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A Three-Year Demographic Study of Harper's Beauty (Harperocallis Java Mcdaniel), an Endangered Florida Endemic Joan L

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A Three-Year Demographic Study of Harper's Beauty (Harperocallis Java Mcdaniel), an Endangered Florida Endemic Joan L ~~urnnlof the Torrey Botanical Sociery 132(4), 2005, pp. 55 1-560 A three-year demographic study of Harper's Beauty (Harperocallis Java McDaniel), an endangered Florida endemic Joan L. Walker2.3and Andrea M. Silletti USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station 233 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 WALKER.J. L. AND A. M. SILLETTI(USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 233 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University. Clernson, SC 29634). A three-year demographic study of Harper's Beauty (Harperocallis McDaniel), an endangered Florida endemic. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 551-560. 200.5.-Harperocallisflava is a federally listed endangered plant narrowly endemic to the Florida panhandle. A lack of knowledge about Hurperocaffispopulation dynamics currently hinders conservation planning. Our objectives included describing ramet size. reproductive status, and mortality and recruitment rates in natural populations of H. flava. In 1998, we established permanent plots and marked individual ramets at six sites representing two habitat types in Apalachicola National Forest. At each site, we established 2 3 plots of varying size (0.12-1.8 m2) to include -300 ramets 1 site. In the first year we tagged, recorded reproductive status of, and measured individual ramets (# of leaves, longest leaf length). In 1999 and 2000, new ramets were tagged and all tagged ramets were re- measured. Analysis of variance methods were used to detect site, year, and habitat effects on response variables. Total number of rarnets sampled varied between sites and declined from year to year. The proportion of ramets bearing reproductive structures was low (0.01 to 0.10) and varied with site and year. Logistic regression indicated that larger ramets were more likely to produce reproductive structures, and that smaller ramets suffered higher mortality. There were significant habitat and year effects on mortality; recruitment differed between years. The relatively short duration of this study precluded examination of potentially important fire effects. A rhizomatous habit and unexpected levels of crayfish-induced mortality suggest that knowledge of population structure and processes at larger scales is needed to develop effective monitoring and management strategies for H. fluva. Key words: demography, endangered species, Florida, Harperocalli.s$ava, Harper's beauty, longleaf pine, seep- age bogs. The longleaf pine ecosystem has high plant Conservancy or are given special conservation species richness, especially at small scales status by various state governments (Nature- (Walker and Peet 1983, Peet and Allard 1993), Serve 2005). Conservation efforts have focused and is characterized by a large number of nar- on habitat management with particular emphasis rowly endemic (Estill and Cruzan 2001, Le- on prescribed burning during the growing sea- Blonde 2001, Sorrie and Weakley 2001) and rare son, because such burning results in reduced species (Hardin and White 1989, Peet and Allard woody plant cover and abundant flowering of 1993, Walker 1993). Because of habitat loss and herbaceous ground-layer species at many sites changes, especially those produced by fire ex- (Platt et al. 1991, Robbins and Myers 1992, clusion, dozens of longleaf pine associated Glitzenstein et al. 1995, Glitzenstein et al. 2003). plants are listed as threatened or endangered un-' However, species in these habitats vary consid- der the Endangered Species Act. Many others erably in life history, growth form, and phenol- are ranked as GI-G3 species by The Nature ogy (Hardin and White 1989, Walker 1993), and thus are likely to respond in different ways to ' Funding was pmvided by the USDA Forest Ser- management actions. Although a few of these vice Southern Research Station, Clemson, SC. species have been studied intensively (e.g., 'This study would not have been possible without the help of Louise Kirn and other personnel at the Kirkman et al. 1998), remarkably little is known Apalachicola National Forest in Bristol. FL. We also abqut individual rare species in the longleaf pine thank Dana Madsen Schulze, Molly Middlebrook, and eccsystem, and there is a clear need for species- Tina Kessler for data collection. Stanley J. Zarnoch of specific data on more of these populations to en- the Southern Research Station assisted with statistical analysis. Mary Carrington, Joseph O'Brien, Peter S. hance conservation and management. White, and two anonymous reviewers provided re- Like many rare longleaf pine associates, Har- views that markedly improved this manuscript. perocallis Java McDaniel (Tofieldiaceae) is an ' Author for correspondence. E-mail: joanwnlker@ fs.fed.us herbaceous perennial typically found in wetter Received for publication September 24, 2004, and habitats such as depressions, ditches, and seep- in revised form August 5, 2005. age bogs (Walker 1993). Harperocallis