ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ "САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЭКОНОМИКИ И ФИНАНСОВ"

КАФЕДРА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА И ПЕРЕВОДА

СБОРНИК ТЕКСТОВ И УПРАЖНЕНИЙ ПО ПКРО 2 ИЯ (АНГЛИЙ- СКИЙ) ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ СТАРШИХ КУРСОВ ГУМАНИТАРНОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА: "CRIME AND PUNISHMENT"

Издательство Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета экономики и финансов 2011 2

Рекомендовано научно-методическим советом университета Сборник текстов и упражнений по ПКРО 2 ИЯ (английский) для студен- тов старших курсов гуманитарного факультета: "Crime and punishment". – СПб: Изд-во СПбГУЭФ, 2011. – 54 с.

Составитель: ст. преп. Варламова Ю.В. Рецензенты: доц. кафедры теории языка и переводоведения СПбГУЭФ, к.ф.н. Полякова С.Е. к.ф.н., доц. кафедры англ. языка БГТУ «Военмех» Налетова Н.И.

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ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

Part A Topical vocabulary 4 Law and order quiz 4 Practice 6 Part B The Mezzotint M.R. James 7 Part C Family affair Margery Allingham 15 Part D Rules and regulations 24 Pre-reading Reading Discussion Part E The forces of law and order Dealing with crime The treatment of offenders Young offenders The legal profession and the courts Part F The Killers ) (Part 1) Ernest Hemingway Comprehension and discussion questions The Killers ) (Part 2) Ernest Hemingway Comprehension and discussion questions Part G Revision Grammar Vocabulary Reading Part H Test Рекомендуемая литература

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PART A TOPICAL VOCABULARY

Use the words below to complete the story. trial confessed court custody guilty convicted enquiry (2) sentenced execution jury arrested innocent charged appeal dropped pardon judges plea apprehended hunt suspect tried executed statements denied

The story began when a man called Timothy Evans was…..for the murder of his wife and baby. He was….. with the double murder, but a short time later one of the charges was….. and he was…..for the murder of his daughter only. During the…..Evans accused the man whose house he had been living in, John Christie, of the crimes, but no attention was paid to him. The…..found Evans….. and he was….. to death. An ….. was turned down and he was …..in 1950. Some time later, more women‟s bodies were discovered in Christie‟s house: two, three, four, five, six. John Christie was the police‟s chief ….. and they started a nationwide…..for him. He was soon….. . Alleged….. by Chris- tie….. that he had murdered Mrs Evans, but in private it was said that he ….. to that crime. His ….. of insanity with regard to other murders was rejected and he was …… of killing his wife. Soon afterwards there was an ….. into the ….. of Timothy Evans. The …..decided that justice had been done and Evans had been rightly hanged. It was only in 1966 that another….. was set up. This time it was decided that Evans had probably been….. and he was given a free….. . Better late than nev- er, as they say.

Quiz

1. Is it a crime to try and kill yourself? 2. Is it illegal to help somebody to commit suicide? 3. Can you be executed for murdering a policeman? 4. If, after a murder, all the victim‟s relatives plead: „Please don‟t prose- cute!‟ can charges against the suspected culprit be dropped? 5. If two armed thieves break into a house, guns in hand, and one of them shoots and kills the house owner, is his accomplice guilty of murder? 5

6. If I surprise an intruder in my lounge at night stealing my millions, have I a legal right to assault him with a weapon? 7. If I set a trap – a fifty kilo weight just above the front door – for any burglars who might try and enter the house, am I breaking the law? 8. After a divorce or legal separation, can a wife be required to pay alimo- ny to her ex-husband? 9. If I promise to marry my girlfriend and then change my mind shortly be- fore the wedding, can she take me to court? 10. If you said to your teacher in the middle of one of his lessons: „You don‟t know the first thing about teaching!‟ could he bring a civil action against you? 11. Would I be in danger of committing am offence if I out an adver- tisement for my school in the paper saying: „Male white teacher re- quired‟? 12. If, as a defendant (or the accused), I am not satisfied with the way my barrister has handled my defence, can I sue him? 13. If you were in my house – uninvited – and the ceiling, which had had a large crack in it for some time, caved in and broke your leg, would it be a good idea to consult your solicitor? 14. Can a person suspected of and charged with rape be allowed bail?

Answers

1. No, not any more. 2. Yes, even mercy-killing (euthanasia) is against the law. 3. No. Capital punishment was abolished in the 1960s. 4. No. murder is a crime against society (this involves criminal law) and not just a civil matter between individuals. 5. Yes. Joint guilt. In the eyes of the law, both are guilty. 6. No – at least, only in self-defence. 7. Yes. 8. Yes. 9. No, not now. Some years ago she could have sued me for breach of promise. 10. Yes, he could claim it was slander (or libel, if you wrote it in a newspaper). He probably wouldn‟t, though, because of the legal costs. 11. Yes, because of the Sex discrimination Act and the Race Rela- tions Act. 12. No. 6

13. Yes. You could sue me for negligence and I would probably have to pay damages. 14. Yes.

Practice

There are many crimes and offences apart from the few mentioned above. ex- plain, define or give examples of the offences listed below. blackmail driving without due care and attention kidnapping mugging – robbery with violence arson drug peddling trespassing espionage – spying manslaughter shoplifting smuggling treason forgery hijacking bigamy obscenity baby or wife – battering bribery and corruption conspiracy petty theft fraud

Which of the above would or could involve the following? counterfeit money a ransom state secrets pornography heroin contraband hostages a traitor a store detective

Here is the story of a very unfortunate, irresponsible man called Mr N.E. Body. Imagine that he was stopped by the police at each and every point of the drama. Read about what happened and, after each piece of information you receive, decide what punishment he deserves. Here are some of the sentences you might wish to hand out.

You might feel the death penalty is in order, or life imprisonment, even solitary confinement. You could put him on probation, give him community service or impose a fine – anything from $ 10 to $ 1,000. You might consider corporal punishment (a short, sharp shock), a shortlist prison sentence or, of course, you could make that a suspended sentence. You might make him pay compensation, or would you like to see him banned from driving? No? Well, 7 his license could be endorsed. Or would you dismiss the case, find him not guilty of any crime, acquit him, find the case not proved? 1. Mr Body drank five pints of beer and five single whiskies in a pub, got in- to his car and drove away. 2. He did not drive dangerously but exceeded the speed limit as he wanted to catch up with a friend who had left his wallet in the pub. 3. As he was driving along, a little girl ran into the road and he knocked her down. 4. There was no way he could have stopped, drunk or sober. 5. The little girl suffered only bruises and superficial injuries. 6. Mr Body‟s wife had left him two days before. 7. Six months later, it was clear that the little girl was to suffer from after- effects of the accident and would stutter for many years. 8. Mr Body had never previously received any summons for traffic offences. 9. The little girl admitted that it was all her fault. 10. The passenger in Mr Body‟s car was killed outright as he went through the windscreen.

PART B The Mezzotint M.R. James

Mr Williams, whose job involved adding to his university‟s collection of prints and drawings, was a regular customer of the well-known London art dealer, J.W. Britnell. Mr Britnell would send out excellent lists of his large and ever- changing collection, which included plans and old drawings of country houses, churches and towns in England and Wales. These lists were, of course, very important to Mr Williams, but he bought regularly rather than in great quantity; he expected Mr Britnell to fill the less important holes in the university collec- tion rather than to supply him with rare works. Then in February of last year a list from Mr Britnell appeared on Mr Wil- liams‟s desk, and with it a letter from the dealer himself. This letter read as fol- lows:

Dear Sir, We beg to call your attention to Number 978 in our enclosed list, which we shall be glad to send for your examination. Yours, J.W. BRITNELL. When Mr Williams turned to Number 978, he found the following entry: 8

978 Unknown. Interesting mezzotint: view of a country house, early part of the last century. 15 by 10 inches; black frame & 2 2 shillings

It was not specially exciting, and the price seemed high. But as Mr Britnell, who knew his business and his customer, seemed to think well of it, Mr Wil- liams wrote a postcard asking for the picture to be sent on approval, together with some other prints and drawings which appeared in the same list. And so he moved on, without much excitement, to the ordinary work of the day. A package of any kind always arrives a day later than you expect it and the one from Mr Britnell was no exception. It was delivered to Mr Williams‟s office by the Saturday afternoon post, but after he had left the office. A servant, therefore, brought it round to his rooms in college so that he would not have to wait until Monday fro an opportunity to examine what was inside and return what he did not wish to keep. And that‟s where he found it when he came in to tea with a friend. The only object with which I am concerned was the rather large, black framed mezzotint that was described in Mr Britnell‟s list. It was not of a high quality, and a mezzotint which is not of a high quality is, perhaps, the worst sort of print there is. it showed a view of the front of a not very large eighteen- century country house. The house had three rows of plain windows and some interesting features. There were trees on either side, and in front there was a large area of well cut grass. The words A.W.F. sculpsit were written along the narrow edge of the picture, but no other words appeared on it. The whole thing gave one the feeling that it was the work of someone with little experience, and Mr Williams could not imagine why Mr Britnell was demanding two pounds and two shillings for such an object. He turned it over with a good deal of amusement. On the back was a piece of paper, the left hand half of which had been torn off. Only the ends of two lines of writing remained: the first had the letters „-ngley Hall‟; the second, „-ssex‟. Mr Williams thought that it would, perhaps, be just worth the trouble of finding out where the place was, and this he could do easily with the help of a map. He would then return the picture to Mr Britnell with some sharp remarks about that gentlemen‟s judgment. When the lamps were lit, because it was now dark, and the tea was made, the friend – let us call him Dr Binks – took up the framed print and said: „What‟s this place, Williams?‟ „That‟s just what I‟m going to try to find out,‟ said Williams, as he went to the shelf for a map. „Look at the back. Somethingley Hall, in either Sussex or 9

Essex. Half the name has gone, you see. You don‟t happen to know it, I sup- pose?‟ „It‟s from that man Britnell, I suppose, isn‟t it?‟ said Binks. „Is it for our collection?‟ „Well, I think that I would buy it if the price was five shillings,‟ said Wil- liams; „but for some strange reason he wants over two pounds for it. I can‟t im- agine why. It‟s not a good print and there aren‟t even any figures to give it life.‟ I certainly don‟t think it‟s worth as much as that,‟ said Blinks; but I don‟t think it‟s so badly done. The moonlight seems rather good to me; and it looks to me as if there are figures, or at least a figure, just on the edge in front.‟ „Let‟s look,‟ said Williams. „Well, it‟s true that the sense of light is rather cleverly done. Where‟s your figure? Oh, yes! Just the head, right in the front of the picture.‟ And it was true, although it was little more than a black spot on the ex- treme edge of the print, that there was the head of a man or a woman. It was well wrapped up, its back was turned and it was looking towards the house. Williams had not noticed it before. „But even so,‟ he said, „though it‟s more skillfully done than I thought at first, I can‟t spend over two pounds of the university‟s money on a picture of a place I don‟t know.‟ Doctor Binks, who had work to do, soon went, and Williams spent the remaining time before dinner attempting, without success, to find out the name of the Hall in the picture. „ If the vowel before the “ng” had been left, there would have been no difficulty,‟ he thought; „but as it‟s, the name may be any- thing from Guestingley to Langley. There are many more names that end in „- ngley‟ than I thought; and this useless book doesn‟t provide a list of endings.‟ Dinner in Mr Williams‟s college was at seven o‟clock, but we do not need to know what happened during the meal. Later in the evening, he returned with friend to his rooms where, doubtless, they played cards and smoked tobacco. After some time, Williams picked up the mezzotint from the table. He didn‟t look at it, but handed it to a person interested in art, and told him where it had come from and the other details which we already know. The gentleman took it without great excitement, looked at it and then said, in a voice of some interest: „It‟s really a very good piece of work, Wil- liams; it has quite an imaginative quality. The light is excellently controlled, it seems to me, and the figure, though it‟s rather shocking, is somehow very im- pressive.‟ „Yes, isn‟t it?‟ said Williams, who was just then pouring out drinks for his other friends and was unable to come across the room to look at the view again. 10

It was by this time rather late in the evening, and the visitors were beginning to leave. After they had gone, Williams had to write one or two letters and finish some pieces of work. At last, a short time after midnight, he was ready to go to bed, and he lit a small lamp to take to his bedroom. The picture lay face up- wards on the table where the last man who had looked at it had put it, and Wil- liams caught sight of it as he put out the sitting room lamp. He says now, in fact, that if he had been left in the dark at that moment he might have fainted with fear. But, as that did not happen, he was able to steady himself and take a good look at the picture. It was certain – quite impossible, no doubt, but com- pletely certain. In the middle of the grass in front of the unknown house there was a figure where no figure had been at five o‟clock that afternoon. It was moving on its hands and knees towards the house, and it was wrapped in strange, black clothing with a white cross on the back. I do not know what is the right thing to do in a situation of this kind. I can only tell you what Mr Williams did. He took the picture by one corner and car- ried it across the passage to a second set of rooms which he possessed. There he locked it up in a drawer, locked the doors of both sets of rooms, and went to bed; but first he wrote out and signed an account of the strange change that had taken place in the picture since it had come into his possession. Sleep came to him rather late, but he was comfortable to know that he was not the only witness of the behavior of the picture. Clearly, the man who had looked at the mezzotint earlier that night had seen the same sort of thing that he himself had seen. If not, he might have started to believe that something seriously wrong was happening either to his eyes or to his mind. As this was fortunately impossible, there were two things he must do in the morning. He must ask a second person to act as a witness and examine the picture with him, and he must make a determined effort to find out the name of the house that was represented in it. He would therefore invite his neighbor, Nisbet, to have breakfast with him, and then he would study a map for the rest of the morning. Nisbet was free, and arrived at about 9.30. I am sorry to say that his host was not quite dressed, even at this late hour. During breakfast, Williams said nothing about the mezzotint, except that he had a picture about which he wished to have Nisbet‟s opinion. Those who are familiar with university life can easily imagine the pleasant conversation of two members of Canterbury College dur- ing a Sunday morning breakfast. I am forced to say, though, that Williams found it difficult to pay attention. His interest was naturally centred on that very strange picture which was now lying, face downwards, in the drawer in the room opposite. 11

