UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WASHINGTON, D.C. 20523
PROJECT PAPER
THAILAND
Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development (493-0308)
September 1981
UNCLASSIFIED THAILAND NORTHEAST RAINFED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PAPER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page Abbreviations iii Project Design Credits vi Map of N.E. Thailand ix Project Authorization x Facesheet xiii Addendum to Project Paper xiv I. Summary and Recommendations 1
A. Recommendations 1 B. Summary Description 1 C. Issues 2 D. Findings 5 II. Project Background and Description 5 A. Background 5 B. Detailed Description 11 III. Project Analyses Summaries 39
A. Economic Analysis 39 B. Social Soundness Analysis 43 C. Technical Analysis 45 D. Financial Plan and Arrangements 67
IV. Implementation Plan and Arrangements 75 A. Administrative Arrangements 75 B. Implementation Plan 83 C. Evaluation Plan and Monitoring Arrangements 90 D. Negotiation Status, Conditions Precedent, Covenants 93
Annexes
I PID Approval Cable II Analytical Methodology III Logical Framework IV Description of Project Areas Title
V Technical Feasibility Analyses for Agricultural Technology (See Supplemental Analyses for analyses listed below)
VI Economic Analysis (Contained in Supple mental Analyses)
VII Social Soundness Analysis (Contained in Supplemental Analyses)
VIII Administrative Analysis (Contained in Supplemental Analyses)
IX Detailed Financial Data
X Statutory Checklist
XI Borrower Grantee Application for Assistance (Reserved)
The Annex V Supplemental Analyses contains the following sections:
A. Extension Support B. Social Support C. Cropping Systems D. Other Farming Systems E. Soi and Land F. Water Resources G. Demonstrations and Research H. Resources Inventory I. Economic Studies (Marketing, Credit) J. Engineering Feasibility Abbreviations, Terms and Equivalents
AIT - Asian Institute of Technology
AID - Agency for International Development ALRO = Office of Land Reform for Agriculture ARD = Office of Accelerated Rural Development "Aw" = Tropical Sawana Climate BAAC = Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives CDD = Community Development Department CD Community Development (Worker) CDSS = Country Development Strategy Statement CoF = Contact Farmer (Farmers' representatives who have been selected in each village and on whom the extension agents will concentrate their effort in transferring practical agro-technology.) CDP = Changwat Development Program CP = Conditions Precedent DCP = Department of Cooperatives Promotion DLD = Department of Land Development DOA Department of Agriculture DOAE = Department of Agricultural Extension DOF = Department of Fisheries DOLD = Department of Livestock Development DTEC = Department of Technical and Economic Cooperation DAE = Division of Agricultural Economics (Now OAE) DEO = Amphoe or District Extension Office EEC = European Economic Community EC = Electrical Conductivity FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FY = Fiscal Year FX = Foreign Exchange Cost -iV-
HH = Household IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IRR = Internal Rate of Return KKU = Khon Kaen University LSD = Land Settlements Division LC = Local Cost MOAC Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives MOF = Marketing Organization for Farmers MT = Metric Ton NE Northeast NERAD = Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development Project NEROA = Northeast Regional Office of Agriculture NESDB = National Economic and Social Development Board NIDA = National Institute of Development Administration NVD = New Village Development Program OAE = Office of Agricultural Economics PWD = Public Welfare Department PD = Projects Division PID = Project Identification Document POL = Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants RID = Royal Irrigation Department RFD = Royal Forest Department ROA = Regional Office of Agriculture RTG = Royal Thai Government REGP = Rural Employment Generation Program RD = Rice Division SMS = Subject Matter Specialists SpF = Specialist Farmer TEA = Tambon Extension Agent UK University of Kentucky UNDP = United Nations Development Program USAID = United States Agency for International Development
Terms
Changwat = Province Amphoe = District Tambon = Sub-District (the level above village and below Amphoe) Muban = Village
Currency Equivalents
U.S.$ 1 = Baht ($) 20 Baht ($) 1 = U.S.$ 0.05
Area Equivalents (1,600 m ) 1 rai = 0.16 hectares I hectare = 6.25 rai vi
Project Design Credits
I. Design Team Dr. Herb Massey, UK Dr. Terd Charoenwatana, KKU Dr. Aran Patanothai, KKU Dr. Viriya Limpinuntana, KKU Dr. Vein Finkner, UK Mr. Damrong Thandee, Ramkhamhaeng University Dr. Bill Schneider, UK Mr. Chakrit Manotham, DLD Dr. Lloyd Murdock, UK Dr. Eldon Smith, UK Dr. Chakrit Noranitlphadungkarn, NIDA Dr. Prawit Nilsuvannakul, NIDA
II. NERAD Pro3ect Design Committee (MOAC): The following MOAC personnel participated in numerous project development activities and furnished support for the Project Design Team. 1. Mr. Somchai Dhummanoonragsa Director of NEROA 2. Dr. Utai Pisone Chief of Research Divi sion, NEROA 3. Mr. Thana Thongton Director of Projects Division 4. Dr. Plodprasop Suraswadee NIFI 5. Mr. Prateep Premayothin Division of Veterinary Biologies, DOLD 6. Mr. Komchark Pichaironarong- Division of Animal songkhram Husbandry, DOLD 7. Dr. Vises Prasort Division of Veterinary Research, DOLD 8. Mr. Praphad Neramitrmansuk Division of Veterinary Research, DOLD 9. Mr. Kitti Jatanilapan Northeast Regional Office of Livestock Develop ment, DOLD 10. Mr. Sawad Dulyapat Watershed Conservation Division, RFD 11. Mr. Thongchai Wetchasat Watershed Conservation Division, RFD 12. Mr. Chaleo Changprai Soil Survey Division, DLD 13. Dr. Wanee Samphantharak Land Policy & Planning, DLD 14. Mr. Aut Somrang Land Policy & Planning, DLD vii
15. Mr. Rungroj Puengpan Khon Kaen Land Develop ment Center, DLD 16. Mr. Anek Sutharoj Northeast Regional Office of Agricultural Extension, Khon Kaen, DOAE 17. Mr. Pramuan Setarat Rice Section, Crop Pro motion Division, DOAE 18. Mr. Prawat Supaprawat Agricultural Coopera tives Division, CPD 19. Mrs. Wannee Ratanawaraha Agricultural Coopera tives Division, CPD 20. Dr. Prasoot Sithisruang Rice Division, DOA 21. Dr. Vi3ai Nopharmornbodi Field Crop Division, DOA 22. Mr, Wichit Himmakorn Foreign Loan Section, ALRO 23. Mr. Porn Tanvanich Research & Planning Division, ALRO 24. Mr. Surathep Kowangoon Land Reform Management Division, ALRO 25. Dr. Supote Dechates Agricultural Economics Research Division, OAE
III. The development and design of this project has been greatly facilitated by the consistent support offered by Mr. Kangwan Deva hastin, Deputy Undersecretary of State, Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives. IV. Publications Background publications developed in prepara tion for NERAD Project Design. - Northeast. Rainfed Agricultural Development Project: an Opportunity Framework, by University of Wisconsin Team and Staff Committee of the RTG (1979)
- Survey Report on Rainfed Agricultural Projects in Northeast Thailand, 4 volumes) by NEROA, MOAC (1980) Volume I : The Main Report Volume 2 : Compilation of Research and Develop ment Project on Rainfed Agriculture in the Northeast Voiume 3 : Statistics; Data Related to Agricul ture in the Northeast Voiume 4 : Northeast Water Resource Development Projects
- Northeas: Ra:nfed A ricultural Development Project Site Survey Report by MOAC Technical Specialists, vii-,
NEROA, MOAC (1981)
Village Level Study of Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development Project, by Damrong Thandee, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Ramkhamhaeng University (1981) 0 1004 101 1020 IA3* 1040 050 10IOW
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Sub District District Province No (Tombon) (Ampre) (Chongwot)
I Lahon Cheftura Choiyophum CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS 2 Kwong Chon Phu Khleo Chaiyophum Tombon 3 Nong Khaew Muong Roi Et * Chongwot 4 No Muang Solophum Roi El e .e ntenolion boundary 5 No Thom Bon Phoong Nakhon Phonom Region boundary 6 No Nguo No We Nokhon Phonom Chongwat boundary 7 Too Utumphonphisol SI Saket 8 Taker UumpNplnsaoi SI Soket
Figure I. Location of Project sites in the North East Thailand UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WASHINGTON DC 2O23
PROJECT AUTHORIZATION
THAILAND Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development Project No. 493-0308
Pursuant to Section 103 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended (the "FAA"), I hereby authorize the Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development Project (the "Project") for Thailand (the "Cooperating Country"), involving planned obligations of not to exceed Six Million Three Hundred Thousand United States Dollars ($6,300,000) in loan funds (the "Loan") and Three Million Seven Hundred Thousand United States Dollars ($3,700,000) in grant funds (the "Grant") over a five-year period from date of authorization, subject to the availability of funds in accordance with the A.I.D. OYB/ allotment process, to help in financing foreign exchange and local currency costs for the Project. The Project will establish in representative tambons of Northeast Thailand a replicable agricultural development program for increasing farm pro ductivity and farm income, particularly among lower income farmers in the rainfed agricultural zones. It will be necessary in such rainfed areas to adopt a multi-intervention approach, including planning, research and demonstration, appropriate and varied farming practices, extension, and development of available water resources. A.I.D. funds will assist principally in providing technical assistance, training for farmers and extension personnel; intensified Cooperating Country support in the target areas; required construction and equipment purchases; and water resources development, land/soil modifications, surveys, mapping, research and demon strations.
The Project Agreement, which may be negotiated and executed by the officer to whom such authority is delegated in accordance with A.I.D. regulations and Delegations of Authority, shall be subject to the following essential terms and covenants and major conditions, together with such other terms and conditions as A.I.D. may deem appropriate. a. Interest Rate and Terms of Payment The Cooperating Country shall repay the Loan to A.I.D. in United States Dollars within forty (40) years from the date of first disbursement of the Loan, including a grace period of not to exceed ten (10) years. The Cooperating Country shall pay to A.I.D., in United States Dollars, interest from the date of first disbursement of the Loan at the rate of (i) two -2
percent (2%) per annum during the first ten (10) years, and (ii)three percent (3%) per annum thereafter, on the outstanding disbursed balance of tile Loan and on any due and unpaid interest accrued thereon.
b. Source and Origin of Goods and Services
Except for ocean shipping, goods and services financed by A.I.D. under the project shall have their source and origin in the Cooperating Country or the United States for grant funds and in the Cooperating Country or countries included in A.I.D. Geographic Code 941 for loan funds, except as A.I.D. may otherwise agree in writing. Ocean shipping financed by A.I.D. under the loan shall, except as A.I.D. may otherwise agree in writing, be financed on flag vessels of the United States, the Cooperating Country and other countries in Code 941. Ocean shipping financed by A.I.D. under the Grant shall be financed only on flag vessels of the U.S. unless otherwise agreed in writing. c. Conditions and Covenants
Except as A.I.D. may othe'rwise agree in writing, the A.I.D. assistance will be subject to the following conditions and covenants:
1. Conditions Precedent Prior to any disbursement of loan funds other than for administration and technological support, the Cooperating Country shall
a. execute an acceptable contract for consulting services;
b. establish a satisfactory implementation and training plan with cost estimates; c. provide evidence that organization arrangements required for effecLive implementation of the Project have been made; and d. provide area development plans for tambons participating in the Project. 2. Covenants
a. The Cooperating Country shall agree to furnish to A.I.D., prior to commencement of each construction activity for which reimbursement will be sought from A.I.D., detailed plans and cost estimates for the construction activity in form and substance satisfactory to A.I.D. b. The Cooperating Country shall agree that the procurement and use of pesticides for purposes of the Project shall comply with A.I.D.'s environmental procedures regaraing the procurement and use of pesticides. xi i:
d. Waivers Based upon the justification set forth in the Project Paper, I hereby: (1) Approve a source/origin/componentry waiver from Code 000 (U.S. only) to Code 935 (Free Wcrld) of the A.I.D. Geographic Code Book for the procurement of 16 light motorcycles assembled in the Cooperating Country; (2) Find that special circumstances exist to waive and do hereby waive, the requirements of Section 636(i) of the Act; (3) Certify that the exclusion of procurement mentioned above will seriously impede attainment of U.S. foreign policy objectives and the objectives of the foreign assistance program; and (4) Approve a waiver of competition and approve procurement from American Motors Corporation of right-hand drive vehicles required for the Project.
Si gnatureI\.-_ Jo .p2IC. heeler Actinri Administrator
1I5te
Clearances Initial Date Jon D. Holstine, AA/ASIA Larry Smucker, A/AA/PPC -.. /6 John R. Bolton, GC , --
GC/ASIA:SRTisa:eb:8/ll/81:EXT 2-9092 xiii
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT i. tRANSACTION CODE DOCUMENT P D\ Add Amendment Number CODE PROJECT DATA SHtEET C=Chnge 3 I)=Delete 2. COUNTRY/ENTITY 3. PROJECT NUMBER.. Thailand '[493-0308 4. BUREAU/OFFICE 5. PROJECT TITLE (maximunq40 characters)
Asia .,liint'd E011. Agricultural Development
6. PROJECT ASSISTANCE COMPLETION DATE (PACD) 7. ESTIMATED DATE 01 OBLIGATION (Under 'B: below, enter 1, 2, 3, or 4)
MM IDD iYY 1 1017 1311 18 181 A.Initial FY LL] 11.Quarter.A-l C. Final FY La13 8. COSTS ($000 OR EQUIVALENT $I 20 baht ) FIRST FY .LIFE OF PRO.JEer' , -- " A. FUNDING SOURCE B. FX C. L/C D. Total E. FX F. L/C G. Total AID Appropriated Total 1,200 6,300 7,500 3,400 6,600 10,000 (Grant) ( I,000 ) ( 200 ) ( 1,200 ) ( 3,200 ) ( 500 ) (3,700 (Loan) ( 200 ) ( 6,100 ) ( 6,300 ) ( 200 ) ( 6,100 ) ( 6,300 _ Other I.. _ . U.S. [2 Hlost Count"4"54 56 0 0 -',))
Other Donor(s)______TOTAL S 1,200 6,735 7,935 3,400 12,600 16,000
9. SCHEDULF OF AID FUNDING ($000) B. A. APPRO- PRIMARY D. OBLIGATIONS TO DATE E. AMOUNT APPROVED F. LIFE OFPROJECT PRIATION PURPOSE TECH. CODE TillS ACTION F.LFEOROE _ CODE l.Grant 12. Loan 1. Grant 2. Loan 1. Grant 2. Loan 1. Grant 2. Loan (1) FN 213B 21 - - 1,200 6,300 3,700 6,300O (2)
(4) TOTALS 4.. 1,200 6,300 3,00 6,300 10. SECONDARY TECHNICAL CODES (maximum £ codes of 3 positions each) 11. SECONDARY PURPOSE CODI. Il I I ______12. SPECIAL CONCERNS CODES (maximum 7 codes of 4 positions each) A. Code1 B. Amount 13. PROJECT PURPOSE (maximum 480 characters).
Establish in 8 representative tambons of NE Thailand a replicable agricultural development program for increasing farm productivity and farm incomes particularly among lower income farmers in rainfed agricultural zones.
14. SCHEDULED EVALUATIONS j15. SOURCE/ORIGIN OF GOODS AND SERVICES MMY MYV , MM 1, YtI Interim YY MmY M nLJM0 [ 94 - Local (I Other(Specify)______16. AMENDMENTS/NATURE OF CHANGE PROPOSED (This Is page 1 of a,_ page IP Amendment.)
Signatu8. &DATE DOCUMENT RECEIVED) Donald D. Cohen IN AD/W, OR FOR AID/W DOCU- 1.APPROVED .MENTS, DATE OF DISTRIBUTION Bi U Dtn6 I1 0 JMM1 DD 1 YYe Director, USAID 16 110 811| xiv
1. Addendum to Project Paper
A. Organizational and Implementational Addenda
II.B.2.e Replicability - p. 21
Once technologies are tested and verified within the selected tambons, they can be immediately diffused to the other tambons within those seven amphoes. This can be readily accom plished within the existing institutional framework since the Kaset amphoe is intimately involved in the project as a Assistant Field Manager and as a member the Tambon Agricultural Development Committee. (of the discussion in ihe addendum on district level organizational arrangements). Thus, he can diffuse these techno logies to the other tambons within his' domain of responsibility accordingly a total of approximately 60 tambons will be receiving technology directly from the NERAD system. Inaddition through the mechanisms described above, a much border deffusion throughout the northeast is anticipated during project life.
IV.A. Summary Administrative Analysis - p. 75
After careful study of the project by various depart ments of the MOAC and their concurrency plus the invaluable con tributions by NIDA, it was determined that its comprehensive nature requires the organizational structure described herein. The yearly operational reviews will assess its continuing viabi lity, and adjustments will be duly recommended.
IV.A.l.e Organizational Arrangements Tambon Level - p.78
The kaset amphoe will also become a member of the Tambon Agricultural Development Committee. This will strengthen the institutional arrangements in two ways. First, the Committee will have immediate access to higher levels of Extension through the kaset amphoe. And secondly, the replication of proven tech nologies can be facilitated to other tambons within his jurisdiction.
7 8 IV.A.l.d. Organizational Arrangements District Level - p.
The assistant field managers will be the kaset amphoes from the relevant amphoes. This organizational Arrangement will tie the supervision of the TEA into the regular operating system yet provide flexibility enough for easy acuess to the NERAD Project subject matter specialists. Xv
IV. B. 5. Tambon Implementation Procedure - p. 86 Activities to be undertaken at the tambon level will begin in all eight tambons at the same time. However, activities will be placed within, rather than between, tambons in order to assure that local communities and project personnel are not burdened with an excessive number of activities at the same time.
IV.C.l. General Evaluation Arrangements - p. 90 The yearly operational evaluations will determine the strengths and weaknesses of the project to date. Short comings in material, technical, or administrative support will be identified and rectified immediately. Technological successes can be duly recorded and feedback into the project. Evaluations of professional performance of personnel will be made and passed on to the Civil Service Commission. xvi
B. Farming Systems and Demonstration/Research Addenda.
Throughout the development and design of the NERAD Project it has been recognized that soil and water regimes and native vegetation are important factors in the mixed subsistence/cash income of farm families in rainfed areas of the Northeast. Soil and water regimes are basic determinants of the potential crop production capacity of these areas. Farm families depend on native vegetation directly for its fuel, fodder, native and other products, andindirectly for its influence on the soil and water regimes of the area. Currently, fuelwood and animal feed are becoming serious limitations in some areas and causing serious deforestation in most of the remaining areas, while overall deforestation and overgrazing are having a substantial negative effect on watersheds of the Northeast, including increased rainfall runoff and soil erosion and decreased year-round streamflow.
Based upon recommendations coming out of the MOAC review of the NERAD Project Paper, the public lands demonstration com ponent will be enlarged to include a program to more directly address some of these problems in Project areas. These components are directly in line with the farming systems strategy of the NERAD Project, will complement other project activities dealing with livestock and water resources, and will further strengthen this MOAC effort to rationally and systematically assist rural communi ties in rainfed areas meet their needs. These components will not increase the number of implementing agencies or alter the project administrative structure, nor will they increase the overall funding requested from AID. Although Project component details are still being worked out by the Royal Forestry Department (RFD), the following is a general description of the activities which will be available for implementation in NERAD Project tambons, based upon the tambon plans developed during project implementation:
II.B.4.d.(l)(b) - p. 28 1. Other Farming Systems: Village Woodlots - Activities to meet the fuelwood and other forest product needs of villages in NERAD Project tambons will become available, beginning in year 3 of Project implementation. The implementation and management of these activities will be based upon the experience the Royal Forestry Department is gaining in the RTG-USAID Renewable Non-conventional Energy Project. The first woodlots to be established under that project are in Si-Sa-Ket Province, near to NERAD Project Tae and Taket tambons; other sites in the Northeast will be selected for additional woodlots to begin next planting season. RFD will have over two years of woodlot establishment and management experience in these areas before any activities would begin under NERAD. Village woodlots under the NERAD Project will cover a total of approximately 5,000 rai, and will be of three different types:
a. Forest Reserve Land. - In tambons with ready access to Forest Reserve lands (e.g. Kwang Jon, Na Thom, and Na Ngua), the RFD will make land available under official land use tenure arramgememt! xvi i
being worked out in the Renewable Non-conventional Energy Project, to be planted, managed, and harvested by villagers for their own use, with planting materials and technical assistance from the RFD and the extension systems in NERAD tambons. b. Public Land. - In tambons with public lands under local jurisdiction where the communities wish to establish woodlots, planting materials and technical assistance will be provided by the RFD and the extension systems in NERAD tambons.
c. Private Lahd. - For individuals who wish to establish woodlot plantings on their own lands, technical assistance and a reasonable amount of planting materials will be provided by RFD and the extension systems in NERAD tambons. Selection of species and planting and management techniques will be determined by local decisions based upon the advice and recommendations of Project staff and MOAC personnel participating in the Project.
II.B.4.d(4)(a) - p.33(insert in place of last sentence in 1st paragraph)
2. Demonstrations and Research:
a. Range Management Demonstration - In tambons with access to reserved Forest land, the RFD will establish and manage rangelands in suitable nearby areas of the Forest Reserve for the use of villagers within Project tambons, in order to decrease the grazing pressure on other Forest Reserve areas. Assistance will be provided by Project Livestock Specialists. Such activities have been conducted on a pilot basis under the Mae Sa Project in North Thailand, but these will be the first demonstrationsin the Northeast. Allocation of grazing rights will give emphasis to families with limited private land available for grazing. The RFD will also give assistance to Project Livestock Specialists in establishing fodder/fuelwood demonstrations on public lands where local communities determine that this would be the most desira ble use of the land. Total range lands will cover approximately 1,600 rai of land. b. Watershed Management Demonstration. - Based on the land resource survey and analysis of the Department of Land Development and the decisions of local communities, the RFD will offer assistance in the utilization of vegetative methods for improved watershed management in NERAD Project tambons. These methods would include revegetation of approximately 1,500 rai of erodible soils not suitable for crop production, embankment structures associated with small water resources, and other suitable areas, in order to decrease soil erosion and silting of water resources, decrease.evaporation from water resources, and increase water infiltration and groundwater recharge. PART I - RECOMMENDATiGNS, SUMMARY. ISSUES AND FINDINGS
A. Recommendatic-ns
It is recommended that a grant of $3.7 million of FAA Section 103 funds be authorized for this Project and Loan of $6.3 mlilion of FAA Section 103 funds be authorized in FY 1981. Loan terms are to be 40 years including 10 years grace, 2% during grace, 3% thereafter,
The following wa.i.vers are requested.
1, 6361 waiver to procure sixteen locally manufac tured light motorcycles.
2. A proprietary procurement waiver for four AMC CJ8 jeeps.
(These waivers are discussed in Part III D.)