Java 552 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL.132 was first described by McDaniel in 1968 and cinity. As described by McDanicl (1968), each was listed as endangered under the Endangered ramet has 2-5 basal, linear leaves that range Species Act in 1979 (U. S. Fish and Wildlife from 5-21 crn long and from 2-3 mm wide. The Service 1983). This species is known only from stems are short and usually sheathed at the base Franklin, Liberty, and Bay Counties in the Flor- with fibrous old leaf bases. The plant increases ida panhandle, with most known populations oc- vegetatively by shallow rhizomes that produce curring inside the Apalachicola National Forest. new ramets at their tips, and forms srnall-to- McDaniel described the species from a bog ad- large dense clumps (< 5 to > 100 rarnets). A jacent to a state highway, and early surveys sug- rarnet of Harper's Beauty can produce a single gested that the species was restricted to roadside yellow flower bome on a scape much longer locations and a few isolated "natural" off-road than the leaves, up to 55 cm tall. A three-carpel sites. With subsequent increases in prescribed capsule encloses many fusiform seeds 2-3 mrn burning and intensified survey activities in the long. Flowering occurs in mid-April through 1990s, additional off-road sites were located (L. early May; fruits develop through July; and old Kim, personal communication). Although there fruits can persist on the scape for more than one are preliminary studies of H. JSava's insect pol- growing season. linators (Pitts-Singer et al. 2002), breeding sys- STUDYAREA. This study was conducted on tem, seed viability and germination (Wagner and the Apalachicola Ranger District of the Apa- Spira 1996), and genetic diversity (which is ex- lachicola National Forest near Sumatra and Wil- traordinarily low; Godt et al. 1997), there is very ma, Florida. Previous observations indicated that little information on population structure and dy- H. java grows in two types .of habitat differen- namics of this species. Demographic studies tiated here by the plant community. Populations have been very useful in anticipating trends in of H. fIava are most commonly found in open plant population size and detecting response to seepage bogs dominated by herbaceous species disturbance in rare species (Menges and Gordon (including small Dichanthelium spp., Rhynchos- 1996, Byers and Meagher 1997), and, therefore, pora spp., Drosera spp., Pinguicula spp., Bige- may be an important tool for increasing under- lowii nudata, and Carphephorus pseudoliatris) standing of H. Java. and generally lacking cover by woody species. Ultimately, we would like to understand the Less commonly, H. Java is found growing at the population dynamics of H. JSava and use this base of evergreen shrubs (Clzfronia monophylla, knowledge to determine how this species should Myrica inodora) in areas with much less her- be protected and managed. As a first step, we baceous cover. Both habitats are located in the examined the spatial and temporal variation in ecotone between upland pine communities and selected populations to determine whether the Taxodium ascendens or evergreen shrub com- populations were stable and reproducing. We did munities. this by monitoring individual rarnets of H. Java We chose four study sites from bog habitats in six sites in the Apalachicola National Forest. (Sites 1-4) and two from shrub habitats (Sites 5 Specifically, we addressed the following ques- and 6). All six sites were burned in prescribed tions: 1) How do ramet size and flowering vary fires within six months prior to plot establish- among sites, habitat types, and years? 2) How ment, one (site 1) in December 1997 and five in do recruitment and mortality vary across sites, February 1998. Although unplanned, site 1 was habitat types, and years? Because the number of burned again in February 2000. ramets sampled in a fixed area declined mark- edly in most of our locations over the course of SAMPLINGMETHODS. The overall sampling the study, which we think may have been due goal was to mark and measure approximately to precipitation patterns, we present data on pre- 300 ramets at each site. Because the within-site cipitation during the study period. distribution was patchy and the ramets were very difficult to locate, it was not feasible to Methods. STUDYSPECIES. Harperocallis ja- select individual ramets randomly. Instead, we va represents a monotypic genus recently trans- established the following sampling strategy. ferred from the Liliaceae to the Tofieldiaceae Within each site, marked ramets were to be dis- (Zomlefer 1997). Harperocallis is most closely tributed in at least 3 discrete patches, each with related to Narthecium, Pleea, and Tofeldia, the about 100 rarnets. Patches to be sampled were latter two of which are morphologically similar chosen non-randomly from among areas where to Harperocallis and are often found in its vi- the H. Java density appeared to be the highest 20051 WALKER AND SILLElTI: DEMOGRAPHY OF A RARE FLORIDA ENDEMIC 553 Table 1. Number of Harperocallis flava ramets tagged in the first year of the study, the number of sample units, and the total area sampled at each of six sites in the Apalachicola National Forest.
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