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Modern History for Civil Services Examinations Modern History for Civil Services Examinations Australia • Brazil • India • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States CONTENTS-FINAL.indd 1 10/14/2017 10:22:40 AM Modern History © 2018 Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd. for Civil Services ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be Examinations reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permission questions can be emailed to [email protected] ISBN-13: 978-93-86858-49-8 ISBN-10: 93-86858-49-5 Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd. 418, F.I.E., Patparganj Delhi 110092 Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Australia, Brazil, India, Mexico, Singapore, United Kingdom and United States. Locate your local office at:www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For product information, visit www.cengage.co.in CONTENTS-FINAL.indd 2 10/14/2017 10:22:40 AM CONTENTS Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv List of Videos xvii Chapter-wise Break up of Previous Years’ Questions (Prelims) xviii 1 THE COMING OF EUROPEANS 1 1 The Portuguese 1 2 The Dutch 1 3 The English 1 4 The French 2 5 The Danes 2 6 Anglo-French Rivalry 2 7 The Carnatic Wars 2 8 Establishment of British Power in Bengal 3 9 The Peculiar Case of Pudducherry: Changing Colonial Control 4 Practice Questions 4 Perfecting Past Prelims 6 2 COLONIALISM 7 1 Stages of Colonialism 7 2 Land Revenue System 7 3 Commercialization of Agriculture 8 4 Conclusion 8 5 Impact of British Policies Towards Industry of India 9 6 Theory of Drain of Wealth 10 7 Sources of Wealth Drain 10 Practice Questions 11 Perfecting Past Prelims 14 CONTENTS-FINAL.indd 3 10/14/2017 10:22:41 AM iv Contents 3 SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS 16 1 Socio-Religious Reform Movements 16 Objective of Socio-Religious Reform Movements 16 Features of Socio-Religious Reform Movements 16 2 Reform Movements Related to Hindu Religion 16 Brahmo Samaj 16 Prarthana Samaj Movement 18 Arya Samaj Movement 19 Ramakrishna Mission 20 Theosophical Society 21 Bharat Dharam Mahamandal 22 3 Other Religious Reform Movements 22 Parsi Religious Reform Movements 22 Sikh Religious Reform Movements 22 Islamic Religious Reform Movements 23 4 Politico-Religious Movements 24 Wahabi Movement 24 Kuka Movement 24 5 Other Social and Political Movements 24 Young Bengal Movement 24 Radhasoami Movement 25 6 Caste-Based Reform Movements 25 7 Various Movements Dedicated to Reforms in Caste System 25 All India Caste Movements 25 Anti-Brahmnic Lower Caste Movements 26 Politico-Caste Movements 27 8 Women-Related Reform Movements 27 Major Social Reformers and Organizations That Contributed to the Improvement of Women’s Status 27 Movement for Female Education 28 Practice Questions 31 Perfecting Past Prelims 35 4 POPULAR MOVEMENTS 37 1 Tribal Movements 37 Nature of Tribal Movements 37 Causes of Tribal Movements 37 CONTENTS-FINAL.indd 4 10/14/2017 10:22:41 AM Contents v 2 Important Tribal Movements 37 Khasi Uprising (Meghalaya) 37 Khond Uprising (1837–1856) (Orissa) 38 Santhal Uprising (1856–1857) (Jharkhand) 38 Munda Uprising (Bihar and Jharkhand) 38 Rampa Rebellion (1922–1924) (Andhra Pradesh) 39 Naga Movement (1905–1931) (Manipur) 39 Tana Bhagat Movement (Jharkhand) 39 Limitations of Tribal Movements 39 3 Peasant Movements 39 Nature of Peasant Movements 39 4 Important Peasant Movements 40 Fakir and Sanyasi Rebellion (1770–1800) 40 Ahom Revolt 40 Bhil Uprising 40 Koli Uprising 40 Poligars’ Revolt 41 Indigo Revolts (1856–1858) 41 Deccan Riots (1875–1877) 41 Vasudev Balwant Phadke Uprising (1876–1879) 41 Ramosis Uprising 41 Pabna Agrarian Unrest/Uprising 41 Pagal Panthis Uprising 41 Moplah/Mapilla Rebellion (1836–1921) 41 Sarabandi (No Tax) Campaign 42 Bardoli Satyagraha 42 Eka and Kisan Sabha Movement 43 Tebhaga Movement (1946–1947) 43 Telangana Movement (1946–1952) 43 Bhoodan Movement 43 Practice Questions 44 Perfecting Past Prelims 47 5 BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS PRINCELY STATES 48 1 British Policy Towards Princely States 48 East India Company’s Struggle for Equality with Indian States from a Position of Subordination (1740–1765) 48 CONTENTS-FINAL.indd 5 10/14/2017 10:22:42 AM vi Contents Policy of Ring Fence (1765–1813) 48 Policy of Subordinate Isolation (1813–1834) 48 Policy of Annexation (1834–1858) 49 Policy of Subordinate Union (1858–1935) 49 Policy of Federation (1935–1947) 49 Practice Questions 50 6 REVOLT OF 1857 52 1 Causes of Revolt of 1857 52 2 Beginning and Spread of Revolt of 1857 53 3 Storm Centres of Revolt of 1857 53 4 Suppression of Revolt of 1857 53 5 Causes of Failure of Revolt of 1857 53 6 Consequences of Revolt of 1857 54 7 Nature of Revolt