B. Summary Description
This seven year Project will address the needs of the rural poor in Northeast Thailand by establishing in 8 tambons a replicable, ared-based agricultural. technology development program for increasing producLivIty and farm incomes in rainfed agricultural zones Total expected direct benefi ciaries are 65,000 persons
By the end of the Project, tue RTG should have adopted and an effective, tow-cost systematic process for analyzing resolving the key technical constraints to agricultural production in rainfed areas and be prepared to extend the system beyond the 8 tambons, CoTaponents of the process will include the refinement, demonstration and extension of improved farming practices tsubsistenceecash-crop cultural appro technologies, water utilization, animai husnandryi extension system priate to rainfed areas; improvement ot the linkage to research; improvement of the land-water and its means resource base; and the establishment of an interactive and of matching RTG technology development and programs resources with farmer's needs and problems -2-
C. Issues I., Gener i issues
Issues lrl¢ the PID approval cable (State 305713 a se ne ) nIdi _'cncenfca ''i-i~ting~ the 'geographic - area of impiementatiZAn Odes:,re to SimplIty the Project and reduce initial r-ndirig level, need tor clearly articulating the implem :ntatiZ.n responsibili.ties at each administrative level, need to specify l.nkages to otner projects in the Northeast, desiLe for area specitic development plans and site selection crit'eia, concern for adequate monitoiing arrangements and grant/loan pitb and need t.o focus on negat.ive environment con2errns ,if any) Each of these issues has been addressed in Parts iI-IV of the PP, One of the most difficult issues, the Project's complexity, is discussed below, 2. The ComplexityImplici t in the Area Based MetEhodo&loy
The vaiue .i the area-based approach is that it organizes complemen:taty inputs and services to overcome interlocking constr'aints to development in a manner best suited to local conditions and potential. it deliberately avoids the oversimpIificatio, of. promoting one set of cropping practices or one technical "formula" for the widely varying agro-ecologicai conditions of Northeast Thailand. Accordingly, by design, NERAD provides for, a wide variety of possible intervent1c...',s from which local dec.sion-makers can select The Project is coriceLned with both the process of local selection and adaptation ol agricultural technologies will and the development,-.application o[ technologifS that a variety -,, rainfed ayicultutal situations. wok under and There is a price to pay ioL this necessaLL divai'sity flexibility, and that is added comphlety7. During the design process, the design team was that. while a multi-component, flexible farming well aware way to type approach is perhaps the mcst appropriate systems can be agricultu1.oi problems in rainted areas, it address taken to ameliorate difficult to impleierit if measures are not the inherent complexlty of the approach of NERAD a.e:pt5 to deal with the impications complexiry thrcuyh a vcir e,y 01 meichanrsmZ"
Lo roa itTechnicat ATpep a ,
Of the proposed it-is n,,t intended that a-l all a thne partici jf.t.ivoriC~fns ne introduced in activitieSif technical altihough s-ome _c..tThlfese 'are modi-, pating tambons and vi iiages,. P':';~ ta ~ ~ , . -. . ... m-rre e.fective extension ficatior of cropping systueNm , supplemental water ,esuurce deveiopment support, and technologies will these C t.CLeS, a Lew appropriate Within according to local conditions be selected in an. given area tris coLe set are to increase and needs,, The, Qb ctiv(C- of thL, cropping system to achieve rice ylelds and divefsiiY- more productive land o-e. as farming systems Other lnte6VentlonS such modificatioens, operations research, modificationS, sol./iead activities 'c,, ae orsideed suppo ting marketing suppot, ItuatiOns, contribute that they a,, in cetain in the sense and income. Yet they will to incr'eased pxodu'cion may greatly inol areas and, in some, not have the same pitnat..ia in ThetetOre oly a fe'w acivities not even be practcal. any given tambon g-cup will be selected for this supporting interest a prime CCr.Sideration or village, with armo. that ncne cit the proposed It, should be ncttd o. ,ad ically new tecnnoloCgies interventions repsert scope of activities of Many are w.thirn the usual in practices, in at ieast slme iocations government service pz',grams rice research project Foicexampie, the Thai/I'RRi but the NortheaStr of tainted rice varieties, developed a wide var ie~y What the has onlY at the province level., these have been tested provide a more attempts to do s to out project generally to planning and carrying coordinaK-ed approach supporting effective so th. they are mutuallY various intervefT. ion-, This irl turn should sited and managed,, than and effectively and econeoltx returns provide better socia1,,rablicial be expected.. might ot.herwise Constraints hIize Potzential Administrative within the be implerriented tot-taliy NEI con tr o I' I tic, Hride i -c ct C L1 r Gc I MOMC. NEl-I/ s capab~i ii ty to coc.... note thv P cuo .t i , ri ren ther, d thr i ugh additiorji,% staff cid consuitanL asi.,and its authority is being increased by pio a;.ng it thl& m(- -ilann~ng, budgeting, and Project iupport 'ule. hEahrPLo'ect activity will- berimplement ed-oy -..e- ist.i r gLine-depa .tnents.. that.-have--- regular responsibility for the activity"l N. "new" agencies are being formed although appaenLt weakrieE.es ir,departments' staffing levels, vutteach capab.rIt es and le,.eis of expertise are being addressed unde!- the Project Tra- n'ng (and in some cases, pay': will also be piovided directiy to repre sentatives of beneficiary groups so that they may help supplement efforts of the Lt:w,.rtc01*, agencies Finally, the consultant team is expted to be available to assist Project management early in the f,.-st year cof implementation, since the.collaboratve .'-istance -ar.gemtra. with the Universsty of Kent.uc'y ,!1! enable exped:tad procurement of assistance, Thi& .aziy avaliabijity of consultant assistance should help to reducu management bottlenecks before they become severe. c.. Ot'her Provisions to Assure a "Manageable Theh'-)P ett toz9et area has been reduced from the PID's six di StIcts c,;rnposed ot 30, UO tatm families to eight sub-districts {tambtns with less t.han. 10,000 farm families. The Project provide-- for a seven yea; implementa tion peyiod to include one yeaL tr llecessao recr 'uitment, and survey/design wozk ;as opposed procurement, organzation . six-year implemettatioJ pez.iod prop-aed n the PID). to the this AID/Thailand w:11 des'-ote more staff time -o monitoring Project than any OtheL in its porti-o10o 1on juil-time direct hire Aniec .car plus one and ine-half kuc± direct a projec,' c,';rr, tteCe'i, Two eA-P.an C.rVolunteers P hires and Project similar t.echnician, wi i be re r uited under the (or liaison to help monitor fLetd implementaiion and provide tield PE,.orre: consulafnts and A.D personnel. between RTG elsewhere in These priovisions are discusze6 in more deta-l this PP.. In addititor to the abo,,e, thL ughout the out. the most Project, attentWon will be given to seeking o, acce'ieated develop-a appropriate targets of opportunitt. -ny technological ment within the t:gEC tambors, Thu-S,. L,1oubd inn ov a ttions i nf. emee early ir the Zi)oecL a p: .cularlya o L promising, it i, p,'anned t,. incree te Z'js ur avilable for and stoif timne on thoS- aeas,. This concern resources -zject tL those inter selectiveLy limir mny emphasis in the i and socially vent.ions that ate muot attza t ve econcmicaliy to ge t .-i. £:o-.ject more naz-'owly as it matures, will ser-ve Crre will and further- simpl-'iy tne implerientat.ion piocess. - howeveu, so that .be taken that.tr. process is no'! pkemat.uLe, will It is expec'ted that the above mtchanisms ard that help to assure that the PLc]ect is manageable implementation prce&ds I ean y according to schedule. D. SunlmaL:IFindin iocia]ly and technically This Project .. ..orsidered tt.asible,. Cost estimates are sound arid admin siotvelY envi.ron and 1l.tgC,. Nc. significant negative reasonable mtets all appli e.fe ."ts are exps:c'ted The P oject. mental X. cable statutory crtetia pet Annex PART it- DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION A. Background I, Probiem D~let 1 ,,2t ior one-tn ; d of' the Northeast Tha-land contains about Ai.bhutgh half of land area and pc.puJat.C:fn of the nation. . aLe de'.octed tarmland,f:' the region's 17 m'lli.L, hectae irrigated pe:,;e1,t or this farmiand .- p:eSently less than five iizigabie trom reliable and only 20 percent -. potentially the more than two nc.-iI.Lon rural water sources.. Mo.zt o dp,:nd primarily Noi tnest must acc-jrdingl households in the pz.vide necessary rax:,tai .:,i the iegluri to on the ei'ati dependence- .' the unreliable and livestock wate." This crop loss due t.u ilooding or drought. rains often resuits -n ,.p water bupply farmers in Besides r undependable sandy, low also uontend wIrth gereraliy the Northeast must holding capacity., In soils thot have low wayer Northeast fertility It Is not surpLsing that of these limitati- 175pe.i capita incom" ot any region of Thailandview has rthe iK.st a nu iy ThailandThai-land htasi(,,. -)Il'qrnqr.Yitome,Io $O05-$130 -.hat half of . . T.. o r, a) 4., -l CN - -q r (N - rn - Tr-- -* -4 r >1 >1 > 144. %44J 41 4-1 4 1 0 d Ct. N 0 W- C)Ou a-4- Q)4W-U.L . u) -LW H " 4- "~L -- '~ 14 E-4 ~4JE 0) u0 . U'UT3 (1) W 00)w ) OJP'w I() I) u4w ) w00 1' 214 )4C W 4-'j "4 -~ m . 4) 4' 0 1 1,1 0 i U 4 ,l ,CL - Q)0 '- 4)(1 0 . 0J~ 0Upa w ~ 4t o i m )o (o nI t, " -n -jta, (U ) 1 ( C 0 -1 ( m r-N0 H. 4 r-4 )4J o =r 1) 0) iy I4 w )iI f IT I T I' I- r coa H H '- H H H c) a). 4- a) Ii '-I.' H~ H '0 r- 4" -1OOk w 0 ,f 13 011 r C) N 00 r, -1 IN% 4 X H 04 ro C) (j 4-)w LI~ r -- pW 0 1 0 x 44 COr r,4 ') D 01?0I HD oD 0: 0 D~ -IT 0 00 0L 0 r n-I D4 0.- .- Jq V,~ -4 - r D n M -DN 0 0 D)O 0 P0 C)) U 04 0' 03 o~>iia0) C: 0 .C .L4 ) '- 40IH 00t 0 0 Q) 0 44 0 04 0 ) 4J~~~~J (3 ~ ' L f O 1 0C. 'U >, 0 C; w 0 to:>4 0) f0 0, 1-, 0 0 ~ w L7. C NJ :3L U1 IU V) *t' m1 0 0i 4J1 ~ Hn (DD LOa I 1 Hu H U) M LA) L....L.. 1.1) 04 LVA,1 4';* 7 .- 7 . 01 ru (a .0 r 0 ( -7 "absoLute the -oughly tCurt etn-iHic n Tha-s 'L.v.ng -n poverty" (below $120 .nnially) are iio 0 ted -,c% this region. il-i s-nows "otbeiseleted socico-ecofaiic characteristics Figure areas, of the Northeast and the e.gnt Pro3ect Nortthest Thai tormei , nave ep~rded to their di fficuL 0c0nd i n z_ DY pl.a c'rng pfr__i tY on production of the iice r-eded fo r heir subs istence. Cash ps ae not a= the rice S .genera-l1y given the same degr'ee bf attentior, and opportunti.1. fcL .bher enterprises m.y be ignored crop rice if they apper T,1 &..fpere -,f.r fni,ct with r.:aaitional farming practice".. ro.a discussion on present agricultural tc Annex practices empLoyea b rht Northeast farmer refer IV, SubopT imal i-esearcn and exten'sion support. also developm-nT in tre re!.,o:,r, Rainfed agricultural constrrin ha; been *reseaich for Nottrieast Tna,adrj, lthz'ugh it in the past :0 to '5 -ears, stii has nct provided expand.ed rainied ,..iopping result, that cieatly indicate the cpturimum Furthermore, the resuiLs o' this ,esearch are not systems. sure that necessarily usable eveywhere and one :::nnot be wi l, Lnceci-e ii they ad'pt the new practices farmer s' incomes deticiency is under their spe 1ic far ming conditi-;ons This sucza.r ta.ctors: .I, faimong systems are diverse a result of widely from in Northeast and =nvit,.nmentira, t%'TEy the d,-:cpline or place to place; 2' mo.t ea n s rE-n and n,. address the fui, range of commoolty orier,.eO does dre often ir,facmnrig ,ystem-, t3;re:ea;ch LesuIts elements e 1iIe ro. been relevat to a l! "' 'tC.e not .tra -and-eror type subjeCt to ohoop.v jntt.ve,,ntyrftive, 6,d6-rm,:agr.-bu,- iess t'r/ms do in agricultoraof research iiythat mcre de v=loped Cjwult~les. ex:Cen£ro service Pr'.,blems wth the agLjcuitUL.l ton flows bettea'nr the research operations also, impedte :nlotffi of aid the tarmeLs The curent oepatment organizations .p..... , i,- placiing ar. extension griCUltUral EXten• is ziat.,"eCY new and (TEA; ;, eacr .. n T-,iad agent ls curentlY inpt.,Ed t.... prar-eM is still btng expect in 6c+ha large h-- prcbfI one w,,,u'd of experiencing undeetaking, inamely a shortage and rapidly eparmdirg = • n Ync.nexpe.tenced well-tfal ' perOri.l6n pe -or, ne .hic--esul[tb in' eandrice may not fully L- ip, rIfierit o prOgLani they people tryMY c1 n ,hara(.f is, ics furt.her Va:.;cus adrnriin trat. do understand, For example, TEP.s 9 ,DneraIly contra n TEA pett mcs (1Ce ,1V m= c e cst1o n TETD~': Ii -8 inot live in the tambihn they have no office in the rambon, no storage space for xtens'on materials, seeds, fertilizers, tools or, or.her demonstration materials and often no satis factory place for meei:lngs etc, Many do not have trans portat on. Even with signif~cant donor support. f-rom the IBRD and others in r'eCent years, these problems appear • mrla nly due.,to ch 'rot.jic,_ fu nd ing sho rtages - r4-f-heext ension program., OtherC const-raints that affec~t agricultural developmentL in tn.le Northeast include v'arioi. ptublems farmers have in obtaining and/or properly utllizing neIcessary inputs (credit, appropriat'e fertilizers, good seed) as well as obtaining infor'mat.,iCn on mArket: prices and demand generally. These constraintE vary irn their importance,, h wever, depending on such factors as cropping/'farmirng practices cf farmers, and their access to land, dependable informat.ion and input services. 2, RTGResponse to the Problems The RTG recognizes most cit: t e above problems and has taken steps t~o address them. The National Agricuitural Extension project which is,being carr:ied out with support from AID and the World Bank represents a masaive attempt to develop extension support: at. tne tamborn Level with an interim national goal of* ore extension 'gent per' 1,000 fai-m families, The World Bank and t-he Department of Agricuituie of MOAC are also beginning impiefnenvat:ion of' a National Re!ea'ch Tmprove ment Prsojet: which w i!! greatly st.rengtrern the crop production research activitie5 of the Department. A c:opp'ing systems institute whieh will be establi.shed under' the Research Project. will be especidlly supportive of the NERAD Project, and other intei'v'er',Lr 15 almed at impr '.i'ig the DOA' s organizatiun, staffing, and adapti'e resea'ch for rainfed agriculture will c:omp.ement NERAD's emphasis on strengthening research-eXt.enri'-Aci, ..nkageF.o The ONDP is funding a Lhree y-avt pr'oect which will a research assist the Deparment CA' Agricul.ture in developing program dir'ected at, tlt- impr'overlent"ainted of crop production technologies jnclud,'1g (ropping systemaS worK and the sharing rai ied .r ppng esea"ch results with other researchers .. of ocused on the in South and So harht Asia, This pro3eCt. is development of u y'.e '~research prog1am, ar, not the extensIEionfl of tec-hr&[,gy to farmers, beyond jilt .-iocation on-farm teSting. . - 9 - program UNiFAO is supporting an an-gsfng workshop on rainted crop xesearch and development. been In iecent years considerable research has on specific crops conducted by the Department of Agr.icuiture rainted areas around the country, including grown withLn corn, jute, cassava, peanut, cctton, soybeans, rice, kenai, vegetable mungbean castorbean, muiberry, and various sesame, Promotion fut tree crops. The Department of Livestock and disease control, has investigated butfalo and cattle breeding, in addition to screening a variety of forage and nutit.nCn, in some and management ptactaces ±or their sultaboliy crops a number of The Department of Fisheries has screened areas. types and fish spec.ies for their suitab:iJty in various of production. Likewise; lhon Kaen Universaty, scales institutions as Kasetsart University, and other academic on various particular well as NEROA have contributed research crops, forages, and animal specles been A substantial amount of this research has provinces on var.ous research statizns arcund the conducted have oeen conducted of the Northeast region, and some trials lands and indvidual tarms. Experience on village commun.ty been into :mplemertation problems have alsc and insights programs of the through the various fOrmer ass.stance gained still DOF, DOA, and NEROA. Although much DOAE, DOLD, has resulted tD be done: in the aggregate this work remains species and considerable body of xnewledge regarding in a foi a number of cultivar selection and producricn practices in rainfed area7. the agricultural commodities produced this work, however, has not yet been locally most of and soc;v verified under the full range of ecoloq.cai rainfed areas of the economic condition8 characterist:c of Northeast Region, e~f itns contr.ibuting to agr.cuitural Other ot Land the Northeast include the Department development of sci.l prcgiams to survey and class.fy the Develcpment's develop soil ot the regin and p.iot piograms to resources pr~ctices. resource conservat'on and .mprC.ement and water of activities Royal Forest Department also has a variety The techniques zor the aimed at developing suitable maragement of the region, but -mplesm -at..cn has Forest Reserve areas on these dU iargely tc the prestcre exei d been dififcult iid additional vwllage.s seeing iirewovd, charcoat, areas by v.:es include for crop cult'varnar1 so curtent act land v.ilage and farm-level pilot efforts fo tne development o woodlots - 10 Khon -. [W:Jn.ve(-s ty, with assistanc froin the Ford F .anton, h ocp*n analyz.,ng rainfed ,'roppJng systems ad .... r five years, Curtent efforts include expan..n of tnre -nteidisciplinary nature ot their w#:tk by stleogthen~ng the econom.c and social sc3.ence aspec7_s of ,hsr pr9yt.m. The Wclid Bank is a.Iso supporting a rainfed agri cu2tu,:- devep:.'t p.lot projct as cne ':omponert of their Northern Agr*.cu:tuial. Development P:r.ecr, Th e prc-ect will include act.iv.rie pr,ma!rly based cri ICRISAT-developed models. This appr.a._h is characterized by relatvely capital :nrensive LO'd 5hap~ng activities, ad m.3ny of the implementation prcblems generally aEscc.ated w.th this approach, e g need i-,r large scale land c:.nsolidat..on, are be.ng addressed by conducting ths condu-t.ng this activity entirely within an RTG Land Reform Area. EEC ha piovide d grant a .s)stance';r a crop di;e '=f:cat'Ton prcect ri Northeast Thailand which will explore somc copp.ng aiternatives to cat.sava, and will look for methodF r pzomut.e product:vityiri:D.xe ,ncreases in rainfed areas. Other impc.: ant efforts cu-rently underway in the Northea3t Ly the RTG and dcnor ccmmu.:ty include the following: FTG Land Ser~ements Div,.s .n iLSE! zt the Public Welfare Deartmen T h- 1rrogram to prtrmcte agr.cultuial product.v.ty ,n Lar.d Sett.ements, the vast ina3._rry cf which are in rainfed are.:. AID is supporting these ef:cr f through a Land Settle:ments Project iNo 493-0259) directi- at improving larJ) utlizor.-fn in 8 settlements i tj! Northeast Thailand, :n a Seric..i.tuteSettlements Pr:jzct -No.493-0271) a -med at rtnrcduc.ng modern "ericu''ore technc.,ogy to t,,e Settlements; and the Nethe: ian.ds, Culany, and iBRD also have projecc£ tc ais:'r :n zrie LSD program, Thecie erforts are all limited to tne 56 areas.admnn.stered by the LSD. Decena.z d Developmet Efr t-3_. have been carried Dut nreent years oinrt.iy tbrough the Changwat Development Program (CMP; , the New V:, age Development Pr.gram NVDi,--wh.ct also ass:;ted by the Japanese OECF--and the Ruf.-i Eniploymen Gonet ;ton P-og: m (REGPI These are crj-gc.ng prcgtam that 1 ,iv, the SULL11striCt (tambon, and v,4.'age level oanzat.rus :. planning and primarily--roads, 6arry±ng out infra'.tructaire pro3ects More than $20 million was allocated bri'dges, wate resources, in unde: these th.ree ptograms to the four provinces .nFY 80 of these witlbe1m-1emeedArrecen-h.N.RAD- review d for USAID by the Thai Nattonal Institute p,,gzams conducte that all Admfn.stration i.ndicated, however, of Development selections, were consra 'ned by quest.ionable site of them detailed guidance from Lnadeqi.ire techn -at support, overly n a l . insufficient preparation central )Na'rOf committees, and time ifo 6ub-prOect. 3, Ade. o Response ., directed at increasing Each A, the ab-'ve programs a rural areas and each has at least agricultural i.i,:..me5in has Lomponent. No project to date, however, partial rainfed to the major to deve\O.p a coordinated response agricultural attempted arm-level production constraxnts to perceved area-based development ir ra~nfed areas. A cordinated locally perceived needs, development appro6.,-that addresses process of technology trials, .2 highly ;n.teractive through resource .institut,:jnal development and human extension, NERAD Project, This approach development--s pp.:,sed in the b mobilizing the range of available will be implement.ed in the identification MOAC research and dev;elopment resource.= Lon oli .ey overall iatmio-g ystem production and alleviat -, the in speciftc areas selected to represent, constraints agricultural production major range of var..atLifn in rainfed A replicable project of this nature zones of the Northe-.st- approaches to lmpot,. nt gap in the various should till an point in The Northeast and cou!.d very well development fac:.Iivate development in toward the must appopiiate ,uay T.o this %e~n B. Detai.led Des- tono_p I Deveiopm nt Pio .ess inxt~ate a process which The NERW Ptoje--t will constrai4nts jmi.; r agricultural prductio wi.am'lji- the of this PP areas as d-s!:ussed in the ba.miggrou.nd in rainfed ty ' low so:1 iert..k.ty, extreme rainfal vaz;ab'.l (low poor linkages between productivity of tarm,-;g systems, of , This process .s composed research -extefl , rme: fi.ve componenrf: - rqi ' - 12 a) Prov.d.ng a suitable process framework for matching farmezs' needs to government resources and cap abilit-,es. b) Establishing a research and demonstration program re.spons.ve t: iarmers' needs for continuous development and zefinement of rainfed farming systems. c) Assist:ng farmers to adopt farm~ng practices su:table to land, climate, and soclo-economic conditions in their areas ("tarming practices" can relate to cultural pract:7e4 ror crcps, water utilization, animal husbandry, fisherieE, sertculture, land development and soil con servation as appropriate), di Providing adequate extension and other agricul}ural services to farmers to support the utilization of the .mproved practices. e) Assisting in the development of available water resources for supplemental agricultural and domestic uses These outputs will be established through AID supported ..nterventions of technical assistance, training for farmers and extension personnel, temporarily intensified RTG technical support tn the target areas, equipment purchases/conzitruciion cf facilities to improve extension and research eftorts, funding for water resources development and land/soii mcdifications, and funding for surveys, mapp~ng, data gither~ng, research efforts and demonstrations necessary for the 3ove operations. 2 Strt.eqy The genD:,. stiategy of this Project is to demonstrate the iehsibility and establish the replicability of the auove process for improving the economic well being of faxmers in ra..nfed areas of Thailand so that the RTG will be in a position to continue the process on a larger scale. In Thauland, as in many other countries, agri cultural research and technology development and area development pro~e:t; have long focused on increasing pro duction in irrigated areas, where the environn;ent for crop production can be rel ably modified through th; controlled application of water and high level's o plant. nutrient and - 13 plant protection inputs. A new approach is required for agricultural development of rainfed areas, however, since farming practices must be introduced which are adapted to the local natural environment. The complexity of selecting and adapting the various technolog~caL options available is obvious, but the RTG feels it must attempt to develop an approach to rainfed agricul:ural development which can overcome these obstacles if it is to fulfill what it perceives to be a pressing mandate--to zaise .ncome and improve the standard of living ±n poor rural ateas. The Fifth Five Year Plan (1982-1987) outline stresses the need for pri rity allocation of public sectcz resources and services to low income areas and groups, thus 'ontinuiag and expanding the equity initiatives of the last plan, in furthering its role in the implementation of this plan, the MOAC ; particularly interested in a development process which can reach a broad range of low-income farm families -n rainfed areas and make efficient use of available resou:ces without a massive input of capital or personnel. The NERAD Project attempts to develop an approach for dealing with this situation in a systematic manner, and is intended to serve as the init.ca phase of a major program to improve rainfed fatming throughout the Northeast Region. The strategy of the NERAD Project has five basic organizing concept- which systematize the approach to this large and complex problem: a. Selection of a sma1i sample of tambons represen tative of the diversity of agro-ecological and aro-economic conditLons in the Northeast Reg:on. The Project will be to only e7ghtof Northeast Tha~land's 1,076 tambons, limited eight located in four of the Region's 16 provinces. These however, were selected both to represent the major tambons, present range of agro-eco'og cal and agro-economic variation in the Northeast, and to serve as dispersed demonstrations of the potential or rainfed farming system development. vary in many general agronomic and socio-economic Tambons Figure characteristics, several of whIch are presented in 11-2 (see Annexes IV, V and VII for more detail). FIGURE 11-2 Important Regional Variation Sampled by Project Tambons PROVINCE: Si Sa Ket Nkn. Phanom Chaiyaphum Roi Et Na Na Kwang Nong TA14BON: Taket Tae Thon Ngua Lahan -jon Kaew Muang ANNUAL RAINFALL (nu): - .10 Probability Rainfall Less Than 475 475 762 762 427 213 639 588 - .50 Probability Rainfall Less Than 1,072 1,072 1,530 1,330 924 580 1,214 1,156 WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL: Identified Small-Scale sites for: - Natural Swamp Rehabilitation 6 5 5 2 0 10 28 9 - Submergable Water Structures 0 0 3 0 10 0 0 0 - Embankment Water Structures 0 0 14 27 5 5 0 4 Shallow Well Potential med med low low none high high high FAR.M LAND USE: Total Farm Size (ha) 3.45 3.36 6.10 6.65 5.30 5.30 4.07 3.76 Percent of Area with Ful- Title 100 93 69 79 90 76 100 61 Percent of Area in Rainf,-d Paddy 95 96 74 83 67 84 93 92 - Percent of Paddy Plant-d (1979) 95 94 86 82 62 76 94 90 - Percent of Paddy Harvezted (1979) 87 84 62 65 35 64 90 81 - Percent Glutinous Rice Planted 18 24 92 93 5 .85 86 73 Rice Yield (tons/ha. planted) 1.3 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 - Percent of Rice Sold 30 41 18 22 11 33 32 34 Percen1u of Area in Cash Crops 10 8 4. 