At last breakfast was finished, and he was able to light his pipe. The mo- ment had arrived for which he had been waiting. His excitement was so great that he was almost trembling. He ran across and unlocked the drawer, then took out the picture – still face downwards – ran back, and put it into Nisbet‟s hands. „Now,‟ he said, „Nisbet, I want you to tell me exactly what you see in the picture. Described it in detail, if you don‟t mind. I‟ll tell you why in a moment.‟ „Well,‟ said Nisbet, „I have here a view of a country house – English, I believe – by moonlight.‟ „Moonlight? Are you sure of that?‟ „Certainly. It seems to be past the full moon, if you wish for details. And there are clouds in the sky.‟ „All right. Go on. I‟ll swear,‟ added Williams to himself. „that there was no moon when I saw it first.‟ „Well, there isn‟t much more to be said,‟ Nisbet continued. „The house has one – two - three rows of windows, and there are five windows in each row except at the bottom where there‟s a door instead. Of the middle one and –„ „But what about figures?‟ said Williams with marked interest. „There aren‟t any,‟ said Nisbet; „but-„ „What! There is no figure on the grass in front?‟ „Not a thing.‟ „You‟ll swear to that?‟ „Certainly. But there‟s just one other thing.‟ „What?‟ „Well, one of the windows on the ground floor – to the left of the door – is open.‟ „Is it really? Good heavens! He must have got in,‟ said Williams with great excitement. He hurried to the back of the chair on which Nisbet was sit- ting and seized the picture from him to check it for himself. It was quite true. There was no figure, and there was an open window. For a moment Williams was so surprised that he could not speak. Then he went to the writing table and wrote hurriedly for a short time. When he had finished he brought two papers to Nisbet. He asked him to sign the first one, which was the description of the picture that you have just read. And he asked him to read the second one, which was the description that Williams had written the night be- fore. „What does it all mean?‟ said Nisbet. „Exactly,‟ said Williams. „Well, there is one thing that I must do – or ra- ther there are three things. First, I must find out what Garwood, who looked at 12 the picture last night, saw. Secondly, I must photograph the thing before it changes further. And thirdly, I must find out where the house is.‟ „I can photograph it myself,‟ said Nisbet, „and I will. But, you know, I feel as if we were watching some terrible event taking place somewhere. The question is, has it happened already, or is it about to happen? You must find out where the house is‟. he looked at the picture again. „Yes,‟ he said, „I expect that you‟re right: he has got in. and I feel sure that something unpleasant is going to happen in one of the rooms upstairs.‟ „I‟ve got an idea,‟ said Williams. I‟ll take the picture across to old Green.‟ (Green was the oldest member of the college, and had managed its business for many years.) „He‟ll probably know where the house is. the college has property in Essex and Sussex, and he must have travelled a great deal in those parts of „Yes, he probably will know where it is,‟ said Nisbet; „but just let me take my photograph first. Listen, though, I don‟t think that Green is here today. He wasn‟t at dinner last night, and I think I heard him say that he would be away on Sunday.‟ „Yes, that‟s true,‟ said Williams. „I know that he‟s gone to Brighton. Well, if you‟ll take the photograph now, I‟ll go across to Garwood and get his statement. While I‟m doing that, you must keep an eye on it. I‟m beginning to think that two pounds and two shillings is not such a high price for it after all.‟ In a short time he had returned and brought Mr Garwood with him. Gar- wood said that when he had seen the figure it was no longer at the edge of the picture, but that it was not far across the grass. He remembered that the figure had had a white mark on the back of its clothing, but he was not sure if it had been a cross. All this was written down and signed, and Nisbet then photo- graphed the picture. „Now what do you mean to do?‟ he said. „Are you going to sit and watch it all day?‟ „Well, no, I don‟t think so,‟ said Williams. „I rather imagine that we are intended to see the whole thing. You see, between the time that I saw it last night and this morning, there was time for lots of things to happen, but the fig- ure only got into the house. In that time, it could have done its business easily and left again. But as the window is open, I think that it must be inside now. So I feel confident that we can leave it. And, besides, I have an idea that the picture won‟t change much, if at all, in the daytime. We could go for a walk this after- noon and come in to tea when it gets dark. I shall leave it out on the table here, and lock the door. Then only my servant can get in.‟ The three men agreed that this would be a good plan; and so we may leave them alone until five o‟clock. 13

At or near that hour the three returned to Williams‟s rooms. They were slightly annoyed to see that the door of his room was unlocked until they re- membered that on Sunday the college servants came for their orders earlier than on weekdays. But a surprise was waiting fro them. First, they saw that the pic- ture was leaning against a pile of books on the table, as it had been left. The next thing that they saw was Williams‟s servant, Robert, who was sitting on a chair opposite it and looking at it with fear in his eyes. Why was this? Robert was known for his excellent manners. He would never normally sit down on his master‟s chair or appear to take interest in his master„s furniture or pictures. In fact he jumped up quickly when the three men entered the room and said: „ I beg your pardon, sir. I shouldn‟t have sat down.‟ „It doesn‟t matter, Robert,‟ answered Mr Williams. „I was meaning to ask you for your opinion of that picture.‟ „well, sir, I know my opinion is worth little in comparison with yours, but I wouldn‟t hang that picture where my little gird could see it.‟ „Wouldn‟t you, Robert? Why not?‟ „No, sir. Well, I remember that once the poor child saw a book with pic- tures in it that were not nearly so bad as that one there, and we had to sit up with her for three or four nights after that. And if she saw this skeleton, or whatever it is, carrying off the poor baby, she would be in a terrible state. You know what children are like. But what I say is that it doesn‟t seem the kind of pictures to leave about, sir. If anybody saw it accidently, he might have an un- pleasant shock. Do you want anything else this evening, sir? Thank you, sir.‟ With these words the excellent man left to visit the rest of his masters. The three gentlemen immediately moved closer to the mezzotint. There was the house, as before, under the clouds and the moon that was no longer full. The window that had been open was shut, and the figure was once more on the grass. But this time it was not moving slowly on hands and knees. Now it stood up straight and was marching quickly, with long step, towards the front of the picture. The moon was behind it, and the black clothing hung down over its face so that hardly anything of it could be seen. In fact, the little of it that could be seen made the three gentlemen deeply thankful that they could see no more than the white forehead and a few untidy hairs. The head was bent down, and the arms were tightly closed over an object which could just be seen and rec- ognized as a child. It was not possible to say whether it was dead or living. On- ly the legs of the figure carrying it could be seen clearly, and they were terribly thin. Between five and seven o‟clock the three companions sat and watched the picture in turn. But it never changed. They agreed at last that it would be safe to 14 leave it, and that they would return after dinner and wait for further develop- ments. They met again as soon as possible. The print was there, but the figure had gone, and the house was quiet in the moonlight. All they could do now was to spend the evening searching through the maps and guidebooks until they found out where the house was. Williams was the lucky person in the end, and perhaps he deserved to be. At 11.30 p.m. he read the following lines from Mur- ray‟s Guide to Essex:

16 miles, Anningley. The church was originally an interesting building from the twelfth century, but was greatly changed in the last century. It contains the graves of the Francis family whose country house, Anningley Hall, stands just beyond the churchyard in a large park. The family has now died out. The last son disappeared mysteriously in childhood in the year 1802. The father, Mr Ar- thur Francis, was known in the area as quite a good artist in mezzotint. After his son‟s disappearance, he lived completely alone at the Hall. He was found dead exactly three years later in the room where he had just completed a mezzotint of the house, copies of which are extremely rera. This seemed to be the end of the search, and when Mr Green returned to the college he immediately recognized the house as Anningley Hall. „Is there any kind of explanations of the figure, Green?‟ Williams asked him. „I really don‟t know, Williams. I knew Anningley before, I came to this university and there used to be one or two stories about Arthur Francis. He was always very severe with any man whom he suspected of hunting on his land. Gradually he got rid of all such thieves with the exception of one man, called Gawdy, I believe, who continued to take animals from the Hall grounds. Gawdy was the last member of a very old family in the area. The graves of his relations were inside the church and not out in the churchyard like those of common people, and he felt a good deal of bitterness that his family had lost its former greatness. It was said that Francis could never prove anything against him, but in the end, Francis‟s keepers caught him in a wood on the edge of the park. I could show you the place even now, because it is right beside some land that used to belong to my uncle. As you can imagine, there was a fight, and this man Gawdy most unluckily shot one of the keepers. Well, that was just what Francis wanted. There was a quick and most unsatisfactory court case, and poor Gawdy was hanged as quickly as possible. I‟ve been shown the place where he was bu- ried. It‟s on the north side of the church, where they buried any person who had been hanged or who had killed himself. The poor man had no relatives because 15 he was the last member of his family, but people believed that some friend of his must have planned to seize Francis‟s boy in order to put an end to his fami- ly, too. But, you know, I should say now that it looks more as if old Gawdy had managed the thing himself. Ugh! I hate to think of it! Have a drink, Williams!‟ I have only to add that the picture is now in the Ashleian Collection. It has been tasted in order to find out whether the artist used a special kind of ink which could account for its strange behavior, but without any result. Mr Britnell knew nothing about it except that he was sure that it was an uncommon picture. And although it was carefully watched, it has never been known to change again.

PART C Family affair Margery Allingham

The newspapers were calling the McGills‟ house in Chestnut Street the Mary Celeste house before Chief Inspector Charles Luke noticed that the two myste- ries were alike. He was so shaken that he telephoned Albert Compion and asked him to come over. They met in the Sun, a quiet little inn in the High Street, and discussed the case in the small public bar which, at that time of day, was empty. „The two stories are alike,‟ Luke said as he picked up his drink. He was a dark, strong and very active man; and as usual he was talking continuously, us- ing his hands to emphasize his words. I‟d almost forgotten the Mary Celeste mystery, but I read a fresh report of it in the Morning News today. Of course, the Mary Celeste was a ship, and 29 Chestnut Street is an ordinary, unexciting little house, but in other ways the two stories are nearly the same. There was even a half-eaten breakfast left on the table in both of them. It‟s very strange, Campion. Campion, who was quiet and fair and wore glasses, listened closely as was his habit. And, as usual, he looked a little uncertain of himself; a great many men had failed to take him seriously until it was too late. At the moment he appeared to be slightly amused. He was always entertained by the strength of Luke‟s excitement. „You think that you know what has happened to Mr and Mrs McGill, then?‟ he asked. „Good heavens, no!‟ The policeman opened his small, black eyes to their widest. „I tell you that it‟s the same story as the mystery of the Mary Celeste. They‟ve simply disappeared. One minute they were having breakfast together 16 like every other husband and wife for miles around, and the next minute they had gone without a sign.‟ Mr Campion paused. He looked rather self-conscious. „As I remember the story of the Mary Celeste, it was completely unbelievable,‟ he said at last. „Consider it: a band of quite ordinary looking sailors brought a ship called the Mary Celeste into Gibraltar, and had a wonderful story to tell. They said that she was found in mid ocean with all her sails up, but without a single person on board. The details were shocking. There were three cups of tea on the captain‟s table and they were still warm. In his room there was a box of female clothes which were small enough to be a child‟s. A cat was asleep in the kitchen, and in a pot on the cooker was a chicken ready to be cooked.‟ Campion let out a long breath. „Quite beautiful,‟ he said, „but witnesses also swore that although there was no one at the wheel she was still following her course. The court of inquiry found that too much to believe, although they discussed it for as long as they could.‟ Luke looked at him sharply. „that wasn‟t what the Morning News suggested this morning,‟ he said. „They called it‟‟the world‟s favourite unsolved mystery‟‟.‟ „So it is!‟ Mr Campion was laughing. „Because nobody wants an ordinary explanation which uncovers dishonestly. The mystery of the Mary Celeste is an excellent example of a story which really is a bit too good to spoil, don‟t you think?‟ „I don‟t know. I hadn‟t thought of it.‟ Luke sounded slightly annoyed. „I was just telling you the main story of the two events – actually, 1872 is rather too long ago for me. But 29 Chestnut Street is certainly my business, and I‟m not allowing any witness to use his imagination in this inquiry. Just give your attention to the facts and details, Campion.‟ Luke put down his glass. „Consider the McGills,‟ he said. „They seem ordinary, sensible people. Peter McGills was twenty eight and his wife Maureen was a year younger. They had been married for three years and got along well together. For the first two years they had to live with his mother, while they were waiting for the right kind of house to become available. But they weren‟t very happy there, so they rented two rooms from Maureen‟s married sister. Then after six months this house in Chestnut Street was offered to them.‟ „Did they have any money troubles?‟ Mr Campion asked. „No,‟ Luke clearly thought that this was very unusual. „Peter seems to be the one member of the family who had nothing to complain about. He works in the office of a company that makes locks, and they are very pleased with him. 17