of 1857 54 First War of Independence 54 Practice Questions 55 Perfecting Past Prelims 57 7 IMPORTANT GOVERNOR GENERALS 58 1 Important Governor Generals 58 Warren Hastings (1773–1785) 58 Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793) 59 Lord Wellesley (1798–1805) 59 Lord Hastings (1813–1823) 60 Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835) 60 Lord Metcalfe (1835–1836) 61 Lord Hardinge (1844–1848) 62 Lord Dalhousie (1848–1856) 62 Lord Canning (1856–1862) 64 Lord Mayo (1869–1872) 64 Lord Lytton (1876–1880) 65 Lord Ripon (1880–1884) 65 Lord Dufferin (1884–1888) 66 Lord Curzon (1899–1905) 66 Practice Questions 68 Perfecting Past Prelims 75 CONTENTS-FINAL.indd 6 10/14/2017 10:22:42 AM Contents vii 8 THE STRUGGLE BEGINS 78 1 Political Associations before Congress 78 Political Association in South India 78 Political Association in Western India 78 Political Association in Eastern India 78 Indian Association 79 Indian National Union 79 2 Birth of Indian National Congress 79 3 Indian Councils Act, 1892 80 4 First 20 Years of Congress or Moderate Phase of Congress (1885–1905) 81 Reasons Behind Moderate Tactics 81 Demands of Early Congress 82 British Attitude Towards These Demands 82 5 Modern Nationalism 82 Congress: A Safety Valve? 83 6 Extremist Nationalism 84 Factors Leading to Militant Nationalism/Neo Nationalism 84 Practice Questions 89 Perfecting Past Prelims 91 9 NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1905–1918) 93 1 Partition of Bengal 93 2 Movement Against Partition of Bengal under the Moderates (1903 to 1905) 93 3 Movement under Extremists: Swadeshi-Boycott Movement 93 Spread of the Movement 94 Factors Leading to End of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement in 1908 95 Critical Appraisal of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement 95 Limitations of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement 95 Limitations of Extremist Nationalism 96 4 Split in Congress 96 Surat Session of Congress (1907) 97 5 Morley-Minto Reforms or Indian Councils Act, 1909 97 6 Second Delhi Durbar, 1911 98 Annulment of Partition of Bengal 98 Transfer of Capital from Calcutta to Delhi 98 CONTENTS-FINAL.indd 7 10/14/2017 10:22:43 AM viii Contents 7 First World War and Nationalist Response 99 8 Home Rule Movement (1916) 99 Implications of Home Rule Movement 100 9 Lucknow Session, 1916 Presided by Ambika Charan Mazumdar 100 Khilafat Issue 100 Terms of Congress-Muslim League Pact or Lucknow Pact 100 10 Lord Montagu’s Declaration 100 Reactions to Montagu’s Statement 101 Practice Questions 104 Perfecting Past Prelims 110 10 MAHATMA GANDHI 112 1 Gandhi in South Africa 112 Moderate Phase of Struggle (1894–1906) 112 Phase of Satyagraha (1906–1914) 112 2 Satyagraha 113 Mahatma Gandhi’s Techniques of Satyagraha 113 3 Mahatma Gandhi In India 114 Champaran Satyagraha, 1917 (First Civil Disobedience Movement) 114 Ahmedabad Mill Strike, 1918 (First Hunger Strike) 115 Kheda Satyagraha, Gujarat (1918, First Non-Cooperation Movement) 116 Practice Questions 116 Perfecting Past Prelims 118 11 LEFT AND RIGHT GROUPS 120 1 Explanation of Political Ideologies: Left, Right and Centre 120 2 Right Wing Groups: Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Capitalists 120 Muslim League 120 Hindu Mahasabha 121 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 121 Capitalists 121 3 Impact of Russian Revolution in India: Emergence of Left Groups 122 Communist Party of India (CPI) 122 Trade Union Movement in India 123 Practice Questions 125 Perfecting Past Prelims 126 CONTENTS-FINAL.indd 8 10/14/2017 10:22:43 AM Contents ix 12 REVOLUTIONARIES 128 1 Important Revolutionary Associations in India up to WWI 128 Maharashtra 128 Bengal 128 Punjab 129 2 Revolutionary Movements Outside India 129 Ghadar Party Movement 129 Indian Home Rule Society 130 Madam Bhikaji Cama 131 Raja Mahendra Pratap 131 3 Second Phase of Revolutionary Terrorism (Post-World War I) 131 Punjab–UP–Bihar 132 Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) 132 Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) 132 Bengal 134 Indian Republican Army 134 Practice Questions 136 Perfecting Past Prelims 141 13 NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1919–1928) 142 1 Rowlatt Act and Anti-Rowlatt Act Satyagraha 142 2 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 142 Reaction to Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy 143 3 Government of India Act 1919 or Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 143 Congress’s Reaction to 1919 Act 144 Calcutta Session of Congress, September 1920 144 Nagpur Session, December 1920 144 4 Non-Cooperation Movement 145 Spread of the Movement 145 1921 Session of Congress 146 Chauri-Chaura Incident 146 Why Did Gandhiji
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