3 21 11 17 5 FA'R4 LOCATION: Approximate distance (km) to -all-weather road 1.0 3.9 16.1 4.2 0.2 1.8 0.7 2.2 -provincial capital city 15 20 125 90* 30 80 15 40 -Bangkbk 555 550 780 680* 300 420 525 550 *Sakon Nakhon is 40 km. away and is therefore the closest provincial city and shortest route to Bangkok. - 15 b. Utilization of landform characteristics to guide the research, development, and extension of suitable igricultural technology. The ecological microvariability exhibited within the various subregional zones and adminis trative areas of the Northeast Region, including Project tambons, correlates most closely with geomorphological land forms. These landforms may be classified into flood plains, low terraces, middle terraces, and upper terraces, according to how they are situated in the unduldting to rolling topo graphy of the Region, as depicted in the following diagram (Fig 11-3): MIDDIL E II 2 , , n il I, : ', UPPER MIDDLEL . LOWW iTERRACE !':'iVg TERRACE TERRACE FLELI 1','';1. FIGUREII..3 Relative tocatia of. Majr Lfrits of Northcaet Thailad"j Each of these landforms has its own set of soil and water regime characteristics, including water holding capacity, drainage, fertility, erodability, etc. Under rainfed condi tions these characteristics will determine such variables as general cropping patterns, optimal planting dates and r-r,, ,]rc;tior., ard '.±'/rintlialy7 crop production. The agronomic suitability of a particular agri cultural practice can thus best be predicted by classifying the local area where it was developed and the area where it may be potentially applicable according to the general climatic characteristics and the specific landform on which the site is located (see Annex V). Therefore, the NERAD Project will use climatic and landform characteristics as the basis for systematizing project activities and cate gorizing potential sites for activity replication. Project planning has thus far made a general w:ussjUnII.. Of the mix of landforms pr based on reconna;Esan:e-level soil and topographical maps and site vsits, but detailed soil, contour, and land capabil.ty maps will be prepared for each Project tambon during initial stages of project implementation. FIGURE :,-4 - Landscape Charactezstics of Pzo ect Tambons PROVINCE- S : Ket Nkn Phanom Chaiyaphum Roi Et TA4BON; Na Na Kwang Nong Na _ake. Tae Thom Nyua Lahan Jon Kaew Muang TOTAL LAND AREA 'ha 2,000 992 10,800 10,240 7,520 12,240 6,560 6,240 % Flooded Land 0 0 40 0 18 0 0 0 % Paddy Land 100 100 14 75 42 65 93 75 % Upland/Fofe. CULTIVATED AREA :ha) 1,300 800 3,500 4.900 6,000 .0,000 4,500 3,200 % on Flood Piain 0 0 30 0 20 0 0 9 % on Low Terrace t00 100 31 61 25 53 89 63 % on Middle Terrace 0 0 21 33 27 34 10 25 % on Upper Perrace 0 0 18 6 28 13 1 3 Thus by providing ar rtnens.ve effort to refine and implement new agricultural tech-nology and agricultural development methodologies suitaoie Tor the various conditions represented in these few tambons, the Prcect w:l1 be developing a basis for future larger programs applicable over a broad range of the envoronmentai conditions encountered by raLnfed agriculture in the Northeast Region. In additicn, it will systematically test ind:vidual technological inn,:vations which may be dis seminated througr more informal channels. c. Attenticn to the range of farming activities currently engged nn j-armers and suitable for further development. Most rai in -iit~ure in the Northeast is characterizied by primary attention to the basic subsistence rice crop Although other farming activities have a secondary priority, they are usually significant in terms of family cash income, nutrition, draft power, fuel, and p,"ential for development, especcaliy if rice producticri can be stabilized - 17 - FIGUI PROVINCE: Si Sa Ket Nkn. Phanam 0-iayaphum Roi Et Na Na Kwang Nong Na TAMBON: Taket Tae Than Than Lahan -jon Kaew Muang HOUSEHOLD LAND RESOURCES: Total Farm Size (ha) 3.45 3.36 6.10 6.65 5.30 5.30 4.07 3.76 -Percent Rainfed Paddy 95 96 74 83 67 84 95 92 -Percent Upland Fields ns ns 17 6 26 13 1 3 HOUSEHOLD LAND UTILIZATION: (1979-80) Percent Area Planted -DWring Wet Season 91 91 66 68 53 72 90 82 -During. Dry Season 9 8 1 2 10 3 17 5 -'lb Rice 90 91 63 67 42 64 90 82 -lb Cash Crops 10 8 4 3 21 11 17 5 Percent Households Grcwing -Cassava 0 0 10 4 24 1 0 6 -Kenaf 0 0 13 3 12 34 4 1 -Waternelon 83 30 1 8 1 0 42 2 -Beans 27 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 -Maize 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 -Other Cash Crops 4 1 1 3 12 2 3 38 OTHER FARmIUNG ACTIVITIES: Household Livestock Owned (approx. total value - US$) 750 600 1,100 1,300 1,100 650 600 700 Percent Hkuseholds Having Availability Problem With -Place to Fish 89 78 40 20 10 56 32 50 62 63 -Firewood/Charcoal 68 90 37 7 79 46 HOUSEHOLD INCOME SOURCES: Total Not Inccae* Sources 959 (US$) 848 902 688 671 807 808 1,222 Major Income Sources (US$): -Net IRice Incane * 480 497 384 399 200 542 611 557 -Net Cash Crop Incme 112 93 92 26 253 80 243 72 -Net Animal Incu., 44 51 118 82 109 102 102 106 -Net Off-Farm Incom 201 165 82 130 188 84 189 174 *includes value of subsistence rice, other sources of incane and deductions for rent, interest, and misc. wrk expenses. **includes value of subsistence rice. - 18 and inten. f'ed cr the soA is best suited tor rice production, (See Annexes IV a.nd V Farm famz:1es in rainfed areas of Noxthenst Thailla, have genezally developed a mixed farming strategy cver a pe.od ot many years, which usually includes cropp!O.], UvesticK, f.shery, and forest product components. The paitnolar ag:zcultural production practices chosen : sopplemen. rice pzoduct:=n vary from area to area and fam.ly tctaT. 'y depending on the land, environmental, socic-econsmic. and techno-ogical resources at the disposal of a farm twm:.y When suffic-enT constraints to this produc tion system occu. t.ey have turned To non-farm and off-farm employment. Figure 11-5 gives mean tambon values for several major activities :mpc.tant in Project areas. Past etrczts to vno:ease the production from cash crcpsl 'tac, o o othez iarming act.' ities in rainfed areas have orren met w :th limited su.-acess, trequently due to various faiming system p:cducticn constraints wFich were overlooked in the development wi the pr.posed improvements. For example, potential cash cxips with seasonal labor requ-rements con flicting with rice p:wduction, oL attempts to establish permanent pustures in areas from whi.ch farmers at least in some ye6:s expect a crop The same problem has occurred in many deveiop~ng countries where small zarms have developed traditionsl mixed ioming systems to cope with difficult. conditions and L:mited resourres Although a number 0t technological options are available, there q ro one technological "miracle" in sight fox the tainfed rd±.:an of Northe.ast Tha.land Enough techno logy has been de,elcpod and er'ugh is known about the poten tial to: dew.ei.ment of various farming act±,0ities, however, that it ran bp re.sonably expected thor through careful analy.,°s. -ef.nemrt, and field testing or technological innovattonns, incrementai improvements Ln var.ous ot their farming p.ractices can, in the aggregate, amounn tc a sub stant.al increase :n averall agricultural productivity and incomo Ea-h area, however, will have "ts own set ot activitxen w.th the most development potential. As dis.ussed ;n paragraphs a) and b), above, the env.. snmental parameters of the farm resource base can be class.itM- acccd.rnq to climatic and landform charac terist.cs These :e the env.:mento1 constra .ts within which tro vr'su- tor.m.ng sy ".ms must p.rate. , d addi tional constra.. .. th.n these axeas ate determin.d by socro-ecs;[cmic .-ctot- It is the intent oL the NERAD - 19 Proje-,t to tully utilize existing technolog.es potentially ber.e .cal to ia-mers by using wia. h-s beern termed "operati.&nal research" t3 analyze the va:.ou ftarmlng systems -n the ielected tainbons a63 their production constraints The Project will determ.ne w'idt ccnstraints can be 4ddtezsed by refir .ng currently pXOmsLng te hnology to ilt .into lc.:al todming systems, and a.-.ist farmers in applying th .erined technology to :mplement changes which will ar:v:ease nai'm product.- ty and farm .n7ome. Successful applications or tech.n,-vjy will serve as a bis- for replicatlon in ::.Ie areas i.th sim.lai condtLons, wnile researchabie quei,',on" and pr.'bl.ems which aze identified but beyond the scope oi th.. Project, w.ll be reierred to appropriate agencies and inst tutons t r turther ..ng-term or more basic rzsearch Th,- unif'ed approach t; transformational farming £ystem de--e.opme-nt s widely v'.ewed as the best possible ptcspect f,-)r .mprzvement of farm ir.Tome in rainfed areas Cr Nozreasr Thailand d StrsU-thenin2 cf local inst'.tutionc- and human resources tc de- w th loc pob ni i Ult.mately .t is the people of Fhe ,oa.- commun.t: es wo mustue s and implement any modif.catici tu ther, p.esent farmng pLact ces Local leaders and oft .. is wll be assi.-ted .n assess. ng local agricultural ccr. .:.rnte and potent.=a methods for addressing those c.onstza.-nts, and Ln io~mulat...ng deveiopment plans which w.11 mat.:h Loca reeds with RTG re-"ccr-ez and capabi lities MOA. age:ncy per i-nnel wi ll gin expei.ence in coordinating the:r act.v.tes r..:=st in soiv.ng 6.ei-speclfic problems. ResearcP iield t r.zis, demonstrations, 3.d extension trials will be .cnduc'ed .n c pe:on w~th extericn agents, Contact and Specia.. ', Fa,.zrvrs, -nd tarm fam".Aes, so that they car: learn about bcrh the range Df "'*.p types and farming p:ar.ce currentl.y ava..,ibile n.d the methodologies for asse,5slrmy the.- k,,obility under 1o,.ul co!)d.t.cns Training will be ottered ,n skills ne essa.y t.. implement locally-f':rmulated pair.. One impcrtant innovat.on ot the Pxcject i: to develop a trained ckdre -.1 Spe--,alist Farmers, which will put spe.'cii sk .lls in place at the village and *Amphol Senanarong, ",-D-ve.topmenr and Transfer of Technology for Rainfed Crop Pr.cducti:.n in Thailand". In ICRISAT, (1980) Procedings of the ir.ternational Symp). n Development and Transter o Te:T.orhnco0 RainfedAr Icu~ture and the SAT Farmer t"Z V" r ';" - 20 tambon level tc supplement the ero:rts of extension agents and Contact Farmers withonL requi:ng a major increase in RTG stafring levela .The Contact and Specialist Farmer Concept are desca.bed in Parts II B-4 and III C-3-) These temporary intenaive eircrts of the Project will all seek to help farm far'iges, .Lowl.ieaders, and local officials in solving UK-i if.c set of pz:biemsi thereby reducing the need fc per al-intensive future activities and providing important sv tor the tambon extension agents. Such activities w sn help to close the gaps between agricul tural researth, extension, and farmers' needs and circumstances, by estaclisbing a feedback system based on interaction between these groups, This will, in turn, prov.de a mechanism for a more etficlent utilization ot research and development resources available to the agencies of the MOAC e. Atnentwon to the re 1cat:.on potential of all Pro3ect activite The cores f the Project will be the refinem n-eIensicn or farming system improvements appropriate to the vazious cond. tiona of the Northeast by identifying and addresp.ng key azea-spec:f' constraints in several different types or areas. Ultimateiy, the Project aims at a cost-elfeni.ve system isr increasing farm produc tivity which may be w-dely replcated. Replication of Project actvt.es w1l involve both i; the application of the same area-speciZf-c problem solv:ig approach to other areas, including the crganization of local farmer activities, government .ntervent~ons, and supporting services; and (2) diffusion c proven agr.zultural technology to other areas with sim~iar agro-ezoiogical and a co-econsm~c conditions. Adm.ttedly. the unit costs of this Prc~ect are substantial--rc'oghiy $250 per intended beneticiary. Unit costs of this magnitude aze to be expected n a project which propcses to tonance multiple, compiementary functions and requ.res eypenditures over a seven-year peciod- The ability of tne RTG to tepincate the Project, however, will depend upcn teducing unit costs over tame- This lowering of unit costs should occur becau se of beveral factors: ?i) The need Mor consultant asistance and asscclated overhead costs will g9eatly dec:eae zr be eiAminated once a group of RTG managers and techn.:anB have gained expe..ernce in the areabased approaOh to ranfed agzxiultural deve.. ment under NERAD. (21 Succ-.siL... technologies will spreid .o other areas of the Northeast both through the :egu!aw extension program and through :n:vzmal transter processes such as the copying of suzcessfu! practices observed .r NERAD areas - 21 be a reduction of specoal "project-related" (3) There will as supplemental water resource development costs involving villages to provide basic water needs to poor rural programs Project repli become generalized throughout the Northeast. project approach to cation could then introduce the overall endowed with ponds, tambons and villages that are already wells, etc- reduced Apart from the facilitating effect of promote replication unit costs, the Project will consciously means: ?W) The emphasis on collecting through several will provide a information crn soiis, rainfail, etc. detailed under which solid basis for understanding the environment and, concomitantly, for certain technology produces benefits for introduction of the same selecting areas suitable to Pro~ect tunds will iUnance activities technology, (2) which and disseminate Knowledge about techniques identify technical useful, including: speca.al studies, appear radio programs, reports, workshops, rield days, newsletters, handbook of operational met- and a periodically updated and of the existing extension structure hodologies. (3) Use levels of othe: orficials at amphce nd province involvement innovations will will mean that information about successful government officials in immedlately get intc the hands of innovations elsewhere the best position to promote these within their jurisditicn. promote Other aspects of the Project which with the four replication include .ts direct associaticn committees and existing provincial agrwcotur.i development ccmmittees, and its training/seminar regiona ,nati.Ona! officials will introduce a wide range of RTG components which who have respon an local merchants) to the ?ro3ect (as well of the 8 tambons. sibilites/Aitetests in areas outside 3. Tacti five organizing needs to be emphasized that these it of an agricul are to be used in the establ::hment concepts timbonB. Considerable tural development process in ProjecL the implementation of this flexibility will me required in in order tc assure the suitability of type of Projezt Therefote, activities to local cizrumniances, Project derailad ombcn imple rather than devplsp even .llustrative the .ch would have a tendency to p:e-empt mentation plans Project resolution of local ptcblems, NERAD cooperative the range of design activities have fzcused on def.cg - 22 local resources (see Annexes II, IV, and V11), the range of available promising technolcgy (see Annex V), and a system and p:ocedures for implementing Project activities (see Annexe- V, VI1, and VIA"I). The first year of Project Implementation will be primari y ccncerned w th ret;.n..ng lcnow ledge of available resources and techno...gy, establishing the organizational and admn.strar've system, and be;.nninq the project imple mentation pzoeceai At the Project tambon level, the first stage of this orccets will ;nvc.ve v:Llagexs, local leaders and off.iciais and Pro3ect personnel -n the development of tambon-speci.fic plans. Initial plans w'l31 focus on (a) the locat:on and natute of frrst-stage demonstratiLons of the most promising cropping systems improvemenrtF to address locally perceived needs, ib' the extensc.cn of one or two broadly applicable improvements whch would gain local ccnf~dence by giving quick highly-visibLe results, such as native poultry improvement, and (c) site selection for water resource act-IvIties which require substantial lead t-me for planning and construct-on, Plans approved by the Pr-ject D.Lrector will be required before the implementation of Xeiated activities. As Project -.mplementati.on proceeds and the amount of knowledge and experience ,egard.ng local problems grows, plans will be revised, Once activit.ies are successfully implemented or determined to lDe mpract.cal, new ac:cv-ties wi..l begin to address add.*.tional local proolems_ Speczal attentcn will be given to keeping the number of impiemenratIon activities in a given tambon to a manageable level, both ;n terms of Project administration and the time and effoz required by farmers to evaluate the met-ts of proposed farming impr:ovements, and receive zny zequ red training. Thus, P: ezt tactics include both "top-down" and "bottom-up" app: 5.chle The prov.i&ion cr intormation about possibil:.tes tbrough f.eld research, demorns~ratlons and other extensi.on X.hods w.'. proceed f.tim the top down in more or less th c.onventional manner but at an accelerated pace and with a mz.:e ..ntegrated approach by the agricultural technic.ans invoied -n this effort, Thes effort wLI present r.c the ::u; reas a vacety ci potential practices which might be adcpted- A dec~s.on on some pract:.ces, for example to use iert:i.izer, can be made by an Ind. idual farmers, In ithet :as. tne deo;-sLcn w.ll. need t. be made on a village o g:.,ip bass., for example, to devebDp a village woodlot or to develop a small water resevucir. Group adoption - 23 may also be necessary in 2ome cases in order to achieve economies of scale in piovision of adequate technical resources, development of markets, etc- The decision to implement a particular aztivity will, however, be made at the lowest feasible level and only be subject to review at higher leveis for tezhninal feasibiity, conformance with overall pc.lcy and constraints of project or other funding if such axe invoived, The top-down techrial suppa:t activities and the bottom-up decision making actvlties overlap at the village level, At this level farmers inter act with extension, technical support and 1coal government personnel in the examination cf farming systems and in conducting research and demonstration activities, in village level educational programs, and in decision making meetings, This interaction is considered to be the vKtal process in the Project, It is, after all, farmers who develop farming systems. The researchers and other agricultu.al technicians whose job it is to provide the technca! rescutcea for farming system improvement therefore need t: develop theEn resources in conjunction with farmers it is also the farmers either individually or coilectively who must make the changes which will bring about increased productivity and income. For them to make sound decisions they must have knowledge of the possibilities based either on theiz own experience ow on sources they trast- Village level interaction of farmers and tecbnicians will provide oppoctun~ties fot both in creasing the fazmers" Xnowledge and developing their trust in the knowledge oi te.teahnicna, an well aE increasing the techn. onso ondetstanding of problems faced by farmers. Farmers' dea.szcns tc adopt changei in p~aztices or enter prises may also require support in the zcrm of infrastructure development, tra~nr:ig, and initial teohnLcal and financial support to reduce the perceived rLsk, and these are provided for in the Projecr 4, Logica! Framework Narrative a, Sector Goal This Project contributes to a goal of the Royal Thai Government to taine the level of living of e farm population Tn Northeast Thailand The gaa is cc. ostent with the FY 8! and FY 82 USAID Thailand CDSS which focus on agricultural devsiopment particularly n the Northeost region. - 24 - Movement. towards the goal can be measured by government stat.isT..ca± pubt.cations and will also be moni tored by surveys conducted in connection with this Project and by other' surveys routinely conducted by RTG agenci.es. Achievement of thit goal depends or: zontinued RTG policies for and support :f spe-.z,. developmental activ~t_.es .n the Northeast it -s assumed that :irmers .inthe Project areas des.ie to _.nrea4*e the4r level ot ±.',virng thrcugh increasing agricultura'- ..du:t;v .ny and income., It is also assumed that icer :nccome rarm9.:$, are wiling and able to t6Ke advantage or improved econcmic oppo.tur.tn.es. MOAC has on going and planned progLam= to improve extension and research. It is assumed that these activitles w: continue as planned and accordingiy provide an :ncr.as..ny level of support for project activities A.D/Thaiar.d has no reason tc doubt any of these assumpt.1ons. The assumptions relat.ng to achievement of the goal also apply to ach..evement of the Project purpose. b Praoect Purpz.'e The purpose of this Project is to establish in 8 replesentat- ve ta oons of Nottheast Thailand a replicable agxicultuxal develc;pment pz., gram for increasing farm productivity and farm 1income pai'r.L, ularly amonq lower income farmers :n rainied agr:U'tu.:ai zones, It, is expected that the Pro-ect w',." enhance farm fam.ly income both through increasing net cash income and through Lncreasing the amounts and k:nds nt hcme cznium.d p.rcduzts- The increased consumption of iarm products by iarmefs may be a result of greater consumption of staples but will mtore lkely result from .ncreased c:,nsumptLon oi products such ae poultry, fruit, and Legetbb".es C-. End ort Pro1ect Sta~z3 It i expected that the Project will reduce the percentage f farm fm'ies in the Pro-ect tambons with incomes below tne p.-ve:ty level ia defined by the World Bank) from the -.rzent levei of apprcx.mateiy 55 per cent of the approxlmaceiy 10,000 fami.lies based cn the NERAD house hold survey, to 40 per cent &daxzi-ng the 1..fe of t. Project. This represent.s ed;.?$. of 25 per cent £fn the .,umber of poor, Average vLnoe nc:mes are below the nat,.