He is known for not spending more than he can afford and, in any case, his sala- ry was raised recently. I saw his employer this morning and he was really an- xious, poor old boy. He liked the young man and had nothing but praise for him.‟ „What about Mrs McGill?‟ „She‟s another good type. She‟s steady and careful, and she remained at work until a few months ago when her husband decided that she should leave her job in order to enjoy the new house and raise a family. She certainly did her housework well. The place is still in excellent order although it has been empty for six weeks.‟ For the first time Mr Campion‟s eyes lit up with interest. „Forgive me,‟ he said, „but do the police usually enter a case of missing persons so quickly? What is it that you are looking for, Charles? A body? Or bodies?‟ „Not officially,‟ Luke said. „But I can‟t help asking myself what we shall find. We came into the case quickly because we heard about it quickly. The sit- uation was unusual and the family were rather frightened. That‟s the explana- tion of that.‟ He paused for a moment. „Come along and have a look at the house. We‟ll come back and have another drink after you‟ve seen it, but this is something that‟s really special, and I want your help.‟ Mr Campion followed him out into the network of neat little streets which ran between rows of box-shaped houses set in neat little flower gardens. „We go down to the end along to the right,‟ Luke said, as he pointed to- wards the end of the road. „I‟ll tell you the rest of the story as we go. On 12th June, Bertram Heskith, who is the husband of Maureen‟s older sister and lives in the next but one house, dropped in to see them as he usually did about 7.30 in the morning. He came in by the back door, which was open, and found a half eaten breakfast for two on the table in the bright new kitchen. No one was around, so he sat down to wait.‟ Luke‟s long hands were busily forming the scene in the air as he talked, and Mr Campion felt that he could almost see the little room with its inexpen- sive but not unattractive furniture and the flowers in the window. „Bertram is a toy salesman and one of a large family,‟ Luke went on. „He‟s got no work at the moment but he‟s not unhappy about it. He talks rather a lot, he‟s grown a little too big for his clothes and he enjoys a drink, but he‟s got a sharp mind – too sharp, I would say. He would have noticed anything un- usual. But in fact the tea in the pot was still warm, so he poured himself a cup, picked up the newspaper which was lying open on the floor by Peter McGill‟s chair and started to read it. After a time he realized that the house was very quiet, so he went into the hall and shouted up the stairs. As there was no reply 18 he went up and found that the bed was unmade, that the bathroom was still warm and wet with steam, and that Maureen‟s everyday hat, coat and handbag were lying on a chair. Bertram came down, examined the rest of the house, then went out into the garden. Maureen had been doing some washing before break- fast and the clothes on the line were almost dry. Otherwise, the little square of land was quite empty.‟ He gave Campion a quick look out of the corner of his eye.‟ And that, my boy, is all,‟ he said. „Neither Peter nor Maureen has been seen since. As they didn‟t appear again, Bertram told the rest of the family and, after two days, went to the police.‟ „Really?‟ Campion showed some interest. „Is that all that you know?‟ „Not quite, but the rest of the information is hardly helpful.‟ Luke sounded almost pleased. „Whenever they are, they‟re not in the house or gar- den. If they walked out, no one saw them, and they would need both skill and luck for that, because they were surrounded by concerned relatives and friends. The only things that are definitely missing are two clean sheets. A fine pair of sheets one lady called them.‟ Mr Campion looked surprised. „That‟s a small detail,‟ he said. „I suppose that there is no sign of any crime?‟ „Crime is really becoming quite common in London. I don‟t know what‟s happening to the old place,‟ Luke said sorrowfully. „But this house seemed healthy and happy enough. The McGills appear to have been ordinary, pleasant young people, although there are one or two little things that make one think. As far as we can one witness – a third cousin of his - who says that she fol- lowed him up the street from his house to the corner just as she did every morn- ing during the week. At the top of the street she went in one direction and she thought that he went in the other as usual. But no one else seems to have seen him and she‟s probably mistaken. Well, now, here we are. Stand here for a minute.‟ He had paused on the path of a narrow street, shaded by trees and lined with pairs of pleasant little houses. „The next house along here belong to the Heskiths,‟ he went on, lowering his voice. „We‟ll walk rather quickly past it because we don‟t want any more help from Bertram at the moment. He‟s a good man but he believes that Mau- reen‟s property is in his trust, and the way in which he follows me around makes me feel self conscious. His house is Number 25, and 29 is next but one. Now Number 31, which is actually joined to 29 on the other side, is locked up; the old lady who owned it is in hospital. In 33 live two sisters who are aunts of Peter‟s. they moved there soon after him and Maureen. 19

„One has lost her husband, and the other is unmarried, but they are both very interested in the nephew and his wife. The one whose husband has died speaks quite kindly about her young relatives, but her unmarried sister, Miss Dove, is rather critical of them. She told me that Maureen was careless with money, and I think that from time to time she had had a few words with the girl on the subject. I heard about the fine pair of sheets from her. I believe that she had told Maureen she shouldn‟t have bought something so expensive, but Mau- reen had saved up a long tome for them.‟ Luke laughed. „Women are like that,‟ he continued. „They get a desire for something, and they make sure that they have it. Miss Dove says that she watched Maureen hanging out the sheets on the line early in the morning of the day she disappeared. She has an upstairs window in her house from which she can just see part of the garden of 29 – if she stands on a chair.‟ He smiled. „for some reason she was doing that at about half past six on the day the McGills disappeared, and she is quite sure that she saw them hang- ing on the line – the sheets, I mean. She recognized them by the pattern along the top edge. They‟re certainly not in the house now. Miss Dove suggests deli- cately that I should search Bertram‟s house for them!‟ Mr Campion looked thoughtful, though his mouth was smiling. „It‟s quite a story,‟ he said quietly. „The whole thing just can‟t have hap- pened. How very strange, Charles. Did anybody else see Maureen that morn- ing? Could she have walked out of the front door and come up the street with the sheets over her arm and not have been noticed? I‟m not asking if she would have done so, but if she could.‟ „No,‟ said Luke. „Even if she had wanted to do so, which is unlikely, it‟s almost impossible. There are the cousins opposite, you see. They live over there in the house with the red flowers, directly in front of Number 29. It is one of them who says that she followed Peter up the road that morning. Also there‟s an old Irish grandmother who sits up in bed in the window of the front room all day. You can‟t completely trust what she says – for example, she can‟t remem- ber if Peter came out of the house at his usual time that day – but she would have noticed if Maureen had come out. No one saw Maureen that morning ex- cept Miss Dove who, as I told you, watched her hanging the sheets on the line. The newspaper comes early. The milkman heard her washing machine when he left his bottles at the back door, but he did not see her.‟ „What about the postman?‟ „He can‟t help. He hasn‟t been doing this work for very long and can‟t even remember if he called at Number 29. It‟s a long street and, as he says, the houses are all alike. He gets to 29 at about 7.25 and doesn‟t often meet anybody 20 at that hour. He wouldn‟t recognize the McGills if he saw them, in any case. Come on in, Campion – look around and see what you think.‟ Mr Campion followed his friend up a narrow garden path. A police offic- er stood on guard at the front door. Mr.Campion looked back over his shoulder just in time to see a movement behind the curtains in the house opposite. Then a tall, thin woman, whose face was completely expressionless, walked down the path of the next but one house and said hello to Luke as she paused at her gate before going back. „Miss Dove,‟ said Luke unnecessarily, as he opened the door to Number 29 Chestnut Street. The house held few surprises for Mr Campion. It was almost exactly as he had imagined it. There was not very much furniture in the hall and front room, but the kitchen was clearly used a great deal and possessed a character of its own. Someone without much money, but who liked nice things, had lived there. He or she – and he thought that it was probably she - had been generous, too, in spite of her efforts to save, because he noticed little things which had clearly been bought at the door from beggars. The breakfast table had been left exactly as Bertram Heskith had found it, and his cup was still there. Campion wandered through the house without saying anything, and Luke followed him. The scene was just as he had been told. There was no sign of packing, hurry or violence. There were night clothes on a chair in the bathroom. The woman‟s coat and handbag were on a chair in the bathroom and contained the usual mixture of things, including two pounds, three shillings and a few pennies, and a set of keys. Mr Campion looked at everything – the clothes hanging neatly in the cupboards, and even the flowers that had died from lack of water. But the only thing which seemed to interest him was a photograph, taken at Peter and Mau- reen‟s marriage, which he found in a silver frame on the dressing table. Although it was a very ordinary picture, he stood in front of it for a long time in deep thought. As something happens, the two figures in the centre at- tached less attention than the rest of the group of guests, who were laughing cheerfully. Maureen, with her graceful figure and big dark eyes, looked gentle and a little frightened, and Peter, although solid and with a determined chin, had an expression of anxiety in his face which compared strangely with Bertram Heskith‟s confident smile. „You can see what sort of a person Bertram is,‟ said Luke. „You wouldn‟t call him a gentleman, but he‟s not a man who imagines things. When he says that he felt the two had been in the house that morning, as safe and happy as usual, I believe him.‟ 21

„Miss Dove isn‟t here?‟ said Campion, still looking at the group in the photograph. „No. Her sister is there, though. And that‟s the girl from the house oppo- site, who thinks that she saw Peter go up the road.‟ Luke pointed to the face of another girl. „There‟s another sister here, and the rest are cousins. I understand that the picture doesn‟t do justice to Mau- reen‟s looks. Everybody says that she was a very pretty girl….‟He corrected himself. „Is, I mean.‟ „Peter looks a reasonable type to me,‟ said Mr Campion, although a little uncomfortable, perhaps.‟ „I wonder.‟ Luke spoke thoughtfully. „The Heskith had another photo of him and in that there was a kind of hardness and determination about his face. in the war I knew an officer with a face like that. Generally, he was quite a gen- tle man, but when something upset him, he behaved very decisively. But that‟s unimportant. Come and examine the clothesline and then you‟ll know as much as I do.‟ Luke led the way to the back and stood for a moment on the stone path, which ran under the kitchen window and separated the house from the small square of grass which formed the garden. On the right, the garden was separated from the neighbouring gardens by a fence and a line of bushes. On the left, the plants in the uncared for garden of the old lady who was in hospital had grown up so high that one was sheltered from the eyes of everyone except Miss Dove. Mr Campion supposed that, at that moment, she was standing on her chair to watch them. At the bottom there were a garden hut and a few fruit trees. Luke pointed to the empty line which hung above the grass. „I brought in the washing,‟ he said. „The Heskith were afraid that it would decay, and there seemed no reason to leave it outside.‟ „What‟s in the hut?‟ „A spade, a fork and a few other garden tools,‟ said Luke. „Come and look. The floor is made of beaten earth and it has clearly not been dug up for years. I suppose that we‟ll have to dig it up in the end, but it will be a waste of time.‟ Mr Campion went over and looked into the wooden hut. It was tidy and dusty, and the floor was dry and hard. Outside, an old ladder leaned against the high brick wall at the end of the garden. Mr Campion carefully tried the strength of the old ladder. It supported his weight, so he climbed up and looked over the wall. There was a narrow path be- tween the wall and the fence of the back garden of the house in the next street. 22

„That‟s an old path that leads down between the two rows of houses,‟ Luke said. „This isn‟t really a very friendly area, you know. The people in Chestnut Street think that they‟re of a better class than the people in Philpott Road, which is the road on the other side of the path.‟ Mr Campion got down from the ladder. He was smiling and his eyes were bright. „Do you think anybody in Philpott Road noticed her?‟ he said. „She must have been carrying the sheets.‟ Luke turned round slowly and looked at him in surprise. „Are you suggesting that she simply walked down the garden and over the wall and out? In the clothes in which she‟d been washing? It‟s crazy. Why would she do it? And did her husband go with her?‟ „No, I think that he went down Chestnut Street as usual and turned back down this path as soon as he came to the other end of it near the station. Then he picked up his wife, and went off with her through Philpott Road to catch the bus. The only needed to go as far as Broadway in order to find a taxi.‟ Luke was still completely in the dark. „But why?‟ he demanded. „Why should they disappear in the middle of breakfast on a Monday morning? And why should they take the sheets? Young married people can do the most unlikely things – but there are limits, Campion! They didn‟t take their savings books, you know. There isn‟t much in them they‟re still in the writing desk in the front room. What are you suggesting, Campion?‟ Campion walked slowly back onto the grass. „I expect that the sheets were dry and that she‟d put them into the clothes basket before breakfast,‟ he began slowly.‟As she ran out of the house, she saw them lying there and couldn‟t stop herself from taking them with her. The hus- band must have been annoyed with her, but people are like that. When they‟re running away from a fire, they save the strange things.‟ „But she wasn‟t running away from a fire.‟ „Wasn‟t she!‟ Mr Campion laughed. „Listen, Charles. If he postman called, he reached the house at 7.25. I think that he did call and that he delivered a plain brown envelope which was so ordinary that he couldn‟t remember it. Now, who was supposed to come at 7.30?‟ „Bertram Heskith. I told you.‟ „Exactly. So there were five minutes in which to escape. Five minutes for a determined man like Peter McGill to act quickly. Remember, his wife was generous, but she was not the sort of person to argue with him. And so, because of his decisive nature, Peter seized his opportunity. 23

