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Approaches to Developing Semantic Web Services INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE VOLUME 1 NUMBER 1 2006 ISSN 1306-4428 Approaches to Developing Semantic Web Services Jorge Cardoso global infrastructure for sharing both documents and data, Abstract—It has been recognized that due to the autonomy and which make searching for and reusing information easier and heterogeneity, of Web services and the Web itself, new approaches more reliable as well. RDF is a standard for creating should be developed to describe and advertise Web services. The descriptions of information, especially information available most notable approaches rely on the description of Web services on the World Wide Web. What XML is for syntax, RDF is for using semantics. This new breed of Web services, termed semantic Web services, will enable the automatic annotation, advertisement, semantics. The latter provides a clear set of rules for providing discovery, selection, composition, and execution of inter- simple descriptive information. OWL provides a language for organization business logic, making the Internet become a common defining structured Web-based ontologies which allows a global platform where organizations and individuals communicate richer integration and interoperability of data among with each other to carry out various commercial activities and to communities and domains. provide value-added services. This paper deals with two of the Along with the development of the semantic Web, the hottest R&D and technology areas currently associated with the Web — Web services and the semantic Web. It describes how semantic Internet has created new organizational and working models Web services extend Web services as the semantic Web improves the which are based on electronic transactions. For example, Web current Web, and presents three different conceptual approaches to services have been heralded as the next wave of Internet- deploying semantic Web services, namely, WSDL-S, OWL-S, and based business applications that will dramatically change the WSMO. use of the Internet [5]. With the development and maturation of infrastructures and solutions that support Web services, we Keywords—Semantic Web, Web service, Web process, WWW expect organizations to incorporate e-services into their business processes. I. MOTIVATION FOR THE SEMANTIC WEB Systems and infrastructures are currently being developed HE information on the Web can be defined in a way that to support Web services. The main idea is to encapsulate an T can be used by computers not only for display purposes, organization’s functionality within an appropriate interface but also for interoperability and integration between systems and advertise it as Web services. While in some cases Web and applications. One way to enable machine-to-machine services may be utilized in an isolated form, it is normal to exchange and automated processing is to provide the expect Web services to be integrated as part of Web information in such a way that computers can understand it. processes. There is a growing consensus that Web services This is precisely the objective of the semantic Web – to make alone will not be sufficient to develop valuable solutions due possible the processing of Web information by computers. to the degree of heterogeneity, autonomy, and distribution of “The semantic Web is not a separate Web but an extension of the Web. Several researchers agree that it is essential for Web the current one, in which information is given well-defined services to be machine understandable in order to allow the meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in full deployment of efficient solutions supporting all the phases cooperation.” [1]. The next generation of the Web will of the lifecycle of Web services. combine existing Web technologies with knowledge representation formalisms [2]. The semantic Web was made through incremental changes, by bringing machine-readable descriptions to the data and documents already on the Web. Due to the widespread importance of integration and interoperability for intra- and inter-business processes, the research community has tackled this problem and developed semantic standards such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF) [3] and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) [4]. RDF and OWL standards enable the Web to be a Fig. 1 The nature of semantic Web services Manuscript received November 7, 2005. J. Cardoso is with the Department of Mathematics and Engineering, That is why many believe that a new Web will emerge in University of Madeira, 9050-390 Funchal, Portugal (phone: 291-705-156; fax: the next few years, based on the large-scale research and 291-705-199; e-mail: [email protected]). IJCS VOLUME 1 NUMBER 1 2006 ISSN 1306-4428 8 © 2006 IJCS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE VOLUME 1 NUMBER 1 2006 ISSN 1306-4428 development ongoing on the semantic Web and Web services. human language, formal languages have precise construction The intersection of these two, semantic Web services, may rules for the syntax and semantics of programs. Semiotics is prove to be even more significant. Academia has mainly composed of three fundamental components: syntax, approached this area from the semantic Web side, while semantics, and pragmatics. industry is beginning to consider its importance from the Web • Syntax deals with the formal or structural relations services side [6]. Semantic Web services are the result of the between signs (or tokens) and the production of new evolution of the syntactic definition of Web services and the ones. For example, grammatical syntax is the study in semantic Web as shown in Fig. 1. which sequences of symbols are well formed according to Semantic Web services will allow the semi-automatic and the recursive rules of grammar. In computer science, if a automatic annotation, advertisement, discovery, selection, program is syntactically correct according to its rules of composition, and execution of inter-organization business syntax, then the compiler will validate the syntax and will logic, making the Internet become a global common platform not generate error messages. This however does not where organizations and individuals communicate between ensure that the program is semantically correct. each other to carry out various commercial activities and to • Semantics is the study of relations between the system of provide value-added services. signs (such as words, phrases, and sentences) and their meanings. As can be seen by this definition, the objective II. THE WWW of semantics is totally different from the objective of The Web was originally a vast set of static Web pages syntax. The former concerns what something means while linked together. Many organizations still use static HTML the latter pertains to the formal structure/patterns in which files to deliver their information on the Web. However, in something is expressed. answer to the inherent dynamic nature of businesses, • Pragmatics is the study of natural language organizations are using dynamic publishing methods which understanding, and specifically the study of how context offer great advantages over Web sites constructed from static influences the interpretation of meaning. Pragmatics is HTML pages. Instead of a Web site comprising a collection of interested predominantly in utterances, made up of manually constructed HTML pages, server-side applications sentences, and usually in the context of conversations [8]. and database access techniques are used to dynamically create The context may include any social, environmental, and Web pages directly in response to requests from users’ psychological factors. While semantics deals with the browsers. This technique offers the opportunity to deliver meaning of signs, pragmatics deals with the origin, uses, Web content that is highly customized to the needs of and effects of signs within the content, context, or individual users. Nevertheless, the technologies available to behavior in which they occur. dynamically create Web pages based on databases’ As we have seen, semantics is the study of the meaning of information were insufficient for the requirements of signs, such as terms or words. Depending on the approaches, organizations looking for application integration solutions. models, or methods used to add semantics to terms, different Businesses required their heterogeneous systems and degrees of semantics can be achieved. There are four main applications to communicate in a transactional manner. The representations that can be used to model and organize Extensible Markup Language [7] was one of most successful concepts to semantically describe terms, namely: controlled solutions developed to provide business-to-business vocabularies, taxonomies, thesaurus, and ontologies. These integration. XML became a means of transmitting four model representations are illustrated in Fig. 2. unstructured, semi-structured, and even structured data A. Controlled Vocabularies between systems, enhancing the integration of applications Controlled vocabularies are at the weaker end of the and businesses. semantic spectrum. A controlled vocabulary is a list of terms Unfortunately, XML-based solutions for applications and systems integration were not sufficient, since the data (e.g., words, phrases, or notations) that have been enumerated explicitly. All terms in a controlled vocabulary should have an exchanged lacked of an explicit description of its meaning. unambiguous, non-redundant definition. Controlled The integration of applications must also include a semantic integration. Semantic
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