&nal average, and real :-.ncreases in farm .ncomes in the target - 25 tambons will tend to reduce this disparity. Achievement of this objective by the end of Project assumes that tiie distribution of income will become no worse than it is currently. The Project will monitor and evaluate the impact o± Project activities on the various local income groups, and a special investigation will be conducted to further define the causes of poverty in project 4reas. It is expected that the Project's management, research and extension techniques for conducting agricultural development on an area basis will be replicated by the Ministry of Agicultuxe outside the Project tambons and that such plans will be under cons-ideration by the end of this Project. It is planned that by the end of the Project the agricultural development program in the Project tambons will be sustained by the regular agricultural agencies. It is not expected that the rate of introduction of new ini.tiatives in the Project areas will be maintained after w...thdr-..., of Project suppcrts but that the system will be capable of both main taining the end-of-project status and imprV,ing it through new initiatives By the end of the Project the area-besed farming syste'ms development program will have produced useful results for the Project areas and be capable of both further extension of more productive technology to other similar areas and applying similar techniqe? to the site specific problems of other areas. Conversely, those acti vities in the Project that do not meet expeotations should at least generate a useful number of "lessons learned" that will help in deciding further directions for development. End-of-project status will be verified by RTG agricultural statist-cs, by comparison of preimplementation and end-of-prcjact survey results and by Project reports, site visits and evaluations. d. Outputs/Inputs The difficulties of making more than marginal improvements in rainfed agriculture in the Northeast sug the development of site specific technolog- 3 to gests The encompass a varie. of farm enterprise possibillt, -so from diverse and lnhosp~table environment clearly benef-ts Project provision of a comprehensive series of inter-related - 26 outputs, Howevez, within the various output, components listed below, the improvement of farming pract.ices through the adoption of appropriate cropping systems and related farming systems :s the core of the Prc3ect, These are strongly suppor-ed by the farming sysrems research and extension components, The development of. water resources is justified on the basis of its felt need by Northeastern region farmers and th's component will serve as an important facilitative mechanism for farmer part.c:pation and will interact with the cr pp;ngifarnm.ng systems components by providing supplemental water. The technology development process does not require that the vari.ety of activities described wlthin each of these components be undertaken simultaneously. Rather, these act.ve.ties reflect the number of possib±lit.ies presently thought appropriate to rainfed agriculture that can gradually, over Project life, be introduced Given the predominance of rice pro duction in the area, clearly the croppi.ng systems and farming systems activities will be the first to be empha- sized. Based upon the Tambon Plans to be developed the first year, and to be annually updated, the other modifi cations listed _n these sections will be gradually phased into the Prc.ect C'l> FarmiLng practices Su..teble to Land, Climat.c and Socio-Economic Conditons Adcpted Surt:ble farming practices will be demonstrated and extended for suns-stence/cash crop cultural technologies, water uti.i.zat-_on, animal husbandry, fish production: fru't and tree crop plant producti.on, sericulture, and landisoil management as appropriate to felt. needs and environmental ind s .c.o-econom.c condi.tions in each tambon. a) CzopP:ng _SystemS Proposed cropp-ng systems modifica tions are based on the concept of developi.ng practices suitable to the ex.sting iand forms--flood plain, low, middle and hgh ter-ace--which correlate generally with soil types and water supply. Th.rteen specf-,c types of modifi cations are suggested to stab.lize subsistence r. - production and :ncrease zash -cp production, inciuding rice n some areas, (See Te' nn.t:al Analysis for detz" Isl Implementation of these and other mcdit£catons whi-b may be developed as the Pro3ect progresses will be suppcrted by a sequential process of feld research (where necessary), demonstration - 27 trials and extension trials utilizing extension and tech nical support personnel and farmer-specialists trained under the Project. tbi Other Farming Systems Modifications In addition to cropping systems modificationj the Project has identified five other farming systems modiications for Project zmplementatLon. House hold Poultry improvement will provide interested villagers with one week of training plus improved male birds and initial supplies Ln order to introduce disease control measures, improved feeding practices and an improved genetic base to the ubiquitous household poultry enterprise, By controlling disease (up to 90% mortality of young chickens) and providing some additional nutrients, productivity can be greatly increased without changng the basic nature of the production method nor the market preference enjoyed by birds produced in this manner It is expected that these improve ments can result in an annual increase of more than 275,000 birds and more than 55,000 dozen eggs by the end of the Project, This represents an increase of 275 per cent over the approximately 100,000 birds currently being raised in Project tambons By addressing disease and parasite problems, the Largex Animal Improvement activity can greatly reduce the 30-40% mortality of young animals and prevent epidemfcs, Improvement in feed supply from seeding pasture areas with legumes and from the greater amount and quality of residues resulting from the cropping systemz modifications will provide feed for the larger number of animals. Farmer specialists and tambon agents will accordingly be trained under the Project to assist veterinary officers in vaccinating animals and dspensing and utilizing dzugs and hamata seed (for forage). An increase of 500 head of laige animals per year or abcut a two and one-half pe: cent annual increase is expected by the end of the Pro3ect under this activity, Fish Produstion Improvement will utilize both Proect constructed and existing reservoirs. Activities include training for farmers, stcaking, ferti lizat:on and planned harvesting, For stocking Vaung fry will be used wbe-n predators can be controlled Otherwise fingerlings will oe used. Fish picducticn nc:euse& are targetted at more than 200 tons per year based cn Lnput and water resource availabilities under the Pro3ect. Current - 28 year. production is estimated at about 80 tons/per fish location will Individual farmers having access to a suitable use in the Project be encouraged to produce fingerlings for or for marketing. SeL.culture is widely practiced in areas alth _ k produced is mostly most Proect greatly hcme, Production ot native silk can be consumed at and by improved silkwozm production practices increased mulberry leaves especially by increasing the supply ci Introduction of newly thrsough ..mproved cultural prccti.ces. hybrid silkworms ha-v..ng the fiber characteristics developed higher produc hard:.ness of nat.ve s-ikworms but with and of the activity ti, ity may be phased tnto the later stages depending on locai demand The limitati;on on fruit and tree crop of more result-fng trom lack of plant ng 8tock production through spec,&eE or var..eties will be addressed produztive Farmers having Fru..t and Tree Crop NurserY act..vity. in theinterest and as -e locatlon wisl be assisted Training a zrit and tree crop nursery enerprise. start;ing be provided. some lnitLal stocks and supplies w-,l4 and seedlings per year Project plans provde for up to 200,000 to meet farmers' needs The above farming systems mod. fica ci'tated by farmer specialist training, tions will be 1 grants or of some in.t2.al costs through v..liage support of technical support appropr.Xate means, and pro. isircn other ci the appropriate by the Prcect staft and techniCi:,. - .o: selectIng any of the farming agency of MOAC, Crzt. on tor a pa:£t.cular area will be based system componerts technicians, feasib'lity as determined Dy MOAC technical sufficient and suppoit or local cff'c:ala and interest ta the activity will interest by villagers to indicate which are expected to be of wide succeed. Activiti.es project will such a= the poultry and large Animai interest to spread the technical be phased among villagers ;.n order support and tralning xequirements A-r'cu t u r la (2) Adeuate Extension and dthe Support Services__and___ UtiL--edin Ta et Areas to These ac _ivltlei have been selected reseacch-extensi.on strengthen the overail agrcu.tu'al - 29 system in its implementation of activities in areas with rainfed agricultural conditions, The Tambon Extension Agent (TEA) is the key ag lculturnl official in the tambcn, but he needs training and support and the cooperation of trained villagers to function erfectively. (a) ExtensionSupxt The IBRD sponsored "Train and Visit" program was aimed at imprcving extensicn and was a start in the right direction. This Project. suppLements and intensi fies the T & V apprcach through improving TEA's access to technical reso.rcee, giving him/her more information and training support, apgrading the contact zarmers TEAs work with to specialist Farmers, and giv:ng TEAs more help through additional statting and better facilities. Inten sification of preser MOAC delivery systems will include provision for asEngning tambon extens;3n officers at the ratio of I tc 500 farm families, or double the current targets for each tambor. In each tambon7 a house, office, and storage faonl:tty and, where necessary, : meeting place will be constructed, Tanepcrtation and a minimal level of tools with wh.ich to warx w:;l be pcov.ded. Additional training related to project activ.ties will be given to tambon agents so that they underetand the basis for all project activitie6 in their tambcn dnd are able to provide day-to-day :nstruct~an and support- Furthermore a concerted effort will be made to channel all Prc'ect activities in each tamnon through the TEA. He wJLI be invclved in all Project act.vities and care will be ta.en under the Project to have this official considered by the v.llagers as the perscn most responsible for Project activit.es in the village. Provision w-11 also be made for Department of Agricultural Extension !DOAEj support from the district, provlnce and regional levels. Training for these officials will be provided and a mcbAle tra ning unti will be stationed at the ;egional leve. to be dispatched for concentrated tre..n'.ng programs in the Prcject tambonso The Project will also tir..nce inputs foz radio programs, printed materials and othez audio-visual ccponents as appropriate. Add;.tional training for ex, nsion and other personnel arz. included for 24 ta..Don agents, 4 field managers and 4 assistant f-eld managers, 7 district extension officials and 12 subject matter spec .a]sts, - 30 - One key element of the Project aimed at increasing the effectiveness and reducing the workload of the TEA is the development of a cadre of Specialist Farmers. This component provides for the selection of respected farmers (by their peer groups) for intensive training at NEROA in the various f;arming practices advocated under the Project., with each farmer being trained in only one or two practices that he/she is most interested in, Specialist Farmers will be compensated ior their time spent in assisting with demonstraticns, livestock vacc.inations etc. except where they may earn a di.:ect return from the community from their participation (e.g. through the native chicken component). It is expected that Specialist Farmers will be instrumental in supplementing the efforts of TEAs and strengthening the outreach capability of the Project, Short training courses will also be conduzted by technical specialists in the villages for other farmers. Project targets related to villager training are as follows: about 500 villagers trained in specialized prcgam o one week or more, 1C,000 villagers trained in tambon or village level programs, radio agricul tural programs regularly broadcast in Project areas, and publications regulaciy distributed in Project areas. (b) Other Support Services These activities will provide a knowledge base ior Project activities and a basis for predicting the appropriateness of Project results in other areas in Northeast Thailand Land Use Planninj activities will provide a detailed so:i. survey, one-meter interval contour maps, land suitabilfty maps and land tenure informa tion. The so l! te!tin serv-c wili provide for a survey of fertility and a c--nti-- soil.testing service for project activities- Simple weather station equipment and training (By the RTG Meteozology Dept,) will provide for an accurate record of weather conditions during project implementation. These activities, especially the maps and soil fertility survey, are essential for Project implementation. Also these activities, especially the weather data, will provide a logical bas s for predicting both the long term applicability of Project results and their replicab-llty in oth.: areas. - 31 (31 Econom:c Development of Available Water Resources for Supplemental Agricultural and Domestic Uses Water is both a primary limiting factor Activities are and a dominant felt need in Project areas. at rational economic exploitation of small-scale directed tambon water resoures available in each area of each to its hydrological, agronomic and socio-economic according in final site potential. Local participation will be sought and management, The involvement of selection, construction help them leaders and officials in this process will local resource develop improve the effectiveness cf future water ment efforts, The Site Survey Team and Project Design that there are a number of technically feasible Team found for household activities for increasing water availability off-season crops and rice bed nurseries. livestock, fisheries, were numbers of feasible small-scale structures Estimates of construction The Prcject is budgeted to provide for made. effective and of the structures wh-ich are the most cost by local beneficiaries. Project staff will most desired for assist local government officials in preparing requests support from non-Project sources for additional structures if there is strong demand for more. Budgeted activities include Swamp Rehabilitation for 25 locations to increase and utility of water-retaining natural the capacity runoff, depressions, 20 Embankment Structures* to retain Dikes to retain receding seasonal flood water, 13 Submerged as well as 11 Wter Filter Sytems to allow fish production in certain existing water improvements and household use which up to 1,500 Shallow Wells which include only wells enough to require lners (the only item to be are deep relatively. supplied by the Project for shallow wells$. A of money ($150,000) also is budgeted as a small amount such as contingency for other water resource modifications pit ponds, weirs, improvement of existing structures, control structures, farm ponds, etc. which may minor flood planning be found to be highly desirable during the detailed implementation. Section III C-8 of this PP stage of detail. describes the water resource components in some a small *Water retention : ructures budgeted are all of enough scale to iall within the DLD Small-Scale Water Resources Development Program being implemented in other areas of the country. - 32 (4) Research and Demonstration Program for Cont.nuous Refineent of Rainted Farming Systems Activlt~es are to be selected to support of the Project with farming system analy:sis and development the technology which can resolve current problems and expand range o opportunitLes available to farmers to increase overall agricututal income, This i.ntegrative, area-based research is ctrerntly very limited, it but is very important both short and long term development of rainfed agri- for for culture, In addition to providing practical information Project amplementatis actiities, this activity will experience in the farming systems research approach provide other which will assist individual MOAC agencies in their The DOA, for example, will use this experience activities. farming development of their app.=oh to cropping and in the Research systems research under the new National Agricultural Improvement Project. (a) Research!Demonstrations There are elements of research and/or 0 most of the foregoing activities. In demonstration are some other research/demonstration activities addition have the planned, Fertility Evaluation Research Trials status of the objective of both assessing the terialily area soils and prcviding a basi.s for fertilizer Project Well Research recommendations on p:evailing cxgps. Shallcw techniques rOr improving the yield of will tnvestigate en wells thereby reducing the numbers needed and shallow water from the feasibility of mechanical pump:ng of hancing _nvestigate the these wells, Minimum Tillage Research will or minimum tillage possibilities of inorporating no-tl'age the farming system The importance of these practices i:nto is .n the fac:t that greatly reducing tillage practices lies content only method Dy which the crga.nic matter probabiy the signifi Thailand soils can be permanently and of Northeast on approximately increased. A Saline So'ADemons ticn cantly proposed methods ha of affected land wrlT emrn7strate 400 soil and reoucing for both reducing salt acunumulaticn in the of such accumulatcn, including investi the consequences econo of salt-tclernt plant. which could prcv.de gations aizoady ,eriously mically viabie a"-rnav'ie uses ot areas Locat.on and natr:e ot research affected by salini.ty support will be based on the 3udgment Cf technical activities activities will be staff- Implementation of demonstration - 33 based on their technical feasibility as determined by the support staff, on the interest of local officials, on the interest of involved villagers and on their willingness and ability to develop a program for the continued use and maintenance of the activity. Public Land Use Demonstrations on approximately 10 areas will demonstrate the use and management cf public lands for wood andicr forage production. (b) Soil and Land Modification Demonstra tions These activities are designed to demonstrate the value of improving soil productivity and conditions, Ter has the primary cbjective of reducing erosion througH--Tlng water- runoff thereby reducing losses of soil fertility components, Sites for terracing will be selected on the basi of need and technical feasibility as determined by MOAC technicains, interest and support of local officials and collectve agreement by the land owners concerned to maintain the terraces, Land shapin has the objectives of increasing cultivatible area 'iid providing for better use and contrl of rain water. Criteria for imple mentation is the same as for terracing, Composting-is designed to encourage the recycling of waste materials in a way that w;11 produce highly visible resuits, It will reduce somewhat the need Lc: chemical rertilizers or for purchasing manure which is a common practice for vegetable and tobacco production. individual farmers can make the decision to implement compcsting but pricrity for Prcject in encouragement of th2s activity w:l be placed on villages which a number of iaxmezs have an interest and the avail are ability of compcstabie waites is higb, Demonstrations of planned tor about 2C0 km of terracing and 176 hectares land shaping: Componting will be demonstrated by encouraging 2 50 families in each tambon pen year to make and utilize tons of compost each year, The Project will subsidize compost producti-on $10 per tons, The Project also provides for further replication of the land shaping activity if demonstrations in years 2 and 3 result in large demand for this activity. to budget ior up to 100 hectares of 2Ond shaping DLD plans about 75 per year during years 4-7 provided farmers will y fur .ng are per cent of the . . AID participatvOn and expected to be limnted to the demcntnaofn activlties the first 3 years. However, AN also expects to during engineer) finance technical ascistance (e.g. an agcicultuzal - 34 and technologies to help determine if costs of this activity can be reduced through appropriate technology, and this assistance may continue bevond the first three years. (c) Farming Systems Research will utilize the Prcjects multidisciplinary technical support staff for an integrated research effort to analyse current farming systems in PrcJect tambons, identify and prioritize key constraints for their development and conduct an applied research program to develcp technologioal innovations to overcome those constraints, Should impcztant constraints be identified which are beyond the scope of this Project's mandate or budget to address, they will be referred to the appropriate RTG agencies as recommendations for more basic or longer-term reseatch. Workshop and publications will be used to seek input from the broad range of Thai researchers whose work relates to these activities, and to disseminate the research approach and findings of their efforts, d Economic Studies Suppoit The Project will provide for economic feasibility studies, market studies, and resource develop ment evaluation and planning in support of Project activities. Technical ;upport ror graup action :i production marketing or input purchasing will be provided where needed. Project implementation decisions will be i.nlitaiiy made at the village or tambon level. It is thererore essential that the Project staff be able to provide economic analysis as well as other tenhn~cal suppc:t, (5) An AgrLcultural Development Process 'That Will Fic Government Resources and Farmer Nees-Accordng to Both RTG and Farmer Resources and Loal government and agricultural research and extension officials need to bhoe a better understanding of local farm:ng ?ystemse agronomic factors, iarmer culture, farmers' felt needs and of the agticui.rural knowledge and wisdom of farme:s, Farmers need tc have a better understanding of the technical resources availabie tj Them arn if how to most effectively .Aize these resources. These :eeds will be met my involving local government officials, agri.:ultural research and extensi cn agents and farmers in a highly inter active process of agricultural development, provision of agriculture infrastructure where needed, and agricultural research. - 35 - The Project will develop an administrative system appropriate to an area-based agricultural development program which can provide a basis for planning and implementing further programs. (See Administrative Analysis for more complete discussion). This will include: (a; National and provincial level planning sub-committees (b) Administrative and technical support at the Northeast Regional Office of Agriculture to provide integrated planning and coordinated implementation. (c) A field manager in each Project province to expedite Project implementation and support local officials. Local OrganIzation is par+Acularly important to an area-based project's sucess, The Project accordingly aims at assuring the tull understanding, cooperation, and participation of viliagers in Project activities so that they will feel a strong sense of involve ment and Project "ownership" and will want to continue after the conolusion of the Project. The Tambon activities key Council, TEA, Contact Farmer and Speciaiist Farmer are these actvt+les, in addition to the CD worker, figures in will teacher, and the ch;ef dist:ict Wtcial. The Pr:ject also seek the involvement o local private sectcr agricultural interests in the infozmative extensien components of the Project in order to assure consistenny in what is transmitted iarmer. The Project wili emphasize the strengthening to the reducing of these existing institutions as the best means for complexity and in order to provide a readily understandable, replicable process Support. Activities are designed to Social i increase the sense of community particpat on in the Project. number of village meetings are planned for iniorma- A large of the tiona and decisiOn making purposes. The involvement n developmental plans &nd meetino of tambon ccuncili as community leaderF bcth public and pcivate dre included support for the Pro3ect. A news a means of ma:shalling and letter will be distributed to all participating farmers - 36 officials. Existing farmer cooperatives in the Project tambons will be studied, evaluated, and assisted by a farmer institution specialist provided by the Department of Coopera tive Promoti.on. (6; Inputs Inputs are generally noted above for each output component. The Project will finance several trainng activities, including short training courses of a few day: each for about 16,000 villagers in agricultural subject areas of interest; intensive one to three week specialized training courses for approximately 500 villagers; and supplemental training tor TEA's, field managersw district officials and subject matter speciali'sta In addition, a number of meetings and seminars will be financed for Project staff worKing groups and for villagers, in order to introduce them to the Project concept and activiti.eo Approximately fifteen meetings between civil officials, farmers and merchants are also planned to discuss and arrange for marketing needs under the Project. Land Use Planning activities will be financed under the Proj-e-t 7 including detailed soil surveys, contour maps . topo maps and a land tenure survey for the appzox_.at54y 60,000 hectares in the eight tambonso Soil testing will also be financed for approximately 8,000 samples- Wages and Per Diem (where appropriate) will be provided for Farmer Specialists, weather recorders, farmer record keepers, and engineering staff. Other inputs include necessary tools and agricultural inputs for the research demonstration and extension act'_.vL.tFes, and equipment and supplies for the administ ration of tne Project and orefe output components. The Prcject will finance tractors/vehicles for the 1:nd development. cc.mponent and regional proj'ect support, motorcycles for TEAs and,the engineering support component, and constfuction/furn:,.shing of tambon extension facil-ities, Specialist Fazmers, storage rooms, and the regional adminis trative iac~lltyo Constru-ction/improvement of water resources infrastructure is a-Project input, and oper ating expenditures - 37 and fo maintenance, utilities, POL, office supplies, diem) are also personnel support (salaries/housing/per Project i.nputs. Finally, technical assistance, research Project. and evaluation are to be financed under the act.iv tei Annex IX above inputs are quantified and costed in of costs for PP. Generally, AID is financing all of the of this consultants, inpu.ts except for local support of foreign the above supplies, operationai costs such as RTG salaries, office most of two wheel ut*,it:es maintenance for offices, purchase POL, water resources vehicles and 50 percent of the cost for dr.ve arrangements and improvement. Part III-D shows the financial each output package. cost sharing breakdown for elements of input are further Der.a-Ls for the techn.cal assistance discussed below, (7) Technical Assistance Techni.cal assistance needed to carry out and Thai con- Project includes both an expatriate team the team includes sultants employed locally. The expatriate chief of party (4.8 years), '-our long-term positions, and 4 years', agricultural economist k4 years) agronomist be procured spec-.alist ,2 years , The team will tralning XII col- the Unlversity of Kentucky under Title through primary function of laborative assistlance procedures. The be to assist the MOAC the long-term expatr-ate staff will Proect based on coordi Pro3ect Di:ector in developing the by the various MOAC agencies involved. nated implementation tc the Project of pdrty will serve as counterpart The ch. ef necessary ard w-. ass_.st h-m in preparing the Director reports, etc., plans, management .ntoimation system, monitor and evaluate Project activ:*ties. required to manage, as the and agricultural ec.nnom st w~il serve The agronomist with imple the technical support staff charged