„He had only five minutes, Charles, in which to escape from all those people whose cheerful faces we saw in the photograph. They all lived very close to him – they surrounded him, in fact – and it wasn‟t easy to leave unseen. He went out by the front door so that the watchful eyes would see him as usual and not be suspicious. „There wasn‟t time to take anything with them. But, as Maureen ran through the garden to escape by the back way, she saw the sheets in the basket and couldn‟t stop herself taking them with her. She wasn‟t as hard as Peter. She wanted to take something from their past life, although the promise of a new life was so bright-„ Campion stopped suddenly. Chief Inspector Luke, who had begun to un- derstand, was already moving towards the gate on his way to the nearest police telephone box. +++++ Mr Campion was at home in Bottle Street, Piccadilly, that evening when Luke called. The Chief Inspector came in cheerfully, and seemed very amused. „It was the Irish Sweep, not the football pools, that they won,‟ he said. „I got the details from the organizers. They‟ve been considering what to do since they read the story in the newspapers. They‟re in touch with the McGills, of course, but Peter has taken great care to keep his good fortune secret. He must have known that his wife had a generous nature, and decided what he would do if he had a really big win. As soon as he got the letter which told him of his luck, he put his plan into action.‟ Luke paused and shook his head in admiration. „I can understand why he did it,‟ he said. „Seventy five thousand pounds is more than enough for two people, but not very much if it is shared around a very big family.‟ „What will you do?‟ „The police? Oh, officially, we are completely confused, and in the end we shall drop the matter. It‟s not our business – it‟s strictly a family affair.‟ He sat down and took the drink that his host handed to him. „Well, that‟s the end of the Mary Celeste house,‟ he said. „I was com- pletely fooled by it. I just didn‟t understand it. But good luck to the McGills! You know, Campion, you were right when you said that an unsolved mystery is only unsolved because no one wants to spoil it. How did you guess the solu- tion?‟ „The character of relatives who call at 7.30 in the morning makes me sus- picious,‟ said Mr Campion.

PART D 24

Rules and regulations

Discuss the following questions. What rules and regulations did you see in the streets, on trains and on buses today? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these rules and regulations?

Find these phrases in the article and work out the meaning of the words in bold. Use a dictionary to check your answer. a) the island‟s entire east coast is a string of parks and beaches (paragraph 1) b) no litter mars a walk through Singapore‟s streets, because a litterbug must pay a fine (paragraph 1) c) A bribe, whether a little tip to an employee or a large payoff to a high ranking minister represents a ticket to jail (paragraph 2) d) The walls of buildings are plastered with rules (paragraph 3) e) Trucks and commercial vans are required to install a yellow roof light (paragraph 3) f) When a taxi exceeds the maximum speed on freeways, loud chimes go off inside (paragraph 3) g) The rules are frequently backed up by publicity campaigns (paragraph 4) h) the amenities that make Singapore perhaps the most liveable city in Asia (paragraph 5) i) A law regulation the flushing of toilets was enacted in 1988 (paragraph 5) j) The rules would be there, but they would not be intruding into your con- sciousness every day (paragraph 6)

Discuss the following questions. Are the rules and regulations in the article similar to the ones discussed in exercise above? Which Singaporean rules would people in your country find surprising? Are there any rules and regulations in your town/city/country that a visitor might be surprised by? Are there any Singaporean rules you would like to have in your country? What other rules or regulations would improve your town/city/country?

For anyone accustomed to Asian cities choked by pollution, traffic jams and snarled communications, Singapore is an oasis. The airport is so efficient, the 25 taxis are so numerous and the roads are so good that visitors arriving at Changi Airport, on the eastern tip of the island, twelve miles from downtown, can reach their hotel rooms thirty minutes after stepping off the plane. Those visitors can get business cards, eyeglasses or a tailor made suit the day after placing an or- der, and ride a modern subway system whose underground stations as well as its trains are air conditioned. An international phone call can be direct-dialled as quickly in Singapore as in the United States. Business can be conducted in Eng- lish, because it is the language that all the schools use. Every block has trees and flowers; the island‟s entire east coast is a string of parks and beaches, and only half an hour from downtown are a nature preserve and semi rural areas with farms. No litter mars a walk through Singapore‟s streets, because a litter- bug must pay a fine and undergo counseling. Everything in Singapore is clean; everything in Singapore works. (2) In a nation known for efficiency, the government is most efficient at all. When someone calls to report a pothole, the Public Works Department fills it within forty eight hours. The telecommunications Authority will install a new phone the day after the order is received. A bribe, whether a little tip to an em- ployee or a large payoff to a high ranking minister, represents a ticket to jail. A civil servant who receives a present in the mail must send it to a government agency, which puts a price tag on it and then offers to sell it back to the reci- pient. It the employee doesn‟t want to buy it, the gift is sold at an auction. (3) The government of Singapore loves to make rules. The walls of build- ings are plastered with rules, telling people what they can‟t do and how much they have to pay if they dare to try it. The fines represent considerable more than a slap on the wrist, and they‟re enforced often enough to make most poten- tial miscreants think twice. Eating or drinking on the subway, driving without a seatbelt, smoking in a restaurant and jaywalking are all offences which are sub- ject to hefty fines. Few proscribed activities are left to the imagination, as op- posed to being posted; for example, in the Botanical Gardens, where „Prohi- bited‟ signs threaten to outnumber plant identification markers, a pictograph warns against shooting at birds with sling shots. Nor do violations always de- pend for discovery on a passing policeman. Trucks and commercial vans are required to install a yellow roof light that flashes when the vehicle exceeds the maximum speed on freeways, loud chimes go off inside; the chimes are so an- noying that the driver is likely to slow down. At some intersections, cameras photograph the licence plates of cars that pass through as the light is changing to red; the drivers receive bills for that offence in the mail. (4) The rules are frequently backed up by publicity campaigns, using ad- vertising slogans, displays at public events, and articles in the leading newspa- 26 per, the Straits Times. There have been campaigns to be punctual and to say „please‟ and „thank you‟. In 1986, Singapore initiated an antispitting campaign, with the distribution of pamphlets, messages on radio and television, mobile exhibitions at food centres and markets, twenty thousand posters on buses and taxies, and, for children, comic strips and a colouring contests. (5) Clean public toilets at shopping malls, food centres and other public places are among the amenities that make Singapore perhaps the most liveable city in Asia. But the campaign that brought them into being might be viewed as excessive. A law requiring the flashing of toilets was enacted in 1988. The Far Eastern Economic Review explained, „Those who ignore the new law do so on peril of a fine of up to $1000. And how is the law being enforced? A battalion of inspectors from Singapore‟s Ministry of Environment will be roving public toilets in pursuit of the aberrant nonflushers.‟ (6) When I interviewed Goh Chok Tong, who became Prime Minister in 1990, we discussed the rules and the fines for breaking them that are posted all over Singapore. „My own goal is for us to move into a position one day where we don‟t need to have all those fines put up. The rules would be there, but they would not be intruding into your consciousness every day. That means a newer generation must be put through schools, to be socially educated that this is the norm of behavior.‟

Discussion

1 Look at the headline from a crime report in a Canadian newspaper.

What sort of crime do you think is being reported in this article? Who do you think described the youth‟s behavior as stupid, dangerous and outrageous?

Read the article quickly to see if you were right.

2 Match each word with its definition

1 judge 2 weapon 3 reprehensible 4 probation 5 community work 6 victim 7 crown counsel 8 the accused 9 residence 10 ordeal 11 counseling 12 defence counsel 13 client 14 incident

A a situation that may involve violence B the activity of giving professional advice to people in need 27

C the place where someone lives D doing work to help others instead of going to prison E a person being tried in court for a crime F bad, morally wrong G the person with the power to decide how to apply the law H an object used to kill or hurt people I someone who suffers as the result of a crime J a person who receives advice in return for payment K a lawyer who presents a case against an accused person L a period spent outside prison but under supervision M an extremely unpleasant experience or situation N a lawyer who acts on behalf of an accused person

Youth’s behavior with pellet pistol ‘stupid’ dangerous and outrageous

Shooting a pellet gun at an 11 year old boy on a bike is a stupid, danger- ous and outrageous way to behave, Judge Anthony Palmer scolded a Colwood- area teenage in Western Communities Courthouse April 29. „I don‟t know if you‟ve seen too many movies or not,‟ he continued, „ but anything involving a handgun is completely reprehensible.‟ The 17 year old boy was ordered to serve a six- month period of proba- tion, 25 hours of community work and to apologize in person to his victim. He was also ordered not to possess weapons, ammunition or explosives for five years. Crown counsel Bruce Filan told the court the young cyclist was riding on Atkins Road Dec. 22, 1991, and noticed three young males sitting in a car. As he passed, he said „hi‟ to the group and continued on his way. Then he heard a loud „ping‟ coming from the direction of the vehicle, turned around and saw one of the boys aiming a gun in his direction and heard two more „pings‟. Filan described the boy as very frightened, especially when the car started up and drove towards him. Not very far from home, he raced to tell his father what had happened. The father then pursued the teenagers in his car, forcing them to stop and answer questions. According to Filan, police later determined the accused teenager was the only one with a weapon – an air pistol that still had pellets in its chamber when recovered by police at the boy‟s residence. The young victim was very upset by the ordeal and is receiving counsel- ling, Filan added. 28

Defence counsel Dianne McDonald said her client was not aiming the pis- tol at the younger boy and had no intention of harming him. Only two shots were fired, she insisted. When her client realized his action had scared the boy, he tried to apologize but was told not to contact the victim, she added. She also explained the teenagers were not really chasing the boy in the car, but when the driver realized the boy was scared, he tried to follow to ex- plain no one was aiming at him. McDonald reported her client has been doing well since the incident and he hopes to return to school in the fall. For now, he is enrolled in correspon- dence classes and is seeking employment, McDonald told the court.

3 Read the article again in detail and answer the questions which follow:

1 The 17-year-old youth was accused of A possessing a handgun without the correct licence. B endangering another person‟s life with a gun. C driving a car in a dangerous manner. D being drunk and disorderly in a public place.

2 The father of the 11 year old victim appears to have A questioned his son at length about the incident. B made an immediate complaint to the local police. C forced the teenagers involved to go to the police station. D chased after the young men in his car to get an explanation.

3 The police apparently found a loaded air pistol A in the 17 year old youth‟s pocket. B at the home of the 17 year old youth. C in the boot of his car. D at the home of one of his friends

4 Apparently, the 11 year old boy A is still receiving professional help. B is now too afraid to go out alone. C will no longer ride his bicycle. D has finally recovered from the experience.

5 The 17 year old boy was A sent to prison for six months. 29

B ordered to pay a large fine. C given probation and community service. D found not guilty of the crime. 4 The newspaper report mentions the youth on tail several times throughout the article, but refers to him in different ways. Look at the text again and tick the descriptions in the following list which the writer uses to refer to the youth. a young man a Colwood-area teenage the 17 year old boy he the young offender an adolescent her client the boy the young male the accused teenager

Look more closely at each of the descriptions you have ticked. Why do you think the writer has chosen to use each one? Is it because:

a) It is the first time the character has been mentioned to the reader? b) It replaces a longer description with a shorter one? c) It adds some extra information to what we already know? d) It emphasizes a different aspect of the character? e) It helps to avoid boring repetition? f) It helps to distinguish between two similar characters? Discuss your answers.

Your thoughts What do you think of these people in the article? The 11 year old boy The boy‟s father The judge The 17 year old teenager The teenager‟s friends Do you think that 17 year olds should be allowed to carry guns?

PART E The forces of law and order

The legal system of England and Wales The law is one of the most traditional areas of national life and the legal profes- sion has jealously protected its position against outside attack. Its main virtue is its independence from the system of government and as such, a safeguard of 30 civil liberties. Its main vice lies in its resistance to reform, and the maintenance of its own privileges which may be contrary to public interest. The legal system for England and Wales (there are separate ones for Scot- land and Northern Ireland) does not have a criminal or civil code, but it founded upon two basic elements: Acts of Parliament or statute law, and common law which is the outcome of past decisions and practices based upon custom and reason. Common law has slowly built up since Anglo-Saxon times 1,000 years ago, while Parliament has been enacting statutes since the thirteenth century. Almost all criminal law is now set out in Acts of Parliament, while the greater part of civil law still depends upon common law, the weight and guidance of previous similar decisions. European Community law also applies to Britain by virtue of its member- ship of the European Union and it takes precedence over domestic law. In 1997 Britain finally took steps to incorporate the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law.

Dealing with crime

The initial decision to bring a criminal charge normally lies with the po- lice, but since 1986 a Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) has examined the evi- dence on which the police have charged a suspect to decide whether the case should go to court. Generally it brings to court only those cases which it be- lieves will be successful, a measure to avoid the expense and waste of time in bringing unsound cases to court. However, the collapse of several major cases and the failure to prosecute in other cases have both led to strong criticism of the CPS. There are two main types of court for criminal cases: Magistrates‟ Courts (or courts of first instance), which deal with about 95 per cent of criminal cases, and Crown Courts for more serious offences. All criminal cases above the level of Magistrates‟ Courts are held before a jury. Civil law covers matters related to family, property, contracts and torts (wrongful acts suffered by one person at the hands of another). These are usually dealt with in County Courts, but spe- cialized work is concentrated in certain designated courts. The High Court deals with more complicated cases and is divided into three: the Family Division, which deals with family law, divorce and adoption; Chancery, which deals with corporate and personal insolvency, interpretation of trusts and wills; and the Queen‟s Bench, which deals with contract and tort cases, maritime and com- mercial law.

