenburg, Box 200, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden International Journal of Historical Archaeology an unofficial, intimate history that can be traced in memoirs, autobiographies, personal notes, photos, and garbage.
    [Show full text]
  • Should Prostitution Be Legalized? Deepen Upadhyaya, National
    Should Prostitution Be Legalized? Deepen Upadhyaya, National Institute of Mass Communication & Journalism, India The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2014 Official Conference Proceedings 0510 Abstract The subject of my research paper is “Should prostitution be legalized?” it is written with context of old Indian culture and the phase of changes in society. Where at one point of time just like the cast system even the profession of sex workers was socially accepted and respectable! But gradually due to the change of time and cultural diversities, this profession and people in it became socially out casted. I have tried to show the kind of treatment given to this segment of society and also given history of its beginning to its current state. Based on various reference book and history of India from Ancient to modern time is given for the same. Along with history of Indian civilization where in different stages, with different monarch, and different society with religious changes of that time, I have tried to cover the account of same profession of sex workers in concurrent society of other countries like Europe, Turkey and USA. This is to show a comparative study of Sex workers. By writing this research paper my initiation is to show the conflict of a segment of society who is rejected by the advent of time, which is now ill-treated and exploited by the underworld and by society itself. What preventive measures can be taken to give them social, political and professional right with security; most importantly acceptance in the society of today’s times.
    [Show full text]