backup for modifications in the crop and other farming systems menting long-term expatriate Pro3ect One or more members .f the this in conducting the wiJl ce expected to have experienre team research necessary for type ct integrative. probiem-solving of *of the farming systems research component impiementat.on w21 assist in developing the Project. The training specialist the PL:ject txaininrg program5 expatriate Forty th~ee montb- of short-teria minimum specta.. sts in sczh areas as soils, staff include fisheries, forage production and ut.ilzatcn, tillage, an.mal disease, forestry animal nutrition, plant protect.on, -38 ardtrc.1'fl rt( Phe'e iiidividuals wiLl assist in developing aodi'or .mpleenitng the ptrogram components in their respective tieIds.. The. ex:atiate staff wiil be heavily involved in planning ad c:ondurting the farming systems research. Thai-specialists, including persons sk-l1ted i.r4d'Lc-p.Lines such as administration and manage inent, fln. r~c~al. man~gernent, agricultural engineering, cropping systems, non-formal training and social science, w'.41 be employed to p.'ovide additional expertise which is needed for Proje,:t imppementation, A total of 124 person mc,"nths is budgeted but .itis expected that some individuals will be employed on a part-time basis in order to have their ex'pertise available over a longer period of time, The expected scbeduling oi the technical assistance is shown in Figure 1i-2 Besides the technical assistance descr.bed abovei, the services of twc agricultural technicians expeiienced in Thailand and fluent in the language will be sought as liaison officers between the RTG, AID and expatriate team- This exj.ertise, wh-.ch has proven invaluable in the AID-flnanced Anti-Malaria Project, may be ava lable at minimum cost ffom ex-Peace Cozps Volunteers. FIGURE 11-2 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE SCHEDULE YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Long Term, pe- year 2,5 4 34 3 2 - - 14.8 p/y Short Term, per month 5 12 10 12 4 - - 43 p/rp Local Hire, per month 20 36 28 28 12 - - 124 p/. Support. Staif, per yr. 7 7 7 7 7 - - 35 p/y On Campus, per year 1 1 1 1 1 - - 5 p/y Liaison Officers, per year 1 2 2 2 1 - - 8 p/y - 39 - PART III - PROJECT ANALYSES SUMMARIES A. Economic Analysis Summary 1. Economic and Financial Returns The overall economic internal rate of return for the project is estimated at 18%, ranging from a high of 19% for cropping systems, to a low cf 17% for the other farming systems component (see Figure III-A-I below). The IRR is relatively insensitive to changes in 11roject and household input costs but moderately sensitive to changes in output yield. Thus a 20% increase in Project costs reduces the overall IRR from 18 to 16%. The corresponding figures for a 20% increase in participating household costs, including investment costs, and a 20% reduction in output yield are 16% and 12% respectively. Since the yield estimates used in the analysis are conservative, such a yield decrease is unlikely. Figure III-A-I - IRR, Sensitivity Analysis and Financial Returns to Participating Households ECONOMIC INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 20% Benefit 20% increase Decrease Cost Project In Input Costs In Output Ratio to Component Basic Project Farm/HH Yield Farmers* Cropping Systems 19 18 17 12 2.1 Water Resources 18 16 16 12 2.4 Other Systems 17 14 14 10 1.9:1 Combined 18 16 16 12 2.1:1 *Discounted at 14%. Figure ILL-A-i also indicates that the 1:oject should be attractive to iacmers: tb financial benefit-cost ratio to participating farmers is estimated at 2.1:1 for the overall Project. (See Annex V1-2 for benefit-cost streams.) - 40 - Annex VI-2 shows that the overall Project should begin to provide net positive returns to participating farmers during the third Project year. Positive net returns to the farmer are expected during the second Project year for the cropping systems component and water resources component due to their low cost to the farmer during early Project implementation. Under the farming systems component, farmers in the large animal improvement activity are expected to purchase more animals to take advantage of improved pastures, and farmers engaged in sericulture will need to invest in mulberry trees and rearing room trays. These costs account for most of the early expenses to the farmer for this component and lead to a negative net return to the farming systems component during Project years two and three. However, the early returns to the farmer shown in this analysis are probably quite conservative, since the analysis assumes that all farming systems activities will begin at approximately the same time. It is quite likely that the large animal production and sericulture activities will begin later in the Project than the more rapid impact interventions such as the native chicken activity, and this would provide a favorable net return earlier than shown. The largest incremental costs that farmers will incur will be for chemical fertilizers. Estimated consumption will grow rapidly beginning in the third year of the Project, reaching about 1,400 tons by year 7. The estimated growth in hired labor costs will also be sub stantial, amounting to about one-half of the growth in fertilizer costs. In addition to reducing underemployment in Project area households, the Project will provide employ ment for an estimated 400 man-years of labor by year 7. Participating households bear less than half the total c6st during the first 7 years, their net farm income will have increased by an estimated $22 million (in 1980/81 prices) by year 7, a 36% increase over net farm income in 1979/80. As noted in Part II, this represents a 25 percent reduction in the number of poor in the Project tambons, given an even distribution of benefits. 2. Prices Late 1980 - early 1981 prices are the basc year prices used in the analysis. Relative prices are assumed to remain constant over the economic life of the Project. For most farm inputs and outputs in the Project area, actual - 41 farmgate p:ices are the best possible estimates of economic costsibenefits. Non-glutinous rice is the major exception since there are significant export duties levied on this commodity, For the remaining farm inputs and outputs in the Project area, markets are relatively free and competitive. Taxes and subsidies axe small enough that an effort to take these into account has at most only a very marginal impact on internal rates of return, Hired labor is valued at the market rate and Government employees at their pay scale, including supplementary benefits, This may slightly over state the economic cost of unskilled labor, but only margina.:1y so- During much of the year, there is substantial under employment of Project area fa.:m households. Because of this, no economic costs were assigned to the estimated increase ,n household labor that the Prcject will entail, including household labor for the maintenance of Project constructed facilities such as submerged dams. This assump tion may not be strictly valid since the Project will increase the demand for farm labor and more opportunities will exist for local employment. Under these conditions, temporarily idle household members which would not seek employment outside the area might seek ioc- employment. in Also, the increased demand for household labor may result some household members foregoing some employment off the on farm, in order to meet the increased labor requirements of the farm. The fact that the marginal cpportunity cost the increased household labor requirement may be greater than zero would Antroduce negligible bias in the analysis, however. On the basis of the advice/recommendation of personnel in the Research Department of the Bank of Thailand, foreign exchange was priced at the current exchange rate. To the extent that the Baht is overvalued, this would increase the telative (baht) prices of both imports and exports. It would seem that this (successive decomposition input and output prices into import, export and of all the domestic) would affect the IRR but little, If anything, a large overall IRR would probably be somewhat higher since proportion of output would be valued at border prices for transportation, processing, other costs, farm (adjusted that port) and since the sensitiv.ity analysis indicated to but the IRR was relatively insensitive t3 cost increases rather sens.tive to a change in output yields or ,utput prices, yields held constant. - 42 - Glutinous r.ce is typically prcduced for home con sumption; rtat ptoduced for the market is ordinarily non glutinous since the market price of the latter is generally higher than the former and yields and production cost of local varieties aie roughly the same. There is a very limited exp..rt market for glutinous rice; very little is exported and none imported, Furthermore, the domestic elasti~cty :fi scLbstftution between glutinous and non-glutinous is repoited to be very lcw. Consequently glutinous rice is praced at its dcmes-ic farmgate pr..ce° Also, since the prcductn growth trend is zero for glutinous rice and all growth :.n -.utput has been due tc growth in output of non glutinous, -t is assumed that all the increase in paddy production due to the Project is non-glutinous. The econcmic price for paddy was derived by taking the average fc., export price $355 or 07,280/MT) and working bac< to the rarmgate, (excluding all taxes) to obtain the value added between farmgate and port. Based on prices that farmers were actually receiving in February 1981, the paddy prices used (see annex for prices used), both eccnomic and financial, are very conservative. The remaining prices are estimates of farmgate prices and are realistic- The net return to househcld labor and land for vegetable production could be substantially higher than the approximately P900/ra: used. It could also be substantially lower, We believe the net returns used for vegetab.e/truck crops .;s as realistic an estimate as is possible. It was assumed that per xa: crop yields would be constant without the Project, HistorAcal data show yields generally being flat or drifting downward. 3. Farm Budget Farm budgets without and with the Project are shown in the Annex Over 85% of the cropped area was in rice in 1979,80- With the Project, th..s will be reduced some bu. rice uiil ccnt..nue to be by fax the dominant crop. The area planted to mung beans and other similar short. duration crops ,. pro-ected to increase substantally in both absolute and relative terms and over the longer run. The cropped area in mung beans 7s pro-ected to bc about equal to cassava. This would reflect a conrlnuat, mn of a national trend., -,.e the area in mung becns has been con sistentiy gzowing a- a relativeLy rapid pace over the past decade or so. The projected a:"ea unde: vegetables/truck - 43 crops will alr.-zst dob.,e and will make a signiticant con tr.Lbuticn to net tixm income Net farm income generated by l. , e -tcck 'I al .. ; incxe.ise signi fcan'tly.-. B, ScC . An &Iys s5 rm i. Benei.iac ;az ..es Benef'c..Ies of th. s P:.ecr are some 65,000 peison: / ,;g 2r: e.ht tambcns ,at&ur 100 v-llages) of four Nort-hease.,n Pr3vond..eE Eth-.n- zaiy they are predominantly Lao-Isan ,Northe..tern Thae..) bat can speak central Thai language; neally a>i having had at. least four years schooling read the Tha. educat.'-onal system, The majcr ty (89%) can in 6.3, and w:ite central Tha as well, Average tamily size is about average f.i t. . - ,uzLa Northeast. Occupationally, beneficiar.,s ate c..Et.whelm'.ngly ,85t raznfed agricul turalists no irrgated Lard,. and vir.tually all of them 30 rai plant ritce as their, main c..po Avezage holding is 1 ha ! N'25 rai ra'.nfed paddy lad, 3 upland, 1 misc.,, (4,8 c l in non-cult~vataD.e) The avexage hoseh d p.-.ants 22 rai 2 rai the wet seas..n 20.5 n ri. e, 1.5 ,n cish crops) and income in. cash crcpz in the dr'y season, Average household (in is 011,500 1$8751, about nair of whi:b "e from rice amu-n% consumed at V.'me: -he rest is mainly from cluding practiced off-farm wages ond cas1 crope. Fam".)y plann:.ng is heads over 40% of the households,. Only 5% of household by the have educae :n o.eyond the 4th leve.L but .-ver 90% of villages are housenoids ha-,p a rad D- The vast maj -:Ity of w thin 3 or 4 not yet eie.:'t? i.ed; but mo..it househcA.ds .r' kilometers of an a1l-weather road. Fornal organ.,zaticns witt,.n the vilages (temple, school :nd development exist and over 40% committees, :-ttmers. rgan:.zatiCns and co-ops) d heads belong t. at least ox- of these of the h3,Zhc..h at groups- Ma.y hcuseholde have also part.c.ipated formal under t.me o! anothet n "development" efforts, often one roads, the "tambcn couns'" fund prcgram, bulding village repalr.rng br!.ges, et-. 2, Poverty Poverty wltniin the Pxo. ect. -.eas :s tyr:"cal of Thatiand where a m.3:or.ty of Tha'_,-,nd's poor rural Noxr:heast Bank "absoluce poverty" Over 50% are beiow the Woid reside. year). line (updated tz $120 per capita for 1979-RO crop of poor on a There is con-derable vaxiation :n the per cent ..- ,ir rI 4-4 tambon and prov,-nce bzs-is. Nong Kaew in Roi Et province, the we-.th-iest: tamncn, has only 26% be.1o'L the poverty line, - ----whreas Na,-Ngu.-i-NakhCr, Phanor"is --J., has 75% of its pop)Lat. on be, ow the poverty'-. one0 Variation among villagez :.a ac.c.unt fo4 peLhapa hlaf of these poor in a few tambons, but the mao..iy of poor cannot be located by identifying the "pIore_- v iflages" in the timbons, They are located w~th.n apparently "medium" and "better-off" villages where the .m:y b: less nlot,ceaze a,.md ther-. mc e fortunate neighbors. Income d'st.ibuticn in the Project tambons is rather diifezen.iet.ed, somewhat more than World Bank estimates (0..4 .. .30 Gini. co-effi,), but considerable variation exists _n a -t:&mbon basis (0,48 -.n Lahan, 0.28 in Ta ). tn.t.a-viliag. c.cu..aticns c.aie not available, but analysis shows that. much of income d..ffeentiation must be ocrurr..ng within vi!. 6ges 'ee Su .... Analysis Annex). 3, ,Social and Envi:,,onmental Fe~ssibilit~y This Project is' consi.dered socio-culturally feasible, Survey e..iden-e and anth--opolog;-al interviewing indicate th". Project is to addreas real needs, as perceived by vil-lzge.zs themselvei;, by means of strategies and actions which have precedent local c.ommunities and are :seen as appropriate and usefuil by the village,,:s themselves, Intended changeE are "nctemental, and .eal.icn and well fitted to the villagers' present state of knowledge, manpower ar,d organ.i:zaticn , Communiac'.tLon planning is comprehensive (contaot agents and mobile units, trial farmers, demonst.ati, r, plots, radiio. prog.rams and newsletters) and mechanisma have been designed to fos er participation, appropriateness of deve.c.,ment actions, and sense of owner ship (cost-sha ing, ln..remenatal staging., variety of possible opt.ions to choose from, etc.-), Effect:. of this Project o., t.he poor, on women, on environinent, or population, tet:£y an- migration, and spread, have all beer considered Spread effects are likely to be subatanti-al due to sevezal special characteristics of the Pzoje:%tg Use of the eK ting extension structure,, scattered Izoject azeas (which represernt major agro-ecological types), involvemenut of local merchanfE, use of radio, and coordinated mofiitorihg ind evali.atlon. Effest5 on population, fertility and migrt r.,n can at least be said to be neutral, but may b,9 quite p;s t ve depending on the success of the Project, Of particulai- impor tance i. potential effect on migration: To the extent, that rainfed a..c,.culture can UL ~ 44 provide mo,'e t ta,:tie returns, ruraxl. to urban migration from. the Northeast, should decrease, a.1though it is unlikely to b~reet~d~he_~roeqts~efecs~o~rual omen-are--l likely to be m-ildly poiitive; that s tbey ax'e expected to benefit at. least- as much as men -1n.mos': Project activities and may benef:t re atively more than. men in a few of them, such as si lk px:oduction and aniial husbandry, Effects or the Prcject cn the poor and on the physical. enviZonmen-t cannoL be ddequate1y assessed at this point in the Projec.,: cycle and it J.'s recommended that these be more fully as-esied thrcughouf, the Project, This metho dology is ner.essar - that the types, location and mix of water resource components is not yet known and assessment must be done on tbe .r9,und, ir,mote deti.l than can adequately be addressad at the Pruject Paper stage, Pesticide type and u,59e is also not pzed.ictable at piesent and thus its analysis must fol-ow tt.e same procedure. Socio-.clttuial effects of terracing and paddy contouring is also a concern,. Since exising models (p'ecedent) are available, tbey 5hculd be carefull.y stud. ed In evolving the detailed plann-Ang. The Pioject should L-inance the services of a scientist who wiA1 be available on an as needed basis to monitor and asaeE's socio-cult.ural concerns. His/her expert.ise wi.ll be of great v,3ue in many components of the Prcject, particulax.]y .ncethe emphasis on farming systems will need tco take account of the socio-cultuxal factors that are important vaxiabies in such systemsi Co Teshni.,al Feasb,.lt, Summa-y, :~ ~ -I1 ' A rcultuial Tec,hnology The curient farm~ng st+ategy of Northeast farmers involves a numbet of nterrelated ;,cft.vi.ties, wilth an ernphasis on pa,'et;,UL,6X activitieq ,,.c.;changes with the seasons (See Annex v for an il)ust.riti e desc~c-ption of current farming P, ctces,, Thevefo.ce the approach taken by this Pro]ect in developing and Gtr-.,duc.ing changes in ra-inted agricultura,. technology is based upon cons4derati-on of whole iarm enterprises of farm . living r Project tambons.. Since this approach requi-es the ur-I.iz-3ion of concepts an3 rerm.Inol.:,9y wh..ch ate rei tively new,, the follow'..ng detinit~ionE a-r, ofexed to cX.)rif the te:chnical di-cuss~i!rs in this. Project Paps and its annexes: rs t ,r-. -n f- I F,, 7 -46 - A iazrin j~item ior farm system or whole-farm syst.em) -is not. smpI'y a7c-.±ection o crops an3 aniLmals to ore c.. ...p.) it~hs_ inpit.-or__that and_ expect-immediate._ results, Rather t is a complicated interwoven mesh of soilis, plants, an.imals, implements, wotkers, other inputs and envi.ronmentdl influen.ces wth the strands held and manipulated by a person called the farmer who, given his preference and-!.'pirati.on6. attempts to develop output from the in-p'LE and technology avai.ab.le to him. it is the farmer'z unique understanding of his .immediate environment, both natural and ..o econom"c, tnat results in his farming system F'arming systems may be broken down into component act.4vitie. or sub-systems. Since the subsistence rice-based crvp production aspects oft a1,-mprc.duction generally are of cen..ral importa.nt'e in ra.nfed a'reas of Northeast Thailand, the NERAD Project has class . ed its agzicultural technology activities aczo'ding t .owhether they involve (a) cropping modifi cations.systems ,mod.[iications, or (b)- other.farming system For NERAD purposesf cropping systems modifications refer to those technological innovations which directly affect any of the iet or annual crop- systems making up the cropping activi,ies ot a farmm system, An annual stem comprises all ccmponents requized for the ofa aproduction par'ticu.ar annual. crop and the interrelationsbips between them and the env. r. cnment, Theie components include all the neces-.ary physical ani biolcgW .'. factor...,- as well as technology, labor, and managem,.nt1 For NERAD pu.,poes, other f6'rming system modi ficati ons.include rc,,hnc IoyT no,-7o ati.ons directly afecting non-cropp.,ng Eystem components of Lhe farming system, including a farm's 1ivesto k sysPtem, fishery system, tree cLzstem, forest production- sy. em, or serac,lture sZtem"i The mcd: ficat.ic.ns1of £arming pcactices suggested in this Project are based on the best information available to the design teaam from :reseaxi'.h results, demonstration trials, pi.Lit projects, etc, Proposed modifi.cationE are discussed in some d.etfa.1l7n-Annex V and the, uppliemental Annexes. -'';, ./ .:.v: -:. , . . I $J'>45c 4i ; , ." ..&?" ; j .' , :' ' - 47 - Proposed ctopping system. mod:t.cattons include: - Deep wier rice in are~s subnect to regular floodrng o a nature s-,te.ble for the characteristics zf vailable -u.lt.vars; - Plant rig ci &hcrt-du:t,.:n field crops (e.g mungbeani sesamE dur..n g May-June in areaE subject to heavy rlo:.d.ng in September. - Imprc,-ed prcductA.-, or vEgatables or other hiqr.-.iue crops dx. r.g the czf-seascn in aLeas ,;.tAh pplementa. waex. supplies. - Planting ot dz ,ght-tc-.erant cx:ps of short to med,,,mn duat:.on -i a':eas with sufficient res. i d a i s.ii mo stu,.e t.ut n: supplemental watei 4upp'y !e g. Io4 inpor .equirements: mungbean. esame, ped.nut; higher input and h-gher -.,e: watermel:n.. Sow:.ng of !egume crops -equ'.::r'-; little care in rice. teld pz"ir to or immediateiy fc.cw , rt ce haxvest for home consumption, and hi h-..r.eln forage fir d:mes9.c animals .n areas w..th suff.cient rea,.dtual soil mi - -"-.uie. Plant:-nq cf zu.rrently ava'.1able high-yi.elding, fert.I.?e-.respons-ve ' ce cu[.tivars in areas where there is a h-gh pr:babi,'ty of sufficient water And nrz flooding. Planting of a shoxt.-dur.t .on c.,rop (e-g. mungbeanr. wh:o:h can be harested pr".or to r~ce t:anipiant.ng j.. areas where ric.. Is usually not tiansplarted befcte August. - Uti,.,zat'cn of d-:.ect.- seed-ng techn.:ques and drzught-tolrart ,u.ltiv4rs" f,>y r .ce in areas subjected to m4d-scascn draught stress. - Plan,'>:ng of a sequpnce :: tu-o short-durati.on crcps :e g. sesame.-m.nbean, or m.n:c'-pping ot a .- y-dura7 n c r.',p (e.g. peanut, jute) in aieas which -ema:.'; zllow .n 2Ito 3 years out of r".c yea-,, due t'- ;.=it'c.ient water for paddy ptru2-.t .), - 48 - Planting ct new high-yielding cultivars of cassaya (Rayong I) and kenaf (TSH 30) and improved management practices in areas where those crops are currentVy grcwn. Intercropping or cassava w..uh a short to medium duration legume crop (erg. peanut) or cassava-legume rotations in cassava growing areas which need soil conservation measures. Other faiming systems modifcations include: - improvement of disease control and nutrition oi hcusehcd poultry, - Improvemern of dsease and parasite control and nutrit-on of large domest.c livestock. - An agricultural component, for increased fish produ:ticn, - Improvement of sericultare pra-t:ces for increasad mulberry and silk production. - Nursery production of trees for fruit, fodder, and ruel-wood production. - Demonstration or improved management of public Lands for animal feed and fuelwood produc ton. All of the propsed ptactices ace either currently being applied in .azs;v areas of the country or have shown considerable prom.se based on research station and/or village work conducted by departments of the MOAC or local universit:es. They have demonstrated their feasibility under certain conditions. it Ls recognized, howevex; t.ht. due to the highly site specific nature of rainied ar.