31

Types of court Civil Criminal House of Lords House of Lords Court of Appeal Court of Appeal (Civil Division) (Criminal Division) High Court: Chancery Family Queen‟s Bench County Court Crown Court Magistrates‟ Court (Juvenile Court)

There are about 400 Magistrates‟Courts in England and Wales, served by approximately 30,000 unpaid or lay magistrates of justices of the Peace (JPs), who have been dealing with minor crimes for over 600 years. JPs are ordinary citizens chosen from the community. They are appointed by the Lord Chancel- lor, but on the recommendation of advisory committees of local people. These committees sometimes advertise for applicants. They are required not only to interview, but to make their selection not only on suitability but also ensuring that composition of the Bench broadly reflects the community it serves. In re- cent years women and members of ethnic minority communities have been re- cruited to moderate the once overwhelmingly white, male, character of the JP cadre. A court normally consists of three lay magistrates who are advised on points of law by a legally qualified clerk. They may not impose a sentence of more than six months imprisonment or a fine of more than $ 5,000, and may re- fer cases requiring a heavier penalty to the Crown Court. A Crown Court is presided over by a judge, but the verdict is reached by a jury of 12 citizens, randomly selected from the local electoral rolls. The judge must make sure that the trial is properly conducted, that the counsels (barristers) for the prosecution and defence comply with the rules regarding the evidence that they produce and the examination of witnesses, and that the jury are helped to reach their decision by the judge‟s summary of the evidence in a way which indicates the relevant points of law and the critical issues on which they must decide in order to reach a verdict. Underlying the whole process lies the as- sumption that the person charged with an offence is presumed to be innocent unless the prosecution can prove guilt beyond all reasonable doubt. Recent complex cases involving financial fraud have opened a debate as to whether 32 certain kinds of case should be tried by a panel of experts capable of under- standing fully what a case involves. Like Parliament, Crown Court are adversarial, contests between two op- posing parties. Neither the prosecution nor defence counsel is concerned to es- tablish the whole truth about the accused person. Both may well wish to avoid aspects which weaken their case that the accused person is either guilty beyond reasonable doubt, or that sufficient reasonable doubt exist for that person to be declared not guilty. It will be recalled, however, that the withholding of vital evidence by the police has led to serious miscarriages. A person convicted in a Magistrates‟ Court may appeal against its deci- sion to the Crown Court. If unsuccessful, the appeal may be taken to the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division), but seldom obtains a reversal. The Court of Ap- peal dislikes overturning a Crown Court decision unless the evidence is over- whelming or there has been some error of legal procedure. The highest court in the land in the House of Lords, which will consider a case referred from the Court of Appeal where a point of general public importance seems to be at stake. In practice the Lords are represented by five or more of the nine Law Lords.

The treatment of offenders

The sentence passed on an offender is decided by the judge or magistrate, within the limits for the offence set down by Act of Parliament. Punishment may take the form of a fine, imprisonment, or probation under the supervision of a professional probation officer. The death penalty was suspended in 1965 and abolished in 1969 except for treason, although application of the death pe- nalty even in this circumstance would be highly controversial. Had it remained in force the Guildford Four would probably spells an end to efforts by some MPs, supported by over half of the electorate, to reintroduce hanging. The wrongful conviction of innocent people discredits the finality of hanging. Imprisonment is used significantly more in Britain than elsewhere in Eu- rope. In 1995 the detention rate in England and Wales was 99 per 100,000 of Ireland 106 per 100,000. Only Spain and Portugal in Europe have higher rates, while most members of the European Union have a rate of about 55 per 100,000. The debate over imprisonment has always had a political edge. The Conservative Party has always prided itself on being the party of law and order. In practice this has meant it has encouraged greater use of custodial rather than non-custodial sentences. The belief in stiff punishment as deterrence, retribu- tion and the protection of society, derives from the moral view that criminality 33 stems primarily from envy, greed and malice. The weakness of this argument lies in the fact that barely one in 50 crimes committed leads to a conviction. Labour and the Liberal Democrates tend to view criminality as the conse- quence of social conditions rather than intrinsic individual moral wickedness. They blame it on social failure: poverty, poor housing, unemployment and edu- cational failure leading to greatly diminished prospects in life. The weakness of this argument lies largely in the inability of any government within its five year term of office to sufficiently transform the social context in which crime occurs, and the argument therefore lies largely unproven. Both points of view eagerly select the academic data of criminologists to vindicate their viewpoint. Within this two collective viewpoints there is, of course, a spectrum of opinion. This is especially true of the Conservative Party, which has a hard-line right wing element, that would like a return to capital and corporal punishment, the hanging and flogging lobby as they are colloquially known to those who disapprove of such methods. The Conservative left wing tends to deplore such methods and believes, like Labour that the causes of crime are largely social. It is not surprising that the rate of imprisonment in- creased under Conservative government from 47,000 in England and Wales in 1979 to 62,000 by 1997, a 30 per cent increase. Fluctuations in prison popula- tion figures over the period partly reflect which wing of the Conservative Party the Home Secretary of the day belonged to. The prison population fell from 50,000 in 1988 to about 44,000 by 1993, thanks to Home Secretaries of the cen- tre and left of the party. In 1993, however, a particularly hard-line right-wing politician was appointed. As a result of his stringent policy, based on the slogan Prison works, prison numbers increased at such a rate that by 1997 six prisons held up to 50 per cent more inmates than they had been designed for, and it was reckoned that in order to keep pace with the increase one new jail would be needed every month. Prison conditions became a cause of major concern during the different Conservative administrations. During the 1980s there were repeated disorders in prisons. Prisoners rioted over the serious level of overcrowding and the de- caying and primitive conditions of many prisons. In 1991 it was finally decided to provide proper toilet facilities instead of the slopping out, or buckets, that had been in operation since Victorian times, and were finally acknowledged to be degrading. The installation of a toilet in each cell was completed in 1996. An unhappy aspect of the system is the imprisonment of those on remand, that is awaiting trail. In 1978 there were 5,800 held on remand, itself arguably too high a number. By 1997 there were no less than 10,000 people held, many for months and sometimes over a year, awaiting either trial or sentencing. The 34 fact that during the 1980s 5 per cent of people held on remand were acquitted and 35 per cent given non-custodial sentences suggests that the remand policy requires careful reassessment. The suicide rate among those on remand, espe- cially among young people, is higher than among convicted prisoners, let alone among the population at large. The Conservative government decided in 1991 to contract private sector security companies to perform custodial tasks. By 1996 four prisons were pri- vately operated, with more scheduled for privatization. From 1997 all escort services were contracted out. The advantage lay in saving valuable police and prison officer time on escort duties. It raised the question, however, of the pub- lic accountability of such methods. Labour came to power with the slogan „Tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime‟, an attempt to refute Conservative accusation that it was soft on crime. So it insisted on individual responsibility for crime while still arguing that it would tackle the causes, which lay in social deprivation. Following the mass shooting of schoolchildren by a deranged gunman in the Scottish town of Dunblane in 1996, Labour legislated to ban the private possession of all hand- guns. It also promised to introduce a crime of racially motivated violence to protect ethnic minorities from intimidation.

Young offenders

The age of criminal responsibility is 10 (except in Scotland where it is eight). Children between the ages of 10 and 17 usually appear before a Juvenile Court, where it is decided whether the child should continue to live within the family, subject to supervision, or whether he or she should be taken into local authority care (with foster parents or in a community home). Such offenders normally attend special schools. Some are required to attend special centres on Saturdays, for leisure activities and skills training. Some are required to do community service, for example, a set number of hours decorating the houses of elderly or disabled people, or building an adventure playground. All arrange- ments must be reviewed every six months. Such arrangements may seem re- sponsible, but are they adequate? Britain has a serious problem with young of- fenders, who commit seven million crimes a year. Very few young offenders are caught. The peak age for committing crime is 15. One in four criminal of- fences is committed by teenagers under 16. By that age crime is already a life- style for many. Hardly surprisingly, concern has grown in recent years at the high number of re-offenders among those under the age of 17 taken into care or put into de- 35 tention centres. One alternative, the supervision in the community scheme started in 1987, was able to show that the re-offence rate among those it had helped was half that of similar offenders who had been sent to prison. The Con- servatives also experimented with methods used in the United States. They tried boot camps, prisons run on stringent military lines, in the hope that they would transform young offenders. They were not a success. Labour promised to target youth crime in a variety of ways. It promised to halve the time from arrest to trial and thus reduce the period on remand. It promised to change the system whereby people who offended repeatedly could be given a number of cautions but not necessarily a sentence. Instead for a first offence a person could be giv- en a warning, and for a further offence they could be given sentence (but not necessarily a custodial one). It also promised to make parents responsible in law for their children‟s behavior. It decided to make youth offenders meet and apo- logize to their victims, in the belief that when confronted with the pain and suf- fering they had inflicted many would not offend again.

The legal profession and the courts

Traditionally the legal profession has been divided into two distinct prac- tices, each with entrenched rights: only solicitors may deal directly with the public, and only barristers (professional advocates) may fight a case in the higher courts (Crown Courts and the High Court). Both have maintained their own self-regulating bodies, the Law Society for solicitors and the Bar for bar- risters. A member of the public dissatisfied with the services of a solicitor may complain to the Law Society, but this does not often take action against its own members except in the case of some gross offence or negligence. The Law So- ciety has often infuriated members of the public by advising them to take their complaint to another solicitor. There are only about 5,000 barrister, and they are the senior branch of the legal profession. Traditionally, only they have been able to reach the top of the profession, a High Court judgeship. In order to become a barrister, a candidate must obtain entrance to one of the four Inns of Court (law colleges which date from the Middle Ages), complete the legal training and pass the bar examina- tion. The Inns of Court have maintained their autonomy and privileges, and been more resistant to attempts at reform than almost any other British institu- tion. A newly qualified barrister enters the chambers of an established one, and slowly builds up experience and a reputation as an effective advocate in the higher courts. In due course, a successful barrister may be appointed a Queen‟s Counsel, or QC, known within the profession as taking silk. 36

There is no judicial profession in England. All judges are appointed by the Lord Chancellor from among experienced barristers. Some become circuit judges, of whom there are about 300, assigned to the County Courts throughout the country. Above these are about 50 High Court judges, who deal with more important or difficult cases around the country, and about 30 other judges, all of whom belong to one of the divisions of the High Court of Justice. The Lord Chancellor combines three distinct functions. As head of the le- gal hierarchy, he selects judges, QCs and magistrates and may preside over the Law Lords if he so wishes. He is Speaker (presiding officer) of the House of Lords, theoretically responsible for discipline there. Finally, as a political ap- pointee, he is a member of the Cabinet and the government‟s chief legal advis- er. In theory, therefore, the authority of the legislature and executive of Britain are not separated. However, it is a firmly understood tradition, that while judges may not declare an Act of Parliament void, their independence from govern- ment is a fundamental duty. England has fewer professional judges than most countries, eight per mil- lion compared with 34 million in the United States and even more in some countries. Ralf Dahrendorf, one of Britain‟s foremost academics, who grew up as a German, puts it another way: „Britain is neither a litigious society in which individuals and groups fight out their battles by calling on the courts, nor is it a state society in which courts are used as instruments of explicit domination. … Where there is liberty, the law is always the second best instrument for defend- ing it. However, Britain became progressively more litigious during the 1980s, with the explosive growth of court cases to settle disputes in the workplace, health service and schools. This is an ominous indication of the absence of fail- ure of intermediary bodies capable of resolving disputes without recourse to the courts. The way in which judges are selected remains a matter of controversy. The Lord Chancellor‟s freedom to appoint judges allows successive products of the Bar to reinforce what Anthony Sampson, a leading analyst of British institu- tions, calls the most extreme British example of a closed and self-regulating community. They tend to be detached from the broad sweep of society, almost entirely white, male, privately educated and belonging to the professional mid- dle class. Take for example, the composition of the four most senior echelons of the judiciary in 1997:

Composition of the judiciary Category Men Women Ethnic minorities Law Lords 12 0 0 37

Appeal Court judges 31 1 0 High Court judges 97 7 0 Circuit judges 512 30 5

The Conservative government‟s Lord Chancellor from 1987 to 1997, Lord Mackay, was remarkable for two reasons. He was the son of a railway- man, educated within the state system. As a Scottish advocate, his whole pro- fessional career had been outside the English Bar. His appointment caused a considerable stir. Disturbed by the narrowness of intake into the judiciary, he introduced advertising and modern selection methods in 1994 in order to en- courage a wider range of barristers into applying for the judiciary. However, he probably recognized it would take a long time to transform the elitist character of the judiciary. In 1988, Labour advertised for the very first time for the job of High Court judge, with the words the Lord Chancellor will recommend those who appear to him to be best qualified regardless of ethnic origin, gender, marital status, sexual orientation, political affiliation, religion or (subject to the physical requirements of the office) disability. But an applicant was required to have been a circuit judge for at least two years and a barrister for 10 years. It is there- fore bound to mean that women and ethnic minority groups will remain severe- ly underrepresented in the senior ranks of the judiciary for many years to come.

PART F The Killers (Part 1) Ernest Hemingway

The door of Henry‟s lunchroom opened and two men came in. They sat down at the counter. „What‟s yours?‟ George asked them. „I don‟t know,‟ one of the men said. „What do you want to eat, Al?‟ „I don‟t know,‟ said Al. „I don‟t know what I want to eat.‟ Outside it was get- ting dark. The street-light came on outside the window. The two men at the counter read the menu. From the other end of the counter Nick Adams watched them. He had been talking to George when they came in. „I‟ll have a roast pork tenderloin with apple sauce and mashed potatoes,‟ the first man said. „It isn‟t ready yet.‟ „What the hell do you put it on the card for?‟ „That‟s the dinner,‟ George explained. „You can get that at six o‟clock.‟ George looked at the clock on the wall behind the counter. 38

„It‟s five o‟clock.‟ „The clock says twenty minutes past five,‟ the second man said. „It‟s twenty minutes fast.‟ „Oh, to hell with the clock,‟ the first man said. „What have you got to eat?‟ „I can give you any kind of sandwiches,‟ George said. „You can have ham and eggs, liver, bacon, or a steak.‟ „Give me chicken croquettes with green peas and cream sauce and mashed po- tatoes.‟ „That‟s the dinner.‟ „Everything we want‟s the dinner, eh? That‟s the way you work it.‟ „I can give you ham and eggs, bacon and eggs, liver-‟ „I‟ll take ham and eggs,‟ the man called Al said. He wore a derby hat and a black overcoat buttoned across the chest. His face was small and white and he had tight lips. He wore a silk muffler and gloves. „Give me bacon and eggs,‟ said the other man. He was about the same size as Al. their faces were different, but they were dressed like twins. Both wore over- coats too tight for them. They sat leaning forward, their elbows on the counter. „Got anything to drink?‟ Al asked. „Silver beer, bevo, ginger ale,‟ George said. „I mean you got anything to drink?‟ „Just those I said.‟ „This is a hot town,‟ said the other. „What do they call it?‟ „Summit.‟ „Ever hear of it?‟ Al asked his friend. „No,‟ said the friend. „What do you do here nights?‟ Al asked. „They eat the dinner,‟ his friend said. „They all come here and eat the big din- ner.‟ „That‟s right,‟ George said. „So you think that‟s right?‟Al asked George. „Sure.‟ „You‟re a pretty bright boy, aren‟t you?‟ „Sure,‟ said George. „Well, you‟re not,‟ said the other little man. „Is he, Al?‟ „He‟s dumb,‟ said Al. He turned to Nick. „What‟s your name?‟ „Adams.‟ „Another bright boy,‟ Al said. „ Ain‟t he a bright boy, Max?‟ „The town is full of bright boys,‟ Max said. 39

George put the two platters, one of ham and eggs, the other of bacon and eggs, on the counter. He set down two side-dishes of fried potatoes and closed the wicket into the kitchen. „Which is yours?‟ he asked Al. „Don‟t you remember?‟ „Ham and eggs.‟ „Just a bright boy,‟ Max said. He leaned forward and took the ham and eggs. Both men ate with their gloves on. George watched them eat. „What are you looking at?‟ Max looked at George. „Nothing.‟ „the hell you were. You were looking at me.‟ „Maybe the boy meant it for a joke, Max,‟ Al said. George laughed. „You don‟t have to laugh,‟ Max said to him. „You don‟t have to laugh at all, see?‟ „All right,‟ said George. „So he thinks it‟s all right.‟ Max turned to Al. „He thinks it‟s all right. That‟s a good one.‟ „Oh, he‟s a thinker,‟ Al said. They went on eating. „What‟s the bright boy‟s name down the counter?‟ Al asked Max. „Hey, bright boy,‟ Max said to Nick. „You go around on the other side of the counter with your boy friend.‟ „What‟s the idea?‟ Nick asked. „There isn‟t any idea.‟ „You better go around, bright boy,‟ Al said. Nick went around behind the coun- ter. „What‟s the idea?‟ George asked. „None of your damn business,‟ Al said. „Who‟s out in the kitchen?‟ „The nigger.‟ „What do you mean the nigger?‟ „The nigger that cooks.‟ „Tell him to come in.‟ „What‟s the idea?‟ „Tell him to come in. ‟ „What do you think you are?‟ „We know damn well where we are,‟ the man called Max said. „Do we look sil- ly?‟ „You talk silly,‟ Al said to him. „What the hell do you argue with this kid for? Listen,‟ he said to George, „tell the nigger to come out here.‟ „What are you going to do to him?‟ 40

„Nothing. Use your head, bright boy. What would we do to a nigger?‟ George opened the slit that opened back into the kitchen. „Sam,‟ he called. „Came in here a minute.‟ The door to the kitchen opened and the nigger came in. „What was it?‟ he asked. The two men at the counter took a look at him. „All right, nigger. You stand right there,‟ Al said. Sam, the nigger, standing in his apron, looked at the two men sitting at the counter. „Yes, sir,‟ he said. Al got down from his stool. „I‟m going back to the kitchen with the nigger and bright boy,‟ he said. „Go on back to the kitchen, nigger. You go with him, bright boy.‟ The little man walked after Nick and Sam, the cook, back into the kitchen. The door shut after them. The man called Max sat at the counter opposite George. He didn‟t look at George but looked in the mirror that ran along back of the counter. Henry‟s had been made over from a saloon into a lunch counter. „Well, bright boy,‟ Max said, looking into the mirror, „why don‟t you say some- thing?‟ „What‟s it all about?‟ „Hey, Al,‟ Max called, „bright boy wants to know what it‟s all about.‟ „Why don‟t you tell him?‟ Al‟s voice came from the kitchen. „What do you think it‟s all about?‟ „I don‟t know.‟ „What do you think?‟ Max looked into the mirror all the time he was talking. „I wouldn‟t say.‟ „Hey, Al, bright boy says he wouldn‟t say what he thinks it‟s all about.‟ „I can hear you, all right,‟ Al said from the kitchen. He had propped open the slit that dished passed through into the kitchen with a catsup bottle. „Listen, bright boy,‟ he said from the kitchen to George. „Stand a little further along the bar. You move a little to the left, Max.‟ He was like a photographer arranging for a group picture. „Talk to me, bright boy,‟ Max said. „What do you think‟s going to happen?‟ George didn‟t say anything. „I‟ll tell you,‟ Max said. „We‟re going to kill a Swede. Do you know a big Swede named Ole Anderson?‟ „Yes.‟ „He comes here to eat every night, don‟t he?‟ „Sometimes he comes here.‟ „He comes here at six o‟clock, don‟t he?‟ „If he comes.‟ 41

„We know all that, bright boy?‟ Max said. „Talk about something else. Ever go to the movies?‟ „Once in a while.‟ „You ought to go to the movies more. The movies are fine for a bright boy like you.‟ „What are you going to kill Ole Anderson for? What did he ever do to you?‟ „He never had a chance to do anything to us. He never ever seen us.‟ „And he‟s only going to see us once,‟ Al said from the kitchen. „What are you going to kill him for, then?‟ George asked. „We‟re killing him for a friend. Just to oblige a friend, bright boy.‟ „Shut up,‟ said Al from the kitchen. „You talk too goddam much.‟ „Well. I got to keep bright boy amused. Don‟t I, bright boy?‟ „You talk too damn much,‟ Al said. „The nigger and my bright boy are amused by themselves. I got them tied up like a couple of girlfriends in the convent.‟ „You never know.‟ „You were in a kosher convent. That‟s where you were.‟ George looked up at the clock. „If anybody comes in you tell them the cook is off, and if they keep after it, you tell them you‟ll go back and cook yourself. Do you get that, bright boy?‟ „All right,‟ George said. „What you going to do with us afterward?‟ „That‟ll depend,‟ Max said. „That‟s one of those things you never know at the time.‟

Comprehension and discussion questions

1. Where does the story take place? What time of day is it? What time of year? 2. There are four men in Henry‟s as the story begins. What do you know about the appearance, personality and social/educational background of each? How much of the information comes from direct description? How much from the way the characters talk and act? 3. Who is the dominant member of the Max-Al pair? Why do you think so? 4. What does Max mean when he says „That is a hot town?‟ 5. What do the two men have for dinner? Why do they eat with their gloves on? 6. What do Max and Al do when they have finished eating? 7. How do Nick and George differ in their reactions to Max and Al? 8. What clue is there about George‟s age, at least relative to that of Max and Al? 42

9. Who is Sam? How does he react to Mac and Al? 10. What is the story-telling function of the exchanges between Max and George and Max and Al as they wait for Ole to come? Do they, for example, advanced the action of the story? Or do they tell you more about one of the characters? Or do they in some way affect your attitude toward the events of the story? Or something else? 11. What are Max and Al going to do? Why? 12. What does Max tell George to do if any customers come in? 13. What does Max imply in his answer to George‟s question „What are you going to do with us afterwards?‟

The Killers (Part 2) Ernest Hemingway

George looked up at the clock. It was a quarter past six. The door from the street opened. A street-car motorman came in. „Hello, George,‟ he said. „Can I get supper?‟ „Sam‟s gone out,‟ George said. „He‟ll be back in about half an hour.‟ „I‟d better go up the street,‟ the motorman said. George looked at the clock. It was twenty minutes past six. „That was nice, bright boy,‟ Max said. „You‟re a regular little gentleman.‟ „He knew I‟d blow his head off,‟ Al said from the kitchen. „No,‟ said Max. „It ain‟t that. Bright boy is nice. He‟s a nice boy. I like him.‟ At six fifty five George said: „He‟s not coming.‟ Two other people had been in the lunch room. Once George had gone out to the kitchen and made a ham and egg sandwich „to go‟ that a man wanted to take with him. Inside the kitchen he saw Al, his derby hat tipped back, sitting on a stool beside the wicket with the muzzle of a sawed-off shotgun resting on the ledge. Nick and the cook were back to back in the corner, a towel tied in each of their mouths. George had cooked the sandwich, wrapped it up in oiled paper, put it in a bag, brought it in, and the man had paid for it and gone out. „Bright boy can do everything,‟ Max said. „ He can cook and everything. You‟d make some girl a nice wife, bright boy.‟ „Yes?‟ George said. „Your friend, Ole Anderson, isn‟t going to come.‟ „We‟ll give him ten minutes,‟ Max said. Max watched the mirror and the clock. The hands of the clock marked seven o‟clock, and then five minutes past seven. „Come on, Al,‟ said Max. „We better go. He‟s not coming.‟ „Better give him five minutes,‟ Al said from the kitchen. In the five minutes a man came in, and George explained that the cook was sick. 43

„Why the hell don‟t you get another cook?‟ the man asked. „Aren‟t you running a lunch counter?‟ he went out. „Come on, Al,‟ Max said. „What about the two bright boys and the nigger?‟ „They‟re all right.‟ „You think so?‟ „Sure. We‟re through with it.‟ „I don‟t like it,‟ said Al. „It‟s sloppy. You talk too much.‟ „Oh, what the hell,‟ said Max. „We got to keep amused, haven‟t we?‟ „You talk too much, all the same,‟ Al said. He came out from the kitchen. The cut off barrels of the shotgun made a slight bulge under the waist of his too tight fitting overcoat. He straightened his coat with his gloved hands. „So long, bright boy,‟ he said to George. „You got a lot of luck.‟ „That‟s the truth,‟ Max said. „You ought to play the races, bright boy.‟ The two of them went out the door. George watched them, thorough the win- dow, pass under the arc-light and across the street. In their tight overcoats and derby hats they looked like a vaudeville team. George went back through the swinging door into the kitchen and united Nick and the cook. „I don‟t want any more of that,‟ said Sam, the cook. „I don‟t want any more of that.‟ Nick stood up. He had never had a towel in his mouth before. „Say,‟ he said. „What the hell?‟ He was trying to swagger it off. „They were going to kill Ole Anderson,‟ George said. „They were going to shoot him when he came in to eat.‟ „Ole Anderson?‟ „Sure.‟ The cook felt the corners of his mouth with his thumbs. „They all gone?‟ he asked. „Yeah,‟ said George. „They‟re gone now.‟ „I don‟t like it,‟ said the cook. „I don‟t like any of it at all.‟ „Listen,‟ George said to Nick. „You better go see Ole Anderson.‟ „All right.‟ „You better not have anything to do with it at all,‟ Sam, the cook, said. „You better stay way out of it.‟ „Don‟t go if you don‟t want to,‟ George said. „Mixing up in this ain‟t going to get you anywhere,‟ the cook said. „You stay out of it.‟ „I‟ll go see him,‟ Nick said to George. „Where does he live?‟ The cook turned away. 44