%eture! additional refinement during implementation may be necessary. The opportunity fcx sefinemenr is built into the Project in several complementary ways: - 49 - Detailed planning during the first year by MOAC personnel assigned to the project, local government officials, villagers and Project consultants. A phased sequence of field research- demonstration trials--extension trials- adoption for the cropping systems modifica tions. A phased implementation schedule for other components which will allow for refinement as initiati.on moves from one group of villages to the next group. A research and demonstration trial component for activities which are considered promising and potentially of g'ceat importance but for which there is not sufficient information to suggest adoption, A planning cycle which will allow for modifi cation of implementation plans to accommodate results obtained from research and/or experience, The modifications suggested in the Project are to suitable for Northeast Thailand. They be technologically geo have been selected to conform to soil, climate, and morphological land forms (flood plains, low-middle-high terraces) found in Project areas. They do not require expensive equipment Ath-ugh some si.mple hand/buffalo suggested. They do not require massive increases equipment is for in labor supply (labor intensive activi_ties are proposed introduction only.) Many of the activities small scale (although proposed have already been adopted by some farmers .4n the Project ate&). All of the above not necessily do not evidence indicates that the modificaticns proposed too great a technological jump for Northeast represent of the Thailand farmersi Furthermore, the benefit/cost interventions to the farmer (at 2.1:1) should Project them, provide a very satisfactory incentive to adopt - 50 2. Farming Systems Research The preceding discussion and others in this Project Paper have indicated that current farming practices in Northeast Thailand involve a considerable range of interrelated activlties and that if overall rainfed farm income -,s tc be increased significantly a number of these activities will need to be improved, NERAD proposes a careful assessment of farming systems in project areas in order to identify key constraints and solve local problems to the extent that ava2iable technology and resources allow. The Pro3ect also proposes some applied, systematic research to be directed at scIving -. mportant local problems related to the interactions of various farming practices, which can also serve as a bas.s for future agricultural research and development activities of the MOAC and its various depart ments, In conducting such activities it is suggested that the Project use the methodologies of the rapidly expanding field known as Farming Systems Research. This type of research (including tra~ning) has been defined* as that which (a) is conducted with a recognition of and focus towards the interdependencies and interrelationships that exist among elements of the farm system, and between these elements and the farm environment; and ib) is aimed at enhancing the efficacy of farming systems through the better focusing of agricultural research sc as to facilitate the generation and testing of improved technology. Requirements for this type of systems approach include: %a) team effort across disciplines; (b) clear delineation of the system of interest (e~g, the farm system); (c) perception of objectives of the system itself (e,g- security of income) and of higher-level systems ?,e.g. oc.;al and economc objectives at national and regional levels); (d) ant.cipation of technical and economic rest.i:ctUns from within the system itself (egg. labor supply) and from the system's environment (e.g. cultural cr credit constialnts to new technology). As discussed in Annex V, although there is a substantial and growing interest in this type of approach for agricultural research in Thailand, particularly for rainfed areas, there is no one agency within the MOAC which *Farming Systems Tesearch at the Internati.onal Agicultural Research Centers;'published by the-Technical Advisory Committee of the CGIAR; (1978). -51 could be easily identified as the logical location for such research to be conducted, This is due to the division of responsibilities within the MOAC, which is along traditional functional and agricultural commodity lines, Although the Depar'ment of Agriculture has recently established a Cropping Systems Division to begin to invest.igate the interrelationships between various cropping activities, there is still, no way " to integrate other elements such.as livestock, fisheries, and comwunIi t ey cu- Ur a -eXtensoncnmeconomicc " analysis, cooperative organlzation., land reform and other aspects are also the domain of individual departments.' The MOAC has proposed that. the Project follow some of the recommendations of the recertly-appioved NIDA report on the roles and functions of the Regqoni Agricultural Offices by locattng the NERAD Prcject Management Office at NEROA, which is the Northeast regicnal unit of the Office of the Under-Secretaryof MOAC. Other thb,.n a few key Project staff, however; Project implementation will be performed by personnel of appropriate line agenc.ies who will be assigned from to ful-l time to NERAD activities, The farming system assessments and the systematic refinement and implementation of agricultural technology improvements prop,:sed by the Project in order to solve key local problems ane sure to identify ptoblems with various available technologies and gaps in current knowledge (see Annex V!, The Project will address these problems in one of ways: (1) For those p:oblems wbhch can be addressed by two of short-term applied research, the multi.-dA.sciplinary staff the NERAD Project, rep~cesent.ng the various MOAC departments and supplemented by local and expatriate consultants, will perform the necessary appl.ied research in Pro3ect tambons, or at NEROA or local department fac.1iti'as if necessary. Selection and monitoring of these actvitries will be per formed by the Project management and techniLcal staff, who will meet regularly to develop and evaluate the progress of this program. (2) Those problems which require longer-term or more basic research will be clearly identified and referred to the. appropriate agency of the MOAC for solution as part of theic on-going research programs. These act~vities wil help in the solution of two basic problems: 1) it w~ll provide the multi-d,sciplinary and team necessary to assess fa.ming system constraints technology ior solving rainied agricultural problems refine and in Project tambons (2) It will provide scientists - 52 - techncico: r :ow the various agencies =t the MOAC with an opportunity tc participate in a highly interactive research and development process aimed at the intex-dsciplinary resolut on ci area-specific problems at sLtes representing the majoi range 3i variation present in the Northeast region. Thus, not only wili all relevant agencies be able to ccrtribute toeir Knowledge t0 this problem-solving process but toe various agencies w:ll all benefit by learning more about how the:, ac:ni.vties interact with the ac-.v;ti.es or other agencies and the range of problems of indiv-dual farmers in the Noztheast. Pezsonnei required for this activLty will be provided as ta.hr.cal specialists from the various MOAC depaitments assigned to the Prolect. staff, with necessary addit;rnal services available from locai oz expatriate con sultants. The multi-discipiinary research faci.litfes and equipment of NSROA are available foL supporting NERAD activities, and various departments and divi~sons have additional fac. 1ties and equtpment oc. ted witbn Project prov:.nces. The Pro.evt will have funds to provide addi ticnai necessary equipment and supplies, in addition to per diem and travel expenses of personnel. 3. Extens5 i a The Department. ci Agr.cuituraL Extension of MOAC is in the midsr o an expansion program aimed at providing at least one tambon level agent foz each 1,000 farm families. The intent is to more d..rectly pravide available technology to farm ±amlies in order for the tambon extension agent tTEA) to be efiezr:ve with this large number cf farm families, a training and visit system and a system of contact farmers (CoF is being used, The TEA reze.ves tra-ning and suggestions for program activitie3 cne day each two weeks, He visits h.s area on a reguia: scheduLe dur:ng the crhe: days. During his v.-s .s primary cargrcts n-e .ine Co.F. There is one Co F tox each ten farm iamiiies n each village. Each CoF is, in turn, responsible for instact.z..g and informing ten farmers .n his area, While TEA's now have c csidetdbl.e responsibi lities, this Prolect with its heavy emphasis on demonstra tion and extension trials, v~ilayn meetings and village and tambon level plan:.ng, wiLl greatly intrease the responsi bilitiez of the tamnon level exten;,on off;clals. To compensate for tnis, the Prolect will provide 14 additional - 53 - TEA's fco the 8 PRo~ect tambons. These supplemental TEAs w:ll provide the necessary man power for carrying out the activities added by the pr:Lact and continuation of the presently scheduled level or Train and Vist activities. At the same time all TEA ' s in prc3ect tambons will obtain, through formal tzaning and through working with technical support stafK; a greatly improved techr,.cal background and, through working in the v-11age ond tambon planning process, practical tzaining in developmen-al methcdcLogy. This should result Ln a core -f well-ta.ned cfricials who could be instrumnntal in tutute developmental projects of the DOAE. In additicn, Specialist Farmers wili be chosen among Co.F and other respected villager tor intensive short-term trainilg at NEROA or cthe: sunata e tzaining sites. These farmers will thus be better suited to assisting TEAs than the untrained Co,F, and in most cases will be paid to help, giving them an inert,ve tor ozoperation. The Project relarce on the use of these minimally trained and generally inexperienced oificials kby U.S. standards) represents a calculated risk. The odds are mitigated by piov'ding extens:ve training and a considerable amount of technica.A support through the Project. With these mitigating circumsrances the risk appears 3usttied. Experience has shown that relatively poorly trained tech nicians,".f properly motivated and supplied with adminis trative and techncai support, often perfcrm nearly as well as more highiy tra.ned individual. Further, the use of officials waUn ths level Rf training is required if the Pro3ect is to be cons..dered replicable on a wider scale. 4, Ava..1ab.- zy or Inputs The Pr.jezt requ:es !i...le or nz inputs that are not now ava.lable n the ,'iqon While there will be con siderable :ntenat:cat.:n or .npub use in the Project area the total area :nvolved is nor large enough to affect national reqa.rements sgn)&tcantly except possibly for certain varieties cf seed cr pianting stock a Fertilizer. Fert '.izer was found to be readily ava:lable in M-Project prov;nces except Nakhon Phanom The low supply in this a:ea is probably a reflec tion of low demand and would przb.ably Oe solved if the private dealers and government organ.zations involved in fertilizer distr:bation teceved rE.ncnabie assurance of a market., The Pro~ect will provide ctganizational support for -54 group pui:chas.-ng, .. t.ies by farmers if needed, Some changes in the sges Oi f.=_'r.i.zeY.s wh,'cb axe available may be needed ior obt n:n- the bhIghest possible fert.ilizer specified unt.:1 m, e compl.ete informmat ion on soils and appropriate cropping patterns -s deve'.oped early in the Project., In di.cus. .-ns, fertiJ*zer dealers indicated that they could supply whatever Is needed given sufficient lead time,, . It 3s expected that. the dist.i'ct. level meetings planned under the Pro3ect. between tambon. leaders, ..mrchants and dostrict.ffic:..s should help assuxe selection of apprcpxiLate inputs and the- r ava i.3bi, t. b, Credi_ The Proiect is not designed, to require massiveTrusions of c-redit; althzugh some addi tional credit-ior ferti.,ize-s and for increased production of dry-season high-value c.zops w.,i.! be needed. Discussions with BAAC and private banks indicated that credit avail abI.ity would likely be adequate, and the Project will faciiitate organizat'ion of farmers for group credit arrange ments when :ecessarj. The general .pproach of the Project will minimize the need icr credit, since it stresses incre mental adoption of s;ggested pracr.,ces. This prov.ides for either financing o inputs out or pevous profits or for provid:_ng a soundr ba-is iox obtaining cre.dit, Also farmers will receive traininq frcm TEAs 'n the proper use of input credit as a part of the Project. Credt avalability is further discussed in Annex VI (Economic Studies), C, Livestock Inputs (Vaccires, Feed),. Vaccines for large animaT"e- a sT "nl~y MOAC's Department of Livestock Deveopment.., The large animal vaccines to be admin~ftered under 'hb.s Pro3ect. are not new and .they are in good supply, s :,rhe ielatively modest increase under the Prolect .n t.her u.,'- ;1n only .05% of the villages of the Northeast; can be e.slly absorbed by the in the pa-t, it as no't been lack of vaccine that has DOLD. l constrained ir.i use but. the di,5t.'bL .&dml.statAcs on of the vaccine, and that prcblem is bei.n.g addtessed by the Project through the spe.ciillst iarmecr- .nd training com ponents. Vaccine for chickens is aa Llable -.om DOLD and the local markets and should not'be a constraint under the Project . Sources of feed will be Epplemented for chickens 'and other livestock through the hbmata seed distri.bution component. Moreovet, the Spec.ialt.- Farme4. ,n each village concerned with the native poultry c.mponent or the Project will receive training in poultry nurit.ion and sources of supplemental feeding materials. - 55 d. SeediSt.ack. Farmers c.tten mention their lack of access to vmpvoe -seeds as an important constraint to using them The Prwject wv.i address thDs constiaint for rice and rt.eld crops by l.nKIng up with the several MOAC programs for svpp:ylng high quality seeds. Where necessary and feasible, seed stocks will be increased at. the village level by farmers ,tm.nedin the basics of seed mul.tipli caron, Seeds ot high value crops for dry season planting may be morg of a problem but the crcps envisicned at this time are already gzcyn in the Nozrtheast and have established sources of supply. When a crcl new to an area is introduced, the Project wAi! supply seeds for initiai demonstration or ext.ension tzali Later the Project will schedule meetings with merch=nns and arrange for group puL.:hases until local sources of sopply ar e establ:ihed, The prosect implementa tion sequence or research ttral, demcnstration trial and exrens"cn ti:al comn.ned witr t:mrx t.avning in seed mulrtpicat-wn w.'! aoid the necev-sry ror large scale provision of :eeds trom sn-i..,:es out-dt A rre Tambon in all cases wnee seed can ce sail[ mult4L-ed oy favmers To supplement ths #proa.oit ;a also pla;:ed that.. th.s Project element, be closely coordinated w.th the proposed Seeds I! Project wrc, is p=rtally aimed at inc.easing the availa.1i±ty of suitan-e vegetable seeds, e- Fish stock reqgared unde. the Prcject can be supplied by the Fis.eres Deparment but it may not be able to supply sufi.ctent tinger:.ngs an a timely basis for all locations where these will be needed, Provision accordingly is be..ng made unde trne Project rox tri..ning and assisting farmers in the pioduction of r.ine.rGr, from fish seed, Similar tranvng prcgrams for faime-- have been conducted perod.cally in the past by prov.ncia! f.sheries station personneL and these are tteretoie rot expe:.ted to be a problem to deveLop undei the Prooect Fu:rYnexmore, although fish seed product-on is geneta.iy earmarked each year from the seven No~theas'.n provinc-a- fisheries stations, all stations genexa.ly ex-eed telr qu:tas ,in FY 80 by 5% to i111% thus permitting allocators to other priority demands. New projects wbich cculd increase hatcre.y suppl:es drama t'aiiy are under cops~derat:.on by OECE, and this subject may al be addressed under the ptop:6sd Fish Ponds iA Project scheduled for FY 82, Even it RTG supplies are inadequate to meet tb s Pro3ect ; demand, boever0 there is some indication (e~g ;.n the Auourn []nveis~ry pre-design study of VFP II done in November, 1980i OhaL fish seed not provided by DOF could be provided by the pz.vate sector - 56 which is graduilly .-ncreasLng its capability to produce fLsh seed in the Northeast. f. Improved Mulberry Seedlings are probably not available in suTT'cent u'ntities YTEFm t~e four sericulture experiment stat..cn s erv.ng the 8 tambons for the amount of improved plantings planned, However, the Project includes a component for training and assisting vfllagers in the establishment of nur':eries for production of improved .fruit and tree crops including rootrot res.Etert mulberry cultivars, In areas where silk product:ion is Important, it is expected that farmers will want to concentrate initially on mulberry prcduction, and they w:ll be encouraged to do so. Sericulture train:ng will also include tralning in mulberry grafting techniques and proper culvivation. Technical recommendations obtained from the zompresensive evaluations of the Sericulture Pro~ect wl1 be incorporated where appropriate. g Household pultry improvement provides for a small (approximately 5,Oi-ia-e birds over the life of the Project) introduction of Lmproved stock. These birds are readily available and can, if necessary, be produced using the facilities of NEROA. h,. Pesticide Use- While pestic-des are not widely used in Proiect areas except for dry-season hgh value crops, the design team found tb1it when they are used they are often mis-.sed. The use cf one insecticide for all purposes or th- use of an insectic~des when a fung:cide is needed is not uncommon, Proper precaut-ons for the safety of the applicatoz, other farm workers or consumers are not generally known. improvement of farmer knowledge about proper pesticide use I viewed accordingly as an important component of the Pro ect, Tn addition, the Project should result in increased use of pesticides, especially in three types of cropping system changes: %1) EmphasLs on high-yield zice production on the more favorab.e rice lands may increase pesticide use on rice. f21 Emphasis on increased legumes and grain crops will increase pesticide use because pesticides are often required for seasonabie productic'n. - 57 0, Emphasis on increased production of high-value dry-season crops will increase pesticide use because pesticide use is essential for most of these crops. The Pro3ect proposes to suppiy -irrputs for demonstration and extension trials in the Project areas and appropriate pesticides will need to be inciuded in the input packages in some cases. Hence USAiD regulations concerning pesticide use must be onserved. The Project proposes a maximum Total of more than 2,300 demonstration trials covering approximateiy 380 hectares and 5,400 extension trials covering 1,300 hectares or a total of 1,680 hectares. It is eszimte', th:.t a'-proximate.Ly 20% of these trials covering approximately 12% of the area or a total of 200 hectares will need to be treated with pesticides. Demonstration trials will begin in year three of the project and extensicn tr-als in year four. These w.ll be preceeded by research activities in year two. Pesticides to be used will be selected zy MOAC techni.cai support staff and con tractor staff in con3unction with a short-term plant protection specialist to be furnished by DS/AGR (AID/W). This planning w.il take place during the middle to latter part of the year so that selected pest-cide can be tested during the year two research. Pesticides not registered by EPA will be used in demonstration and extension trials only if data is avaliabie or can De obtained which conclusively proves that they are more efficacious and equally or less hazardous than EPA registered pesticides. tNote: This component was planned with reference to AID/W advice contained in STATE 032150.) 5. Tranilng The Project has a large component of farmer training both at locations away from the tambon and within the tamoon. Training within the tambon wili be p:ovided by regular DOAE personnel, DOAE personnel added by the Project and other Pro~ect personnel. Facilities and equipment provided by the Project include a tambon meeting place, audio visual equipment, a mobile training unit, radio broadcasts, and publications. Training outside of the tambon for Pro]ect pexsonnei and for specialist tarmers will utilize MOAC facilities at NEROA and, where more appropriate, at other MOAC stations or locat.ions in the Northeast,, Discussions with MOAC officials indicated that these training center and dormitory fac.irt.les and personnel could be made available providing that the training costs (travel and per diem, training materials and other supplies) were provided by the Pto]ect. - 58 -- The Pr3oect will requ.tre a considerab]e effort in the deeopment of trainanq curricula and materials. To help assure the manpowei for this ettort, the Pro]ect pro vides for new MOAC positions of equipment specialist and artist. The technical assistance component provides for an expatriate training specialist k2-year term, and for a local consultant in non-formal education, 6- Marketinq Maiketing of inputs and produce is primarily a private sector activity in Thailand. Most evidence indicates that the private sector marketing apparatus in rural areas is both efticient and competitive (e.g. 1980 Chulalongkorn Univeisity Marketing Study; 1980 IBRD Agricultural Development Strategy Review). However, there are also indications that monopsonistic marketing practices exist in localized areas (e.g. AID NESSI Pro~ect Sociai Analysis Survey), and that marketing of some perishable ciops and newly introduced crops is likely to be a piobiem in at least some areas unless special care is given to strengthening marketing linkages to the private sector. Besides private merchants, tnere are a number of cooperatives that engage in marketing of supplies and farm products, but as of 1.980, only about 15% of the farm population was served by cooperatives and most of these were not fuil-service cooperative but only dealt with selected marketing and/or other functions. Nationa± pricing and exporr policies do affect the market prices of present and potential crops, but Project activities are generalLy directed towards improvement in production of pioducts for well-developed national marketing systems and for which little marketing assistance will be required under the Prcject. With regard to .ice, the RTG recently increased the support price of paddy by 25% and early evidence suggrts that the increase has been very favorably received by farmers and that the Government is serious in implementing it. Purchasing/ storage is being done through the private sector rice millers. Expanded production of dry-season, high-vaiue crops in the Project areas will, however, need to De carefuliy coordinated with market availability and/or development. At present farmers have no reasonably satistactory way of estimating the market/price situation at harvest time for these crops. This is an especially acute constrain J.cor highly perishable crops. - 59 - It should be noted that under rainfed conditions marketing considerations are not likely to be as critical as for irrigated agriculture since yieldarea potentials are not the same. However, the Project has several components directed at addressing potential marketing constraints and these include (a) maiketing surveys kfof peLishable commo dities), (b) marketing newsletter for farmers and Project personnel, (c, linkages with the privac.e sector at the district level through Pro3ect sponsored meetings with merchants to discuss...nput needs and marketing requirements, (d) radio pzogrammLng on market issues, te, the Cooperatives Development Department ot MOAC will provide a professional to the Pro-ect to help identity constralnts of existing local cooperatives and help resolve them. In addition, should certain supplemental services such as transportation of goods be required to facilitate init;a± marketing efforts on spec-al cases, the Project can considex assisting these from contingency funds. 7. Road impto3vment In oLder to limit interventions to only those considered essential to the Pro3ect Purpose, no road improvement work is p-anned under the P:o]ect. This decision was based on several tactors: -a/ severai active RTG programs (.rnc.uding the Employment Generation Program, New Village Development Program, and Provincial Development Program) are concentrating on infrastructure projects such as improving tarm to market roads, and tentative plans under these programs already cai- for road improvement in several of this Project's tambons, including Nathom and Tae where road improvement is most needed; (b) The p;pulations of all of the target tampons kexcepting Na Thom; are on the average within the generally accepted zone ci: irifluence k 4 km.) of an all weather road; c) the NERAD socioeconomic survey roads indicated that peopie's desire fo. the RTG to improve in the 8 tambons was relatively iow lens than 5% of people requesting assistance, except for Na Thom and Tae, where 28% and 13% of the popuxace wished to have roads improved, respectively; (d, Every tambon and village has adequate access to markets during the dry seascn when marketing requirements would most increase under the Project; (e) Road This maintenance is generally poor for farm access roads. problem would affect any improvements done under the Project since maintenance funds toy these smail, earthen roads simply do not exist, and tratfic volume does not justify upgrading these roads to low-maintenance type roads. - 60 - Despite the exclusion of roads from Project tund±rg, nowevev, shouid lack of good roads develop to be a :; iqnificant constrt;rr to tho Poject P"pose every offort ; h Ill.),id,. M I ,, ;: t I h,. R'P'. Lo1 1ipip',v, tiny p!lobl. m i:o&Js within otne. ongoing development programs. if all else fails, contingency funds may be ccnsidered for minimum essent.al road impiovement work. A covenant to the Project Agreement wii be negotiated to help assure priority atten tion to roads whenever necessary. 80 Enineerinq Feasibility a. Enlineer-na Arrangements Pro]ect componer:ts requiring engineering design and supervlsi3n input ate the water resource modifi cations, land modifications and facilities construction. For a±i of these eLements it was decided that a single agency, the Department of Land Development (DLD) of MOAC, should assume responsibility for construction activities in order to provide unified control, DLD has wide experience in these areas and last year i198 0) constructed 367 water improvements ;221 by force account and 146 ny contract). DLD is also the designated RTG agency for land shaping and small scale water resouice activities. DLD plans to provide a survey and design team to the Project beginning in year one, ana to follow up with designation of a construction supervision team and two additional inspectors beginning yeaK two when construction activities are scheduied to aegin, To coordinate the work and provide liaison with the Proiect, DLD will assign an experienced, senior enganeer tuli-time to the Project who will be stationed in the Noitneast. Ai± other technicai expertise will be hired especiaily for tne Pioject to assure their full-time commitment. (Figure 1l1-C shows Organization Chart.) As in other recent AiD project;, all con struction services for the water resource activities will be contracted from local, experienced contractors which are in good supply in the Northeast. it in pJanne6 that land shaping and terracing will be done by DLD force account because of the need to worK closely with faimets on this component. The above arrangement represents an improve ment over existing procedures. Up to now DLD has not stationed engineers in the tield but has reiied on temporary - 61 - FIGURE I.t.