„Little boys always know what they want to do,‟ he said. „He lives up at Hirsch‟s rooming house,‟ George said to Nick. „I‟ll go up there.‟ Outside the arc light shone through the bare branches of a tree. Nick walked up the street beside the car tracks and turned at the next arc light down a side street. Three houses up the street was Hirsch‟s rooming house. Nick walked up the two steps and pushed the bell. A woman came to the door. „Is Ole Anderson here?‟ „Do you want to see him?‟ „Yes, if he‟s in.‟ Nick followed the woman up a flight of stairs and back to the end of a corridor. She knocked on the door. „Who is it?‟ „It‟s somebody to see you, Mr Anderson,‟ the woman said. „It‟s Nick Adams.‟ „Come in.‟ Nick opened the door and went into the room. Ole Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. He had been a heavyweight prizefighter and he was too long for the bed. He lay with his head on two pillows. He did not look at Nick. „What was it?‟ he asked. „I was up at Henry‟s‟ Nick said, „and two fellows came in and tied up me and the cook, and they said they were going to kill you.‟ It sounded silly when he said it. Ole Anderson said nothing. „They put us out in the kitchen,‟ Nick went on. „They were going to shoot you when you came to supper.‟ Ole Anderson looked at the wall and did not say anything. „George thought I better come and tell you about it.‟ „There isn‟t anything I can do about it,‟ Ole Anderson said. „I‟ll tell you what they were like.‟ „I don‟t want to know what they were like,‟ Ole Anderson said. He looked at the wall. „Thanks for coming to tell me about it.‟ „That‟s all right.‟ Nick looked at the big man lying on the bed. „Don‟t you want me to go and see the police?‟ „No,‟ Ole Anderson said. „That wouldn‟t do any good.‟ „Isn‟t there something I could do?‟ „No. There ain‟t anything to do.‟ „Maybe it was just a bluff.‟ 45

„No. It ain‟t just a bluff.‟ Ole Anderson rolled over toward the wall. „The only thing is,‟ he said, talking toward the wall, „I just can‟t make up my mind to go out. I been in here all day.‟ „Couldn‟t you get out of town?‟ „No,‟ Ole Anderson said. „I‟m through with all that running around.‟ He looked at the wall. „There ain‟t anything to do now.‟ „Couldn‟t you fix it up some way?‟ „No, I got it wrong.‟ He talked in the same flat voice. „There ain‟t anything to do. After a while I‟ll make up my mind to go out.‟ „I better go back and see George,‟ Nick said. „So long,‟ said Ole Anderson. He did not look toward Nick. „Thanks for coming around.‟ Nick went out. As he shut the door he saw Ole Anderson with all his clothes on, lying on the bed looking at the wall. „He‟s been in his room all day,‟ the landlady said downstairs. „I guess he don‟t feel well. I said to him: „Mr Anderson, you ought to go out and take a walk on a nice fall day like this,‟ but he didn‟t feel like it.‟ „He doesn‟t want to go out.‟ „I‟m sorry he don‟t feel well,‟ the woman said. „He‟s an awfully nice man. He was in the ring, you know.‟ „I know it.‟ „You‟d never know it except from the way his face is,‟ the woman said. They stood talking just inside the street door. „He‟s just a gentle.‟ „Well, good night, Mrs Hirsch,‟ Nick said. „I‟m not Mrs Hirsch,‟ the woman said. „She owns the place. I just look after it for her. I‟m Mrs Bell.‟ „Well, good night, Mrs Bell,‟ Nick said. „Good night,‟ the woman said. Nick walked up the dark street to the corner under the arc-light, and then along the car tracks to Henry‟s eating house. George was inside, back of the counter. „Did you see Ole?‟ „Yes,‟ said Nick. „He‟s in his room and he won‟t go out.‟ The cook opened the door from the kitchen when he heard Nick‟s voice. „I don‟t even listen to it,‟ he said and shut the door. „Did you tell him about it?‟ George asked. „Sure. I told him but he knows what it‟s all about.‟ „What‟s he going to do?‟ 46

„Nothing.‟ „They‟ll kill him.‟ „I guess they will.‟ „He must have got mixed up in something in Chicago.‟ „I guess so,‟ said Nick. „It‟s a hell of a thing.‟ „It‟s an awful thing,‟ Nick said. They did not say anything. George reached down for a towel and wiped the counter. „I wonder what he did?‟ Nick said. „Double-crossed somebody. That‟s what they kill them for.‟ „I‟m going to get out of this town,‟ Nick said. „Yes,‟ said George. „That‟s a good thing to do.‟ „I can‟t stand to think about him waiting in the room and knowing he‟s going to get it. It‟s too damned awful.‟ „Well,‟ said George, „you better not think about it.‟

Comprehension and discussion questions

1. Who is the first person to come into the lunchroom while Max and Al are waiting? What time does he come? 2. What does George tell the customer? What does the customer do? 3. Who else comes in between six o‟clock and six thirty five? 4. What is happening in the kitchen during this time? 5. At what time do Max and Al decide to leave? 6. How many references to the time are there between the beginning of this part of the story and the line „Come on, Al,‟ Max said. 7. What does Al think they should do with George, Sam and Nick? Why? 8. Max doesn‟t share Al‟s opinion. What differences between them does that suggest? 9. What does Max mean when he tells George that he „ought to play the rac- es‟? 10. What is the effect of describing Max and Al as looking „like a vaudeville team‟? 11. What does George do after the killers have left? 12. How do George, Sam and Nick differ in their reactions to what has happened? What suggests that Nick is still in his teens, or at most his ear- ly twenties? 47

13. What does George ask Nick to do? Why do you think he makes the suggestions? 14. How far is Hirsch‟s rooming house from Henry‟s lunchroom? 15. How old do you suppose Ole is? What can you infer about his physical appearance? 16. How does Nick feel as he tells Ole why he has come? What is Ole‟s reaction? 17. How does Nick offer to help Ole? Why does Ole refuse all of Nick‟s offers and suggestions? 18. What is the landlady‟s opinion of Ole? What effect does that have in relation to the plot? 19. Why do Nick, George and Sam think Ole is going to be killed? 20. What is Nick going to do?

PART G REVISION

1 Circle the correct words a) In London it‟s allowed/illegal/legal to drive a car while not sitting in he front seat. b) Duelling is prohibited/illegal/legal in Paraguay as long as both parties are blood donors. c) Every citizen in Kentucky is required/prohibited/legal to take a bath once a year. d) In Massachusetts, snoring is prohibited/required/allowed unless all the bedroom windows are closed and securely locked. e) In Switzerland, you are not required/ allowed/illegal to hang out washing on Sundays.

Grammar 1 Read the following sentences and rephrase them using the modal verb in brackets.

a) „I really can‟t afford to buy a new car, it‟s far too expensive,‟ he ex- plained. (could) b) She doesn‟t believe it was an accident, she has evidence to suggest that it was intentional. (might) c) I told you to get the boiler checked. Now it doesn‟t work, it‟s freezing and it‟s the middle of winter. (should) 48

d) „I‟ll make sure all the doors are locked and all the lights switched off,‟ Cathy promised. (would) e) They can‟t be the ones who stole the money. They didn‟t have enough time. (could) f) I‟m sure he didn‟t know about your news, or he‟d have said something. (can) g) I‟m disappointed that you didn‟t let us know you were coming to town last weekend (could)

2 Complete the dialogue with the correct modal.

Glen: Hi, Alan, you know that money I lent Giles, well, he promised he (a)……pay back the loan within three weeks, but he (b)……have forgotten. Alan: Well, didn‟t I warn you not trust him? You (c)…… have made him write you out a cheque, then you (d)……have avoided all these problems. Glen: Well, you never know, he (e)……have genuinely forgotten. Alan: Well, I think it‟s more likely that it‟s slipped his mind because it suits him. Anyway, didn‟t he say he (f)….. come over to see us this weekend? Well, where is he? Glen: Yes, you‟re right. I (g)….. have insisted that he gave me a cheque.

3 Each of the following sentences has one word missing. Insert a missing word.

a) I‟m really sorry, I have been looking where I was going. b) She promised she phone if there were any problems. c) I know I really ought have phoned sooner, but I was really busy. d) His phone was engaged, I suppose he might have checking his e-mail. e) I thought he‟d have arrived by now, he must got stuck in the traffic. f) Why‟s the light still on? You should been asleep by now! g) You should have told me there was no food in the house, I have gone to the shops. h) I‟m sorry, I really don‟t know where it is. I suppose might have left it at home. 4 Match the beginnings of the sentences in box A with the endings in box B.

A a) He was so disappointed with the outcome of the court case b) She wasn‟t expecting to get the job c) He hates the fact that he has to work on the night shift 49

d) There was such confusion over the new voting system e) He has such a bad reputation for not paying his debts f) She was neither happy to help

B 1 that no one will lend him any money. 2 and his wife, who has to spend the evenings alone, does too. 3 nor was she willing to say why. 4 and she certainly didn‟t expect to be offered such a generous salary. 5 that he decided to give up practicing law. 6 that money people voted for the wrong candidate.

5 Rewrite the sentences in 4 beginning with the word/s given below:

a) So disappointed……………………………………………………………. b) She wasn‟t expecting to get the job nor…………………………………… c) He hates the fact that he has to work on the night shift and so……………. d) Such was…………………………………………………………………... e) So bad……………………………………………………………………… f) Neither……………………………………………………………………..

Vocabulary 1 Choose the correct answer.

a) Which of these punishments would a judge probably not give in court? 1 fine 2 suspended sentence 3 solitary confinement 4 imprisonment b) Which one of these crimes involves fire? 1 kidnapping 2 swearing in public 3 arson 4 fraud c) Which one of these is the least serious crime? 1 fraud 2 manslaughter 3 mugging 4 graffiti d) What is the word used for the outcome of a court case? 1 result 2 decision 3 verdict 4 conclusion e) Which one of these crimes involves driving? 1 speeding 2 fraud 3 libel 4 dropping litter f) Which one of these crimes is not a form of theft? 1 mugging 2 shop-lifting 3 burglary 4 trespassing

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2 Complete these expressions to do with law with the words from the box. above by down into unto with

a) a law…..himself b) lay…..the law c) taking the law…..your own hands d) is…..the law e) …..law f) in trouble…..the law

3 Choose the most appropriate expressions from 2 to complete the sentences below.

a) It‟s up to the police to control crime. There‟s no point in………………… b) The police are always going round to his parents‟ house. He‟s constantly.. ……………… c) Her father really used to ……. He would order her to be home by 11 pm. d) He acts as if he ….. and can get away with anything, but one day he‟ll find himself in big trouble. e) When it comes to driving, Tony‟s …… He‟s always driving over the speed limit and jumping the lights. f) The playing of music on the underground is prohibited………………….

4 Match the formal words from column A with their more neutral forms from column B. then use the words from column A to complete the following newspa- per headlines.

A B a) Prior to 1 started b) Prominent 2 very bad c) Seeking 3 in addition d) Severe 4 before e) Further 5 well-known f) Depict 6 later g) Commenced 7 asking for h) In due course 8 show

1………..flooding hits southern France. Hundreds homeless over night. 51

2………politician loses driving license in drink driving scandal. 3 Shock photos……….prince as tropical playboy. 4 Number of refugees……asylum in Europe grows. 5 Mayor caught in bribe scandal…..election.

Reading

1 Read how two friends discussing the problems involved in doing jury service. Make note of what they think is: a) The main problem……………………………………………. b) The main reason for doing jury service………………………

Alistair Have you ever done any jury service? Elena No, I haven‟t. why are you asking? Alistair Oh, nothing…just that I‟ve been reading this thing in the paper about how more and more people are trying to get out of it if they can. Elena Really? I‟d have thought it‟d be quite interesting. Alistair Yeah, so would I, but it seems that there‟s a problem about taking time off work. Elena Yeah? What, like their bosses won‟t give them time off? Alistair No, no that‟s not the problem, I mean your employer has to let you off. I mean, they can‟t refuse to give you the time off. No, no, sometimes they might actually be really happy to let you off, you know, „cos they don‟t actually have to pay your wages when you‟re on jury service…. Elena Are you sure? That seems very strange… Alistair Well, I think it‟s true, that‟s what I‟ve heard anyway. Elena But if you‟re not being paid….I mean that‟s hardly very fair, is it? Alistair I think you get some kind of allowance…you know, the court give you like a daily allowance whistle you‟re on jury service. Elena That sounds more like it. I mean, they can‟t force you to do something without offering some compensation…. Alistair Yeah…but apparently it‟s not a lot… I mean, it‟s much less than most people earn at work, so lots of jurors are doing everything they can to get out of doing their stint… Elena Mmm, yeah, I see…. I think I would too…I mean, it sounds like a good thing to do in theory… you know, interesting to find out exactly how the court system works and all that, but if you‟re going to be out of pocket….well… Alistair Yeah, that seems to be what‟s at the root of the problem. Elena What a shame…. 52

2 Complete these extracts from the conversation with an appropriate preposi- tion.

a) …more and more people are trying to get______of it if they can. b) …there‟s a problem about taking time ______work. c) …they don‟t actually have to pay your wages when you‟re ______jury service… d) …it‟s much less than most people earn______work… e) I mean it sounds like a good thing to do______theory… f) …but if you‟re going to be______of pocket…well… g) …that seems to be what‟s______the root of the problem.

3 Complete the sentences below with expressions from 2. Make any changes that are necessary.

a) It‟s been such a long time since I last ……that I‟ve forgotten what a holi- day is! b) They are always arguing about silly little things, but it‟s obvious there must be something more serious…..their arguments. c) Never having to do another day‟s work sounds great….., but wouldn‟t it be a bit boring in the long run? d) He‟s really naughty, he‟s always looking for excuses to…..doing his homework. e) Being…..is an enriching experience and you feel that you are fulfilling your role as a responsible citizen. f) Considering was spend approximately 60% of our waking hours….., it‟s important to have a job that you enjoy. g) He threw a superb party and invited all his friends, but it left him a bit……for the rest of the month.

4 Read the article and find out.

Jury duty acquitted of first-degree hassle By THEO EMERY

(1) A Boston newspaper for attorneys surveyed jurors and found that once they were involved in the case they generally enjoyed weighing up the evidence and took the judgment of their peers seriously. More than 80 53

percent of respondents to the poll, published in Monday‟s edition of Law- yers Weekly, said the experience was positive, and some said it renewed their faith in the legal system. (2) Publisher David L. Yas was surprised by the results of the survey, which he said was the first of its kind. „Most people dread jury duty,‟ Yas said. „What we found is that once people get in there, they‟re intrigued by the case, energized by jury duty, and overall find jury duty quite positive.‟ (3) In Massachusetts, it is illegal for attorneys to speak with jurors even after a court case, so the survey was administrated by judges. With the permis- sion of State Jury Commissioner Frank Davis and Superior Court Chief Justice Suzanne V.Del Vecchio, 30 judges gave out surveys to jurors in superior court cases. About 130 people responded. All responses were vo- luntary and anonymous. The cases ranged from contract disputes to medi- cal malpractice to first degree murder. One involved a lawsuit about a dog biting another dog. (4) The survey asked an array of questions about courtroom tactics, the con- dition of the courthouse, the appearance and demeanor of lawyers and court employees, the use of witnesses and exhibits, and the jurors‟ overall impression of the system. (5) Respondents reported not sleeping at night because of the gravity of the case, feeling proud of being part of the justice system, and finding the whole process to be a learning experience. „Our justice system may not be perfect, but it works and I am proud to have served,‟ one respondent wrote. Another wrote: „After several cases such as the O.J. Simpson trail, I lost all respect for the system. This case helped restore my respect for the system. There is hope for us.‟ (6) About 20 percent of the returned surveys were negative. „It was not only a waste of my time, but the compensation was ridiculous,‟ one juror wrote. Another complained about having to clean up the jury room and pay for parking and gas and said jurors should be treated with more re- spect. (7) Yas said he has not been on a real jury, only a jury at a mock trail for middle school students. But even that case, which involved vehicular ho- micide charges against a women who ran over a man after a concert, was riveting, he said. „It was tremendous,‟ he said. „We probably could have gone on for hours.‟ BOSTON (August 14, 2000)

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5 Are the following statements true or false?

a) A large majority of the people questioned found the experience generally very positive. b) Some jurors complained about the behavior of the lawyers. c) More than a quarter of those surveyed responded negatively. d) Generally people‟s attitudes to jury duty change once they‟ve experienced it. e) The publisher of the report had himself once been a juror. f) One respondent complained that they were not paid well enough. g) Some of the jurors found the responsibility quite stressful. h) All of the respondents reported feeling proud of their role in the justice system.

6 Find words in the article which mean:

a) People who are doing something with you, or who are of a similar age or social status. (paragraph 1) b) The survey (paragraph 1) c) Not to look forward to doing something (paragraph 2) d) To be given energy and enthusiasm (paragraph 2) e) Lawyers (paragraph 3) f) Answered (paragraph 3) g) Behavior (paragraph 4) h) Seriousness (paragraph 5) i) A simulation of a real situation (paragraph 7) j) Fascinating (paragraph 7)

7 Complete the following newspaper report with some of your answers from 6.

In a recent (a)….., office workers were asked to list the things that most an- noyed them about their jobs. A majority of the respondents reported (b)….. going to work on a Monday morning, and more than 50% said that their jobs no longer (c)…..them. One of their greatest fears was that of being passed over for promotion in favour of one of their (d)….., whistle the main worry for female employees was the attitude of some of the older male executives to their role in the office. As many as 65% of the women (e)….. positively to the question, „Do 55 you feel discriminated against at work?‟, although only 1.5% of these women had sought the help of (f)….. and taken their case to court.

PART H Test

1 Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence.

a) Sally didn‟t realize that she had broken/countered/denied the law. b) The police have banned/cancelled/refused parking in this street. c) I must remember to get a/an agreement/license/permission for my televi- sion. d) The president admitted that there had been a breakdown of law and crime/government/order. e) Jim‟s parents wouldn‟t agree/allow/let him go to the demonstration. f) Carlos was arrested because he had entered the country false- ly/illegally/wrongly. g) Talking to other students is against the law/orders/rules of the examina- tion. h) The two men were arrested before they could commit/make/perform any more crimes. i) I had to take the company to court/justice/law to get the money they owed me. j) Smoking is compulsory/prohibited/refused near the petrol tanks.

2 Match each person in the list with the description given. blackmailer forger hooligan murderer shoplifter vandal burglar hijacker kidnapper pickpocket smuggler witness

a) This person takes control of a plane or boat by force. b) This person sees what happens during a crime or accident. c) This person brings goods into the country illegally. d) This person might steal food from a supermarket. e) This person kills someone on purpose. f) This person takes people and demands money for their return. g) This person makes illegal copies of paintings, documents, etc. h) This person damages other people‟s property. 56

i) This person might steal your wallet in a crowd. j) This person steals from houses. k) This person gets money from others by threatening to tell secrets. l) This person causes trouble at football matches.

3 Complete the sentences. Use each ending once only.

a) I decided to buy a burglar alarm after someone broke ….. b) When Alan was stopped outside the supermarket he ended….. c) As it was Sheila‟s first offence she was let….. d) After climbing over the prison wall, Peter manages to get….. e) The old couple who live opposite were taken….. f) At the end of the trail Hilary was found….. g) My neighbor admitted denting my car but got away….. h) The bank at the end of the street was held….. i) Nobody saw Jack cheating and he got away with….. j) The hijackers took fifteen people……

1) …..in by a salesman who cheated them out of their money. 2) …..away by stealing a car parked nearby. 3) …..up at the police station, charged with shoplifting. 4) …..it, although everyone suspected what had happened. 5) …..into my house and stole my stereo. 6) …..off with only a warning. 7) …..with paying only $ 50 damages. 8) …..hostage and demanded $ 1, 000,000 from the authorities. 9) …..guilty and sentenced to six months in prison. 10) …..up by two masked men last week.

4 Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word once only. accused evidence guilty lawyer statement charged fine jury suspect

a) The customs officers arrested Bob and…..him with smuggling. b) The police spent all morning searching the house for ….. . c) Jean left her car in a no-parking area and had to pay a….. . d) Unfortunately at the end of the trail my brother was found….. e) The trail took a long time as the …… couldn‟t reach a verdict. 57

f) George won his case because he had a very good defence….. g) The police visited Dawn and asked her to make a….. h) Because of his past criminal record, Brian was the main….. i) Pauline decided to sue the police because she had been wrongly….. j) The murderer of the children received a life…..

5 Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.

a) Most schools in my country no longer have ….. punishment. A) physical B) capital C) bodily D) corporal b) the policemen following the robbers were in …..clothes. A) plain B) ordinary C) normal D) simple c) The two old ladies were…..of their purses. A) stolen B) attacked C) robbed D) snatched d) At the end of the story, the hero manages to arrest the….. A) offenders B) villains C) wrongs D) evils e) I had to answer question A because it was ….. A) compulsory B) necessary C)a must D) an obligation f) Charles could not….. having been at the scene of the crime. A) refuse B) object C)deny D) alter g) As there was no evidence, the judge dismissed the ….. A) trail B) witness C) court D) case h) If your dog damages your neighbour‟s property, you could be….. A) guilty B) liable C) payable D) illegal i) After ten years in prison, Stephen was….. and set free. A) pardoned B) released C) innocent D) forgiven j) The detective inspector told the young…..to make some tea. A) Officer B) official C) guardian D) police

6 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. a) They said that John had stolen the money. They accused…………………………………………………………………… b) Ian said that he hadn‟t punched anybody. Ian denied……………………………………………………………………….. c) „OK, Andy, you can go now,‟ said the detective/ The detective gave Andy………………………………………………………… d) „James Frogget, you will go to prison for ten years,‟ said the judge. The judge sentenced…………………………………………………………… 58

e) „I forget the signature,‟ said Mary. Mary admitted…………………………………………………………………… f) Harry stole $ 30,000 and was arrested. Harry was arrested……………………………………………………………….. g) „We saw the accused break into the car,‟ said the witnesses. The witnesses stated……………………………………………………………... h) Graham said that he wouldn‟t go to the police station. Graham refused………………………………………………………………….. i) „It‟s true,‟ said Norman, „I murdered Alan.‟ Norman confessed to …………………………………………………………… j) „Can you come with me, please,‟ the detective said to Helen. The detective asked………………………………………………………………

7 Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

At his last trail, nobody believed in Arthur‟s (1). He INNOCENT had been accused of the (2) of a valuable Chinese vase, THIEF and was also charged with ten other (3). The value of OFFEND the (4) goods was said to be over $10,000. Arthur said STEAL in his own (5) that the vase had been put into his car DEFEND (6). He also pointed out that the Chinese vase was a ACCIDENT fake, and was almost (7). The judge did not believe WORTH Arthur‟s story. He told Arthur he was a hardened (8) CRIME and that he deserved a severe (9). Then PUNISH the judge sentenced Arthur to five years (10) PRISON Arthur just smiled. He had spent most of his life in prison And so he was used to it.

8 Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence.

a) Harry was told that fishing in the lake was against/by/over the law. b) Catherine led a secret life for/in/of crime before she was caught. c) Having trouble with your phone? Send at/for/to Fix –a – phone! d) I regret to tell you that you are for/in/under arrest. e) I only attacked the young man from/in/with self-defence. f) David was often at/in/with trouble with the police when he was young. g) The robbers‟ car was hidden below/by/from sight behind the bank. 59

h) The kidnappers have been caught, and the child is no longer at/in/on dan- ger. i) Tony was caught by a policeman who was off/out/ away from duty and cycling to work. j) The thieves took the wrong painting by/in/under mistake. k) The suspicious manager left the safe unlocked from/on/with purpose. l) The robbers met to plan the bank raid from/in/with secret.

9 Decide which answer best fits each space.

„I think I know the identity of the murderer,‟ said Inspector Crumb, „and at (1)…..one of the guests in this hotel was a (2)…..to the crime, probably by (3)….. I believe that the same guest is also (4)…., and has been given money by the killer.‟ „So whoever (5)….. this terrible crime is still here,‟ I said. „But of course. In (6)….. he – or she – is in this room, and will soon be (7)…..arrest.‟ There was silence for a moment. I noticed that everyone was trying to look (8)….., but they all looked guilty instead! „Do you have any (9)….., Inspector,‟ asked Lady Grimshaw finally, „or are you simply (10)….. people for fun? If you intend to (11)…..someone, you should do it now.‟ The Inspector smiled. „I asked you here (12)….. purpose, Lady Grimshaw. I have been reading your (13)….., you see, and it is quite clear that you have told several (14)….. .‟ „How dare you!” Lady Grimshaw spluttered. „Do you (15)….. that you were with Tim Dawson in the garden on the night of the murder?‟ the Inspector said? „You forgot about the security cameras, you see…

1) A) last B) least C) the D) school 2) A) witness B) offender C) guilty D) verdict 3) A) now B) damages C) law D) accident 4) A) blackmailer B) hostage C) hooligan D) forger 5) A) confessed B) committed C) admitted D) performed 6) A) crime B) self-defence C) fact D) danger 7) A) to B) having C) under D) my 8) A) accused B) suspicious C) ordinary D) innocent 9) A) evidence B) witness C) permission D) body 10) A) suspecting B) suing C) denying D) accusing 11) A) trail B) charge C) sentence D) confess 12) A) with B) for C) on D) by 13) A) statement B) evident C) biography D) history 14) A) people B) errors C) times D) lies 60

15) A) refuse B) deny C) contradict D) suppose

Рекомендуемая литература 1. Cutting Edge (intermediate, upper intermediate, advanced) Sarah Cun- ningham, Peter Moor. Longman 2002. 2. Cutting Edge Teacher’s Tips Sarah Cunningham, Peter Moor. Longman 2002. 3. Discussion that work. Task-Сentred fluency practice. P. Ur, M. Swan, Cambridge University Press, 1981/94. 4. Writing, Andrew Littlejohn. CUP,1998 5. Grammar in Use. A Self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Interme- diate Students of English. Raymond Murphy. CUP, 1992. 6. M.Swan. Practical English Usage. OUP, 1995. 7. G. Leech, J. Svartic. A Communicative Grammar of English. Longman Ltd, 1975. 8. Е. М. Меркулова Grammar Practice. Английский язык для студентов университетов. Спб., 2002 9. В.Л. Каушанская Грамматика английского языка. - Спб., 2004. 10. The Blue Cross (by G.K. Chesterton) 11. Philomel Cottage (by Agatha Christie) 12. An Unpleasant Man (by Cyril Hare) 13. The Unlucky Theatre (by Elliott O‟Donnell) 14. The Mezzotint (by M.R. James) 15. Family Affair (by Margary Allingham) 16. The Invisible Man (By G.K. Chesterton) 17. The Case of the Thing That Whimpered (by Dennis Whealthy) 18. The Orphaned Swimming Pool (by John Updike) 19. Love (by Jess Stuart)