-Cr - i r',, ; 7 "TOJ CHART FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES I MOAC DLD/ENG. DIV.I [ SAID/O-ES I PROJECT DIRECTOR ASST. PROJ. DIRECTORI I I =PROJ. ENGINEER DLD---- I ------SENIOR ENGINEER +------ SURVEY AND DESIGN CONSTRUCTrION SUPERVISION line of supervision line of coordination/liaison - 62 su[,port I rom Banqk:k. Th: s Pro)cot. w . .1thus result in an iMportiLriL tirst step toward decentralizing DLD's engineering services in accordance with RTG policy and the real need for field expertise. DLD accordingly plans to observe this innovation closely for possible further replication elsewhere in the country. b- Technical Feasibiiity Concerns For a project of this nature, comprising a number of small-scale infrastructure components whose final locations and specifications cannot reasonably be determined until implementaiy organizations are in place, it is not possible in the PP to provide designs for every sub-pro3ect. This will be done on a rolling basis during Project imple mentation. The PP's approach to engineering feasibility has accordingly been (I) to determine feasible sites for inter ventions, (2) to determine average costs for each construc tion component based on current unit costs in the areas and utilizing standard RTG construction specifications, and (3) develop a sound approach and organizational basis for implementation. The following is a brief description of what is entailed in designing/constructing the various water resource elements of the Project. Figure III C-I and III C-2 give illustrative examples of each water resource compinent. (I) Pond Rehabilitation. In the Northeast certain inundated areas which are not free draining, have over a long period of time filled in with silty material or clay which forms an impervious blanket. This blanket seals the pond bottom so that seasonal run-off waters are held in the pond. Too often the ponds are of insufficient depth to serve the agricultural and other needs o loca± farmers. In rehabilitating these ponds a study must be made to determine how much the pond can be deepened without breaking through the blanket and allowing the water to return to the ground water system. Depending on the run-oft aiea, it is often possible to put in a minor dike formed of the excavation materials to give additional storage capacity. Generally speaking, however, the rehabilitation work is to remove material from the bottom of the pond to increase the depth of the impounded water and temporarily decrease the weed growth. Pond rehabilitation is not difficult, however the engineering study must be caretuliV none to ensure con struction work will not imperil the existing resource. - 63 (2, Embankment StLUctUre (Dike). This is a stczage pond which is -'me -E -ZT-Hg --avantage of natural siopes which direct run-off waters to the pond area, and constructing a dike to hold those run-off flows for latter dry season use. A study must be made to determine that the proposed pond bottom is reiatively impervious. This being the case it is sometimes possible to utilize a combination of digging materials rrom the proposed pond bottom and using these materials to form a homogeneous embankment. Often, however, the materials are not structuraliy sound and materiais must be imported to construct the dike, A close estimate of cost can be deveioped when the haul distance is known. If impervious soais are expensive to bring to site a zoned embankment can ne designed where the expensive impervious soils are only utilized in the central section of the dike. The run-otl area must be caiculated so the spill way may be designed to dischaige excess flood run-off and prevent breaching of the diKe. For this and numerous other reasons, each site requires a thorough engineering study. Each project has to be individually designed based on site conditions including soils, and potential run-off during heavy rainy seasons. t3) Submerged Embankment Dikes;. These projects are constructed in areas which are periodically deeply flooded. The concept is to build a dike to retain water ,n selected areas after I-food waters recede. The structure, which is unde water during floods, must be caretuily designed for similar reasons to those noted in (2) above, but design must also take into account the pressure which develops as waters recede fiom one side of the embankment as the food waters diminish. The rate of the drop in elevation determines the pore pressure which develops, and the erbankment must ne designed to withstand these forces. Hign forces could requ±re very expensive construction and may preclude economic viability of a project. However, if the water recedes slowly, a less expensive structure can De successtlu.. Here again, each project requires a complete engineering study. (4) Pi.ter -,ystems and iJeii.s Filtet systems wili be generally composed of a filter box airangement of sand,;,j:a-,el/ charcoal connected to an inlet pipe ari outlet pipe to a storage well. These systems are easily c3nstr'ucted by local villagers with some minor technical assistance ron the technical engineering staff. Likewise shallow wells are - 64 commonly constructed by the farmers themselves and the Project will only assist in helping them determine good locations and will provide concrete rings to prevent cave ins of the wells. The engineeiing cost estimates for design of the universe of projects now proposed are considered adequate to assure that necessary engineering will be applied Lo each and every project, (See Annex IX for cost estimates and supplemental Annex V-J for derivations). The provision of serv±ces also assure that adequate supervision will be provided to insure that the construction is of the quality specified, Local contractors are available in the Nottheast to accomplish the construction work. They are capable of quality work as long as provision is made for competent engineering quality controi. This, as noted above, is built inLo the Project pLans, The cost of con struction of "average" water impoundment is included in Annex V-J and this provides a reascnabie basis for the cost estimates for ths rc )ect Data Lncludes construction costs of the Fish Ponds I Pro3ect; an on-going USAID/Thailand Project. Data also includes cost experience drawn from various construction agencies of the RTG including the recent experience of DLD in the Northeast. Costs for wells and watei filter systems are detailed in Annex V-J. The above procedures ana estimates are considered adequate to satisfy FAA Section 611 requirements on this type of development project. ConstLuction plans and specifications will be available as decisions are made as to where each of the impoundments are to be constructed, and as the site--by-site studies are carried out during the life of the Project. (Supplementary Annex V-J provides additional detail on engineering feasio.rLity concerns,. .4bF -M ' ofl 65 * . ... * !,A MV. M4I7vT S 7 k (CTUOPE, ~4 qjg. ~RA~ ~\iCLAV/ COREi 2;mW OR mO);E JI ~ / ... CONCIt1 E AIPRON 00.~ 6,AIr. v. q A1: #p! ,tI I ~ "W 'I j - ' 4 .p " , ,, :; i 'i i; 1< !: ,j ~ ... : < % 17 i > <,- i v 4 . , VA YU 1 414 :"-4 :, 4-, / ' ' ... O - . *Y , 4+ : C, 6 *; ,, .. . , . . * (44 ! i i ~* ...... fI f',*;',*-ooD K ;7iD' 'It' %: , a < ,: .....) i i ...... - I...... . .. ,fil - 67 - D. Financial Plan and Arrangements 1. General The total lite of project cost for NERAD is $16.0 million. This total does not include costs for land or labor contributed by villagers for the various subcomponents nor does it include a cost for many RTG personnel who will be indirectly associated with the Project in their regular jobs. Despite these omissions, the expected Thai contribu tion to the Project, at $6.0 million, represents about 40 percent of total costs. It is proposed that AID provide a loan of $6.3 million and a grant of $3.7 million to finance the remaining costs of the Project. 2. Financial Contributions a. AID Contribution Figure III-E-I shows the Pro3ect components divided into their respective input packages and proposed funding sources, and Figur: III-D-2 shows the summary annual budget. AID's contribution is attributed to foreign exchange costs (i.e., expatriate consultants and U.S. vehicles), local capital costs (construction and associated engineering services, equipment purchases), and other interventions that represent important innovations under the Project (some survey and planning activities, training, farmer rewards, farmer seminars/excursions, composts subsidies, new agricul tural support services, demonstrations and research, economic studies support). The AID assistance will also be used to provide necessary funds for per diem and travel for RTG support personnel and to provide production inputs, and will be used to hire local consultants to support the Project. AID grant funds are proposed for the technical assistance component, U.S. vehicles, demonstration/research activities, economic studies support, evaluation activities. These activities are proposed for grant funding because they either do not have easily quantifiable benefits, tend to be high risk or high cost components, or (in the case of vehicles) will be restricted to U.S. source/orlyin. b. RTG Contxibution The RT(; is financinq a.i iocal support costs for consultants, all operational costs kctfice supplies, POL, utilities, maintenance, etc.), and is dettaying all costs for salaries of Project personnel vexcepting engi neering services and consultants). in additio" it is planned that the RTG YMl contribute 50 peLcent ot the costs of water resource development and will purchase all two wheel drive vehicles under the Pco~ect in nrder to allow puLchase of locally assembled pick-up trucks, which are the RTG's vehicles of choice, All identifiable local taxes and fees applicable to AID fi:anced goods and services will be either exempTed by the RTG or paid from the RTG contingency fund. C. Cost Snac: Cost sharing inputs from the farmers are not shown in the financial plan. Farmers are expected to pro vide all inputs except cement rings for wells, and to provide tree labor far demonstrations and extensicn projects where they will reap the benetats. The water resource development components offer other possibiiaties for farmer cost sharing, including ifor example) provision of l6bor for weeding swamps, planting giass on embankments for stabiliza tion and contcibutions of community land when necessary. These will be investigated during early Prolect implementa tion, A Condition Precedent to construction activities calls for plans fot the cost sharing arrangements ftx this Pro3ect activity, and these will be periodically reviewed during Pro3ect impiementation. For water resource develop ment sub-piojects, at a minimum the local beneficiaries will be expected to provide funds/labor necessary tot routine maintenance, CosLs for soil and local impiovements from Project years 4-7 vexcept for compost demonstration) will be shared between the RTG and farmers on an expected 25%/75% bas±s, but all costs are shown in the RTG budget column for these years. d. Evaluation Cost Due to the five year statutory limitation on for grant funds, the evaluation scheduled for disbursement 81 or year 7 under the Project cannot be funded with the FY 82 grant, and PDS funds will be sought foz the Project's final evaluation, This cost is not shown in the budget, based on Evaluation costs shown in Figures IIl-D-l and 2 are years up to four mini evaluaticns/studies to be conducted in 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and an in-depth evaluation scheduLed foz year 4, -69- C. Revised Budget NI,'4AD l" 11,l." tl Pl n B:._onec' ne and Category of Assistance (Sl,000's! P AID Loan AID Grant RTG Aqencies Total ProetC__p__en_____FX LC FX LC MOAC DTEC a.. Te,-hncal Assistance/Liaison - - 2,310 - - 925 3,235 b Arlm:nTe-hnical S.3pport (U) Compensation.."Travel 15 420 - - 790 - 1,225 (2) Operating Expenses - - 465 - 465 (2)Equipment 35 100 - - - 135 (4) Vehicle-= - - 40 - 125 - 165 (5) Construc'ion & - 225 - - - 125 Sub-Tot a1 50 745; 40 - 1,380 - 2,115 c Cr ~pLrang stems (11 Farmer Training - 65 -. ... 65 (2) Produ.ction Inputs - 420 . ... 420 (3) Seminar E,"Exc rsions - 10 . ... 10 (4) Wages/T!.,ave! - 290 . ... 290 (5)Technir:an Sipport - 45 - - 120 - 165 (6) Storage Room Con str z .n 70 .- - 70 (7) Rewards 10 - - - 10 Sub-Tot _ - 910 - 120 - 1,030 d. Farming Systemr (1) Farmer Training - 45 - - 15 35 (2) Production Inp its _ 415 _ _ 90 _ 355 (3) Seminars/Excur sions - 15 - - -1 (4) Wages/Travel 80 80 60 (5) Technic-an Si;ppor.tr 65 _ _ 85 _ 130 270 895 Sub-Total - 625 - e. Soil/Land Modifia,.1'n (1) Compensaticn,'Tra,,l 15 - - 50 - 65 (2) Operating Expenses .-.. 210 - 2.1Q (3) Tractor/!/ehIcles 110 - - - 10 - 120 (4) Cmpost Subsidy - - - 40 - - 40 Sub-Tctal 110 15 - 40 20 -5 f Extensicr. SUPPOr' 105 (1) Training - 105 - - - - (2) Compensation/Travel 295 (TEAs & Suppo.t Staff) - 135 - - 160 - . (3) Operating Expenses .-.. 190 - 190 (4) Equipment - 45 - - 45 (5) M,torcycles - 15 . .- 15 (6) Construction & - - - 250 250-__. Furnishings _ __ 250 Sub-Total - -9CC -70- C. Revised Budget - --- ($1,000's, y.AID rant - RTG A encles LC FX 1C_ MOAC DTEC Total Oc re "A.j .- j.;t .fal kk) i M~et.ryori 45 - - - - 45 '2) New; le:.te - 220 - - - - 220 ' We.-:Ie' Dit a - 80 - - so90- f4) Soi Si ',ey - I[and seE£.'arnn"', - 75 - - - - 75 - . Soil 'P.st , _ - 25 - - - - 25 Sub-T -t.j - 445 - - - - 445 ' t-trer Resf-i, cesDCVlopment TI'l Enginecri,. S ji, rt - 2!0 - - - - 250 (2) Swamp Ph.,2i mit'n - ?70 - - 370 - 740 6 (3) Fmbnkment.Sriructures - 300 - - 300 - 600 A) S'ibmergled Embankments - 100 - - 95 - 195 (51 Wate: I-'Ll,er Sys'..ems - - 5 - 5 .6) Shal low Wells - 70 - - 70 - 140 ibi)LOrher _aovementws - - - 75 - 150 S-b- r..-,1 1,165 - -915 - 2,080 ODmon-tt, .on anl_se:az;h [TC.)mpensation.,Travel - - 35 15 - 50 k21 Supplies/Equipmerrt. ... 115 - - 115 V Wages/Travel - - - 105 - - 105 ,41- - - !I 1.0 - - 10 Sub-Toral I - - - 265 15 - 280 , ]. Ecr(i,"nm,. S .dei c S.pr.p J (P Studies - - - 100 45 - 145 2) Supp].,es/P-r-r.:ng - - - 25 - - 25 __' Waq __ - - 95 - - 95 . S';b-Tot , i - - 220-2C5 - 265 k. Evl.'jatinr.rn.tm irg (1) C.nsultan.: - - 100 50 - 50 200 (2) Comjpen!ar.: on/Travel - 10 - - 1 15 - 245 (3) Su>e-,e/Equipment - 15 - - - 15 Sub-Toca 1 - 125 100 50 135 50 460 All Je160 4,580 2,410 575 3,500 940 12,220 ConI rigen'y 285 30 350 100 765 , Inflation 10% 1,275 685 1,155 205 3,315 4,900 1,300 16,300 Grand Total 6,300 3,700 ______57 c. Revised Budget ($1,.000 L Year Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A,~ GI ,('.t 1. Technical Ass:stance 420 535 500 365 290 - - 2,110 2. Liason Officer 25 50 50 50 25 - 200 3. Demonstrat'on/Research L (in .uding compost sibsidy) 5 20 80 85 90 40 - 320 4. Et:onomic Studies 20 40 40 40 40 40 - 220 5. Evaluat Ions 10 10 10 100 10 10 - 150 L 6. Vehi.:les 40 - - - - - 40 Grant Sub-Total 520 655 680 640 455 90 3,040 B, DrEC Co'nte rpart L Consultant Support 155 230 195 21.5 145 940 C, Loan 1 Admin. Support 320 120 85 65 75 70 60 795 2o CroppLng Systems 10 155 180 150 14C 140 135 910 3 Farming Systems 15 50 150 135 90 95 90 625 4. Soil/Land - 115 10 - - - - 125 5. Extension Support 40 340 45 50 15 25 15 55C 6. Other Ag. ServLces 170 45 45 45 45 45 50 445 7. Water Resources 85 395 480 185 20 - - 1,165 125 8 Monitorlng 10 15 20 20 20 20 20 Loan Sub-Total 650 1,235 1,015 650 425 395 370 4,740_ D. MOAC 1, Admin. Support 225 190 195 195 195 190 190 1,380 1H. 2. Cropping Systems 10 20 20 20 20 20 10 120 3. Farming Systems 5 10 10 35 70 70 70 270 4. Soil,/Land - 50 45 50 50 40 35 270 5. Extension Support 10 50 60 60 60 60 50 350 - - 6. Other Ag. Support - I - - - - - 7. Water Resources 5 315 420 155 - 915 - 15 8. Demon/Research 3 3 3 2 2 2 45 9. Econ. Studies 7 7 7 8 8I 8 - 10. MonLtoring 15, 20 20 20 201 20 20 135 Sub-Total MOAC 280 665 780 525 385 350 315 3,500 Total All. Components 1,605 2,785 2,670 2,050 1,470 895 745 12,220 100 180 140 101 100 75 601 765 6 8 570 3,3151 Inflation 10% - 280 560 680 0 545 1,515 1,375 16,300 Grand Total 1,705 3,245 3,370 2,840 2,250 i -, ______...... ______,- - 72 3. Cost Components All costs shown in Figure III-D-l were based on 1980 prices and are considered reasonable and firm. Annex !X contains more detailed breakdowns of each category. A 10 percent inflation factor was added for each year of the Project. A 10 percent contingency was also added to all funding categories except for the grant, which only has a 3 percent contingency since adequate flexibility already exists within the technical assistance budap+ to meet possible contingencies 4. Financial Arrangements and Procurement Plan a. Technical Assistance The RTG through DTEC expects to contract with the University of Kentucky to provide all the necessary expatriate technical assistance (except for evaluation services and liaison officers) under the Project. Since U.K. has already been contracted by AID under collaborative assistance arrangements for Project design work, no diffi culties are expected in obtaining an early contract. AID will provide a direct letter of commitment to U.K. to finance the foreign exchange costs of services and associated supporting equipment estimated to cost $2.19 million dollars over' a five year period for 14.8 person years of long term assistance and 43 person months of short term assistance. Locai technical assistance, estimated to cost $100,000 for about 124 person months, and the services of technical. liaison officers ,$320,000 for 8 person years), also will be procured through DTEC under a separate contract. AID expects to finance these costs through either a direct payment or cost reimbursement arrangement. Local support costs for the above services will be financed by DTEC. b, Equipment/Vehicles It is planned that all loan-financed equip ment will be purchased through a procurement agent for the MOAC. This arrangement will facilitate the procurement process which has often been delayed in the past due to the unfamiliarity of many MOAC agencies with international procurement procedures, Total cost toi ±oan-financed equipmen- needed under the Project is about $305,000. The RTG does not exempt taxes or duties on loan-fananced imports so arrangements will be made to have MOAC reimburse local importers for all identifiable taxes on imported equipment, MOAC can directly pay customs and other fees for off-shore suppliers who do not have local agents. Procurement of U.S. vehicles has been a chronic problem in Thailand since no suitable two-wheel drive utility vehicles manufactured in the U.S. are avail able. RTG agencies accordingly prefer to use small Japanese right-hand drive pickup or jeep type vehicles that are partially manufactured in Thailand and that have a strong dearer network and readily available spare parts and main- tenance throughout the country. To avoid the need to import unsuitable U.S. veh:cies, the sixteen pick-ups and one minibus proposed under the Pro3ect w-.ll be procured by the RTG using their own resources. Four jeeps will also be procured under the grant and these are pxoposed to be AMC CJ-8 vehicles under proprietary procurement arrangements AMC jeeps have been established under several earlier projects (e.g. Hill Area Education and Northeast Smali-Scale Educationt as the only suitaDle four-wheel drive U.S. utility vehicle for use in Thailand necause of their avaiiabiity with right hand drive and the availability of spare parts/servicing in rural four areas. It is planned that DTEC will procure these jeeps through purchase orders using AID direct letters of commitment. Fourteen small motorcycles will be purchased will be w~th loan funds to support extension wo:kers amd two (less purchased for engineering support, Since these small a than 200 cc) motorcycles are not availabie in the U.S., 636 1 waiver is requested to allow purchase of locally manufaztured machines. c Other Local Costs Most other local costs tinancea by tne AlD assistance are planned to oe funded through a itrmbuysement system as follows: - 74 (1) AID and the RTG will, agree on appro priate maximum costs for each input package, and these will be documented in Project implementation Letters. (2 The RTG will finance all costs initially and then seek reimbursement from AID of actual costs up to agreed maximums. (For water resource improvements, only half of these costs will be reimbursed by AID). (3) AID will reimburse the RTG through a direct payment. Du-&ng the first year of implementation AID will consider advancing funds for certain components, but it -s expected that during subsequent years the MOAC will be ab].e to budget adequate funds to directly pay for most local cost components. In some cases, i.e. for local studies or othur secv.tces it may be simpler and more effective to directly disburse funds under the AID assistance, and in these instai*ces direct payment procedures will be utriized where appzopriate. d. Budget ALrangemenrs It is expected that th.s Project will follow the lead of the FY 80 Mae Chaem Project and utilize an integrated budget procedure to program RTG funds. A single NERAD budget will be approved each year for the Project rather than several independent participating agency budgets as has been the case in the past. This will allow for easier review and approval through the RTG budget process and will aiso provide for better control since the MOAC's Office of the Under-SecretaLy will be responsible for both the planning/'implementat:on and budgeting process. It Is also expected that the Northeast Regional Office of Agriculture (NEROA) will serve as a channel tot at least some of tre funds under the Project tSee Part iV for institutional arrangements). -74 A e. Disbursement Procedures. Prior to the disbursement of funds for project activities in each tambon, a tambon area development plan must be approved by the MOAC NERAD Committee and submitted to USAID to provide evidence of adequate planning and proper selection. This plan will be developed b,, the Tambon Agricultural Development Committee (TADC), approved by the Provincial NERAD Sub-Committee, and forwarded to the Project Director's office at NEROA. Before forwarding plans to the MOAC NERAD Committee, the Project Director will utilize the technical staff assigned to NEROA to determine the technical, engineering, and economic feasibility of the plans. Plans submitted to the MOAC NERAD Committee will have the Project Director's endorsement regarding suitability and feasibility. The TADC will periodically revise and update tambon plans in light of the progress and experience gained in project imple mentation. Minor changes in the plans can be approved by the Project Director, but subsequent annual plans and major revisions must go through the same approval process as the initial plan. NERAD Project Field Managers and other Project staff will be made available to assist the TADC in the development of these plans. Upon notification that activities within the approved tambon plan have been completed, AID will disburse up to the maximum amount agreed to in that plan. For all engineering work USAID will certify satisfactory completion prior to reimbursement; for all agricultural works USAID will depend on periodic monitoring by the Project Officer, the Technical Assistance Team, and the Liaison Officers to provide information regarding satisfactory completion. Also, a Management Information System which will provide a regular flow of information on Project activities will be established to provide both the Project Director and USAID with information for monitoring the progress and completion of Project activities. (A consultant is being recruited during the summer of 1981 to devise a Management Information System for NERAD and other projects in the Mission). - 75 - PART IV - iMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND ARRANGEMENTS A SunarLy Administiative Analysis and Proposed Project Ocan.zation and Pocedua Arr'angements As mentiuned earlier in this PP, the activities to be undertaken under the NERAD scheme fall into the purview and responioilitiss of several departments of the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC). Normaily, even te-ng in the same ministry, these agencies operate quite independently, which tends to reduce their effectiveness wnen wcriing toward the common objective of improving the wel;-tenqn of the poor iarmers. SUccess in introduction of integrated prozects to increase government capability to serve the farmers is strIl limited and not satisfactory mai ,ly because old attitudes and wcrking methods still prevail. Other ptcbiem areas discussed further in Annex VIII) with current administration of many agricultural development activities include j±) planning and implementa tion of development activities by separate agencies independent of each other with little or no cooperative effort on :elated activities, 2) separate departmental budget allocat~ons for activities rather than integrated budgeting by projects, 3; insutficient supervision of activities in the iield, (4; centralized decision making, with little delegatior to the field, 00 few incentives to reward performance To improve the administrative system _t is now the policy of the Thai Government to decentralize planning and implementation zo the regions, ttus increasing the proba bility of addressing effectively the needs and pnoblems of particular areas. In recognition of this policy and the problems it responds to, the proposal toi the organization and pro cedural arrangements toi NERAD Wi-I have an aiea-based focus on efforts to coordinate and to decentralize agricultural development activities Existing units will be utilized as much as possible in order to avoid duplication and unnecessary waste, 1- Olanizatonal Arrangements There are five levels of organizational arrange- ments whic.h are neeaed in this project, i.e. at to~e national, regional, provincial, district and tambo levels. - 76 a- Ndtional Level The .rgonzatmon which will be responsible coordina troi, elabcaat.Gr. of ma:n poiicles and projec. fo, on tio;, at tne departmental -evei wili be a Committee This will be a Northeast Rainted Agxicultural Deveiopment. ±evel intev-depaitmentai committee, It is expected high will be Deputy Under-Secretaty of State of the MOAC that the be the Di eczcr &f the Projects Division will Chaitman, be Assistant Sacretary, and the NERAD Proje;t Dil.ector w.Lll issued by the SecLetariL The moin NERAD policies wiAl be A.1icuituraL Poiicy and De'.eLopment Planning MOAC's Agricultural Comr-ttee. The Cummittee on Northeast Rainfed and the accompa- Development wiil revitew the Project plan, iegulations nying budget Lequests. It wii.i issue the the personnel as ieg, rdang the ma3or methods of operations, in the NERAD wei.. as the finarncial procedures to be used as these need to ne done at the inter project, as far to levei- :t wili aiso have the responsibility departmental problems assist the Project management solve intex-agency with at national or other problems which have to be dealt It will help to coordinate with other ministry level. of the Project committees, and will review the performance on an annual basis bD Regional Level up The Project Management Center will be set The NEROA at the Northeast Regionai Ottice of Agriculture. of the Office of the is the Northeast regicnal f.eld otffce of State of MOAC, a ceftLal body where Under-Secretary The of various MOAC departments are integrated. activities as the focal has long been considered by the MOAC NERCA of this institution point tor this Project and the management has assigned high pr±o~ity to NERAD. consist of The Project Management Center will of technical Director, his assistant and a number a Project . The Project administrative staff (See Figure 1V-2 and aI-ocaticn of Project Management Center wai'i administer the documentation and reim vehicle support, and wi±. process of all personnel. involved burse travel and per diem expenses with Project implementation. The Project Director w i1 have the responsi- implementation to plan, coo:dinate and monitor the bility of the Pro~ect Director, of the NERAD Project. The signatuie managers acting as his or the Assistant Director or field - 77 delegateo repiesentatie, will be required for the disburse me,t of Project iu;ids, in order to maintain a unified Project financial management and account.ing system. The Project Di.ector, his assistant and all the administzative staff should be full-time, while the technical specialists are one-half to full-tiLmers or ai.e hired on a contractual basis. The Pro3ect Director or his assistant will meet regularly with the technical specialists to admbniste. the farming systems research program and review technIcal aspects of Pro]ect implementation. The Project Director will report to the national NERAD Committee, who will assist the Project Director in matters as deemed necessary in order to facili tate the implementation of the Project. He will review the performance of the Pro3ect on a regular basis. He will also review the performance of the Project staff. cc Provincial Levei At each o1 the four provinces which will be covered by the NERAD Pr%.3ect, a provincial sub-committee on NERAD Lmplementataon and coordination will be set up, with the governor or his designate acting as a chairman, and representatives of participatng agencies as members, The field manager, who will be employed by the NERAD Project, will be the committee secretary, and the prime mover of Project implementation in the province. An officer of the provincial planning office is expected to be assistant secretary. This is to tacilitate coordination between the NERAD Pro]ect and the provincial development plan and committee. ThLs NERAD ptovincial committee will first provide necessary data for planning to the Project Director and will prepare the provincial NERAD operations plan accordingly. Endorsement or department representatives will be made by each respective department, Review ot progress and problems occurring during imp-Lementation will be addressed fizst by th .s commttee, The tie.u manager will also advise the provincial administration regarding prelimi nary planning activities which they can begin in preparation for impiementation of an expanded NERAD program in other rambons of their province aF RTG funding becomes available. - 78 - d. D.striCt Level The field manager will report to the Project DirectoL, and will ne responsible for supervision of the implementation of the Pro3ect at the two sites in each province. He will have an office and one or two deputies, and will provide administrative support to facilitate operations of participating petsonnel in order that work will piogress according to specific area plans and time scheduLies The L.atter will be p:epared jointly among the implemenxation pLLscrinel, ..ocai leaders, and the farmers. He wil! assist the district DOAE office in coordinating act.,vities w.th other MOAC fieid units in the area, and he will keep the Cnief District Officer informed about Project actLvities, piogxess, and problems, and assist him in oiganizing district-Level meetings between Project tambon leaders, disttict officials, arid local merchants, He will also serve as tetnnical Dckstopping roie for tambon level personnel through advice and managing the provision of Project technical suppoit and training services, including transpcrtation and per diem. e. Tambori Levei Tambc;n Extension Agents 1TEA) will provide p.-o3ect leadership at the tambon but wilJ. init.ally be L-trongly supperted by the ftield manager, The primary vehicle for tambon pLanning will be the TamtX.)n Agricultural It Development Committee established by the Tambon Council. will cons.Lst of Tamnon Council members, and the existing tambon-leveL advisory pursonnel: the 1EA, the tambon Community Developmeht Department (CDD) worker, teachers and village Contact Farmer .Co.F) ieaders, Decision making at the tambon level will be the respons oility ot the Tambon Council. At the il.laqe level the village meeting will serve as both the planning and decison making organization with the village development committee serving as the "executive board" for the village meeting.. Management at the tambon level utiizes been regu existing organizations and mechanism that have larly used for village levei activities. Lt accordingly be will not impose any new, untried structures that may resisted or, tu.thex strain local administrators with organizing duties. On the contrary, it will unnecessary more assist the Tambon Council in carty:ng out its duties RTG at effectively, an appr.ach strongly supported by the all levels. - 79 - FIGURE IV-l NERAD PROJECT FUNCTION DISTRIBUTION Name of Organization Primary Responsi ilities 1. Department of Land Development 1. Soil and land modifications 2. Land use surveys 3. Water resource modifications 4. Shallow well research 5. Saline soils demonstration (with forestry) 6. Weather Data 2. Royal Forest Depdrtme1. 1. Public Land Dove ,opment(with Livestock) 2. Fruit and Tree Crop Nursery (with Agriculture) 3. Saline Soils (with Land Development) 3. Northeast Reqional Office of 1. Administration and Management Agriculture 2. Social Support (with Cooperative Promotion) 3. Technical Support laboratories 4. Farming Systems Research (joint with Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, Fisheries and Land Development) OAE1 4. Qffice of Agriculture Economics L. Agricultural Economics Support (with Cooperative Promotion) 2. Evaluation (with USAID) 5. Department of Agriculture 1. Cropping System Modifications 2. Sericulture 3. Fertility Field Evaluations 4. Minimum Tillage Research 5. Fruit and Tree Crop Nursery (with forestry) 6. Department of Agricultural 1. Extension support activities Extension 7. Department of Livestock! I. Household poultry imiprovement Development 2. Larye animal project 3. Public Land Development (with forestry) 8. Department of Fisheries I. Fisheries Devel.opmunL 9. Department of Cooperative 1. Social support (with NEROA) Promotion 2. Agricul tural Eonomic.s Support (with OAE) - 80 - FIGURE IV-2 PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NERAD Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Minister as Chief Executive Agricultural Policy and Dvelolpment Pl.antninj Conunit'teeoC Minis Ltr as Chairman Coimnitte(e os' N61t!,east 1L.i ifLed AJ,. icuLt iral L~vedopnc|eiL as Chairman Regional Office of Agricul ture -irector Standing Uniits DLvc Iolmt-uitI'roji.!r t,.i Develop Planning Field Trials and Demo nstra- Adminins- Other Evalua- Research tion and I servation NERAD tion Training tration of Naturj.. j rojects Resources | - Provincial Implementation -Sub-Committee I Provincial Gavurnar as Chairman Eield Manager A-_sir;nL Fieldiziqt.*u l Deigdlud Opurd Lioni~ Pu JI!IU 1 for Each Particular Arua t NERAD PROJECT MANAGE. NT FIGURE IV-3 TEAM AT-REGIONAL OFFICE Project Director Associate Project Director F Technical Backstopping Technical Assistance Adz-inistrative Backstopping Specialists Rice - > Long Term, 14.8 p.y. - - - Administrative Officer Field Crops Chief of Party - Finance and Accounting Horticulture Agronomy Officer - Plan" Protection Training - Publicity Officer Water Resources Agri. Economics - Typing and Materials Soil Conservation Short Term, 43 p.m. Reproduction Officer Soil Fertility Training Auxiliary Personnel (such Soil Science soils as Secretaries and Large Animal Husbandry Minimum Tillage Drivers) Poultry Forage Prod. Util. Veterinary Med. Fisheries Forestry Animal Husbandry Fisheries Plant Protection Natural Resources Econ. Animal Disease Market and Mkt. Organi- Forestry za tlon Fa-mer Institution Local, -24 p.m. SI-eciaiis t Admin. and Finance Engineer Agri. Engineering Farm Management Cropping Systems Technical Assistants Training (non-forral) Social Science Agri. Economics Liaison Officers, 8 p.y. - 82 2. Procedural Arrangements in order to etticiently carry out the Project, certain procedures will be followed. Some of the important ones axe identified below: a. New Working Relationship In an area project like this, it is unavoid able that dual supervision has to be used. There will be one more line of work-authority than usually is the case. Aithough such authority will be quite limited it will be well defined in order to eliminate confusion concerning lines of authority Briefly: (I) The Project Director will see that the provincial committee's work proceeds according to the opera tions plan. He Is entitled to request clarification and contribution from the piovincial committee or extend his assistance as he sees fit. (2: The field manager, as secretary of the p:ovincial committee, wiji liaison with the Chief District Officers and coordinate the area operations personnel working in Project tambons and manage Pro3ect support and technical backstoppin'c services, based on the operations pan and will report problems to the provincial committee for correction. Peisonnel of individual MOAC departments will keep the field manager informed about their plans and activities in Pro3ect tamnons. (3) The provincial committee will exert some authority over participating officers operating within the province who represent their functional departments. The departments must abide by the common operations plan, which they have jointly agreed upon. b. Personnel Selection and Recruitment A committee on Project personnel selection and recruitment will be set up by the Northeast Regional Office of Agriculture, with major guidei.Lnes given and approved by the Committee on Northeast Ralinfed Agricultural Development. Appropriate personnel wili be screened and selected to suit particular positions,. Personnel assigned to Project provinces will be nominated ny the Project Director and appointed by the Provincial Governor. - 83 c Esprit de Corps Special attention has to be made to develop the esprIL de corps of all the Project contributors. A feeling of equality and pride to participate in this ProjecL should be promoted and maintained throughout the Project life. This has to be done by conscious design, and by using various techniques of group dynamics. Special workshops will be held to assure a common direction and share important experience among Project personnel. d. Working Group Method If there is need for extended deliberation on any subject, such as setting of policy guidelines, operation plan, implementation techniques, operations guidelines, or conditions of work, a task force or work group should be set up for a certain period of time. This is to avoid the need for long-standing committees, each with few activities to do, and to limit numbers only to those with qualifications approptiate for a particular mission. e. Pianning-Programming-Budgting System In order to best address coordination pro blems met in the past, packaged project planning and unified budget preparation, request and appLoval should be used. This will be followed by a series of operations plans. The operations plans should be prepared in progressively greater detail, respectively, by the Project Director, the provin cial implementation and coordination committee, and the field manager. The operations plan will relate activities to be undertaken with the supporting resources and the time available, Budget requests of participating departments to implement plans will be submitted to the Project Director, who will submit the unified budget request each fiscal year. B. Implementation Plan It should be noted from the outset that because this Project is designed for bottom-up decision making and because these decisions will differ among villages and tambons and cannot be made in advance of activities designed to enable villagers and lower level officials to make informed decisions, a precise schedule of implementation events cannot be made, Nonetheless, implementation plans for planned activities which are based on assumed levels of - 84 .Oterest rind capab..it es for adoption ate given in the Annexes, This section discusses the implementation plans generally and iist6 the more significant steps. i. PreimEIementation steps include approval of the Project Paper and Agreement, nomination of the Project Direct,.r and preliminary negotiations with the technical assistance contractoL. Since it is anticipated that the University of Kentucky will be the contractor under the collaborative assistance procedure, no competitive procure ment procedures are antic.pated for expatriate consultant assistance. in oider to expedite demonstration and extension activuties some of the necessary soil and land use survey work may be conducted as a pre-implementatlon activity, and this wili be pursued upon AID/W approval of the PP. 2. First year imLiementation will involve: a. Negotiation of contract for technical assistance and appointment of scheduled individuals: b. Appointment of project management, technical support staff--field managers and assistant field managers, and training of these staff. c1 Development of a preliminary general tactical plan. d. Drafting ci a handbook of basic procedures, then review and revision of this document. ea Conduct village and tambon meetings to inform viliLagers and local officials about potential Pr oject activities and obtain suggestions for initial Pro3ect activities, f. Select in~tial specific village/tambon activities and specialist farmers in colla boration with Tambon Council, Contact Farmers, TEA, cooperative and occupational group Icaders and villiagers. g. Develop pteiiminary plans and begin examination of existing farming systems and farmers constraints generally observed in order to develop appropr±ate technological interventions most needed. - 85 h. Col.abotativeiy develop specific program plans tor the first two years, including assignment ot specitic department/agency rezponsibilit les. i. Recruit and train 4 additional TEA. j3 belect and/or design equipment, supplies and bui'dings and let contract. k. Survey tambon land resources, soils, and markets. il Recruit technical field assistants and other personnei. m. Plan and initiate research field trials. n, Site selection and design of water and land resource modification structures. 0. Evaluation ot progress and procedures and revisin ot plans accotdlngiy. The first yea, implementation steps are crucial to the success or the PLo3ect. The considerable time expected for assembling and tLaining Pro3ect staif, detailed planning of initial Pro3ect activities, development of Project opera tional plans and assignment of responsibilities to MOAC agencies, is a result ot three factors. The first, which has already been mentioned, is the Project commitment to bottom-up planning. The second is the fact that when the need for adequate start-up time is ignored a project invariably tails behind schedule. The third involves the Project's comitment to integrated pLanning and cooperative implementation Cooperative implementation requires integrated planning by the indivduals who will be respon sible for the impLementation. The process oi initially training project personnei followed by project planning by these s;me individuals can substantially enhance the possi bilities for truly cocperctive implementation. Itis also essential that the mapping act.vities and site selection and engineering for in'.tia soil and water structures be done and that field researco be started at or near the beginning of the second pro;ect year. These activitiea along with village involvement in planning act i'.ites will provide a firm basis for village commitment to the Pro3ect, and show beneficiaries that concrete benefits wili be forthcoming at an early stage ot implementation, - 86 3. Second and Succeeding Years Tne second year w.ill see the start up of most Project activities on a phased basis. The ten remaining TEA w.li be tecruited and trained as will any other personnel not recruited and/or trained in year 1. In addition to the activities shown in the PP annexes, years 2-7 will involve a cycle of activities including reporting of progress and forward detailed planning (revision of current year plan and development of next year detaiied plan and budget require ment), Evaluations will also be conducted in accordance with the evaluation plan of this PP. A major evaluation wil be conducted early in year 4. This comprehensive evaluation will examine the validity of the initial Pro3ect strategy and tactics, evaluate the Project performance, suggest minor or major changes felt to be essential for ach.evement of the Pro3ect Purpose. 4, General Implementation Schedule A general .implementation schedule is attached as Figure IV-4. This schedule shows the approxiate start-up and completion times of major Project components and indicates expected ie,.els ot effort during the Project. Activities expected to continue after formal termination of the Project are so indicated. 5. Illustrative Tambon impee entation Procedure Although detailed Project implementation plans must be developed as a part of Project implementation, an illustrative example of the procedure which might be followed in a Pro3ect tambon could be described as follows: The f.rst Project activities to be conducted in a Project tambon wouLd include a detailed or;entation of the goals and procedures of the Project fLr the Tambon Councii, with individual village headmen then conducting ozientation meetings in their individual villages. Explanatory materials would be provided by the Project staff. The Project field manager would then work with the Tambon Council and tambon agriculrural extension agents to establish the Tambon Agracuitucai Development Committee %TADCj. The frist task of the TADC would be to give approval for the initiatLion of Project tambon assessment activities, inc!Ld.ng detailed soil and land use surveys - 87 - I I ATii I Ill III! l II~ii!l...... ii i~IIiit I.. i'':!i iii i! I i I ! j ~ IID i ' ! r i 1, 1pi ifI !E T; i' H il l ! J Ifhi fj ' j p m I I, Int iaat onor, t n. c uri-ent im'g systes, assessment actlvati'es ; A tL .woui.d also be. seiec'ted t .rthe tambon extens ofllf and ineetIng facil ity, Next, t.he TADC :. ~~. wifl1 dev~elop; in cor. -ultat ion with vilagers through viliage-lev'el meetirig s.,the Linitial, agticultural develOpment pLan foiitambon .accivites, based on local priorities tor particular czops and othex. t irm.ng ativitit.sand informa tion providt.-d by the Pr,.ojec .- rhr-,)ugh the iield maaethe -TEand- fothe---Pject--supp0-tc-.S. t--aS-a-.Cequ-i+e d,-. -ircluding--<-. -:-- pol:cy guidence and the types arid amounts of ce-sou.Lces available, The plar. will inv.i-ue thie ,electioni of a small number of initiai demonstration and extension trial "ct: vities and the idertirication of siLes and proposed mar~gerinent. oLancirzatiorn for any small watex resource -S tr It- CT.ures For example, the TADC might aecide, that local priorities would be to !earn more about imprtovtd rice va-,.et.-es tor low .errace soils and field ciops which could follow zice utii).zng residual soil moisture, They might alsc identify a natural swamp for rehab.L-lt taon arid make airangements fcr hcw the improved resource .^ou -d be managed and aloc-ated- The selection for initial ex.ens.r. activities might oe hcusehold pouttry impzovement. This plan would then be suomitted thr.ough the lildi manager tC the provincizi committee and the Project Direct, .t f.,:r review dnd approval, subject to any required feasibility analyses, The Pro3ect staff at NEROA will assemble all tambon plans and sutmit thcrm'.for satAitactionr f conditions p-.ecedent- to major tambon .mplementat.on act.J ,ies, including additi.onal -in',torrt ion esr.oahsh. econclmic, and admiristiatie feasiblztuy, - IZ i'lo)uct technic-al staft ccin then pian their" suPPo t L.L.v tLies accozdingly. As.boor Lab the irn.it,.al pia , -6 approved, activities would begin, Including the selectionr ana ctaining or appcupri:ate Spec.raiisx. Farmer., &nd the elt:c-tion of sites toi the itiitia.i Lce and fheld crops arter rice demonstration tr i. . Prio, to the implementar.ion of construction acti,vities, irrclud~ng .he swamp fehzabi ,ta iaon.acti ties, necessary anaiys A;, plann ng asid des. gn wor.k w , be conducted by the Project engiieetiinq stat'. h'0.l3r1s tcr the swamp,, Y.ehabiat aton; woui.d aIso , nactlr.uewhc,.. the. proposed use of the water wou-id be,.. so a:c atneut. would ai.so be made for supporting demonst ato nastr.al& soc.ri as the cons-truction is completed, Pne hsehold pc, ixiAy improvement. extension progtam couid bg.n Eaor,, as 14 Spec::iaist iaLe.Lt are trained, and demonstration trials on Lice wcoud begin with the tirst rainy bea-on, while trhe fie6 crops dttet r:ce demonstration trials would begin fiter L.ce harvest. The TADC w.ll meet Legularly to ce-,.ew the progress of Project implementation act-vaties and update and revise tambon plans as more nfoxmation and experience is ,gajnea, inf-,at.;on will be provided to the TADC througn !he teport.,r', ? and expianation by Project staff of lane resource Eu:veys, farming systems as-essments, and demonsi ration ar.d applied research tr.ais; through technical, market-..q and otheL Lnformat.on pro\.:ded by the Project; through rneetarg- wirth local oficia.Ls and merchants on the feaz,b. It.y oc ,.aiious activities; nd tbL,.ough ixtormation picoice~d by vi±agers in pericdic. vilage meetings. The Pr'o)ect iieid mai.ager will assist tre TAEJC n these actvvivties afr¢o csure that. the Lhiei Distx. ct Officer, prGvincial committee, and ProJect management Center are kept adlv-.sed regarding tambon pians ana activities. A. InitiaL Pjc,.je.L iinpLeme1.tLcAtn aLtIvIties in the tainnof. are :uccesstu± in getting local faimers to unders.and imp:uxed p..accices and their potentlal for improved incomei addiLiona! activities wi.l re selected by the TADC tor inclusion :n the tambon program. Additional activit.t5s up to agreed funding levtl would not requirp -.rnpova. beyond he P,oelct rVrewrnr, howeve:, ma3or amendments would be approved..through the same process as the original p-an. The tied managei wiil pay special attentIcr, to tambor. actIvIt, e-' LO see that they are not becoming t: compiex s. that they overburden either the abil:ty of local laxmes to digest the new informdtion, cr the obii.ty of the Prorect to supply adeqUate support in Cder to heip ,.;m ir.thi!, assessment, pes,ne'L t te varIitUs depdrtments inf.viLvea %itn Project :mplementaticr will Keep ham advised of thei.. activities within the tambcn. The taeid managet wili ,epcrt pregresz and problems to aoctn ihh provinci a commIttee and the P1o3ect Di;ectcor C. Evaluation P1n and MontorinjArrangements Continual ciose mcrltoring and careful evaluation of NERAD pro3ect activities and impact are central concerns. These concerns ate particulariy important for this Project, since it is conceived as the first phase of implementation of what wril De (it it produces sufficient results) a regionai program for the development of rainfed agriculture. MOAC has, therefore, indicated a desire to take a strong lead in Project evaluation. I General Evaluation Atrangements it will be the duty of the Pro3ect Management Statf, in coilaborat)on with the Agriculturai Project Evauataon Divisicn of the Office of Agricultural Economics, to evaluate Project progress in carryng out Project plans. The Agxicultural Projects Evaluation Division of the Office of Agicultural Economics will report on Pro3ect progress and problems to the MOAC Agricultural Policy and Planning Committee. Data wri± also be collected by the Research Division of the Office of Agricultural Eccnomics and will be piovided tc the NERAD Project Management Staff to assist in the monitoring of Pro3ect progress The Project Management Staff wilL provide relevant data to the Pianning Divisions of the various Departments involved in Project activities. in-depth RTG-USAID evaluations of Prcject activires to include externai ccnsuitant assistance are espected to-be conducted in year 4 and year 7 of Project implementation. However, these dates are tentative and will depend on the needs of the Project anid the RTGA!D. 2, Evaluation Data Sources a. Baseline Data A substantial amount of data has already been collected in a socio-economic survey of 15% of the house holds of the 8 project tambons conducted by the Research Division f the Utice f Agricultural Economics, During the early stages of pioject implementatiun, as detaived Project plans are developed, any additional data needs .dentLifed will be met by the collection of aadt~onal baseline dnta by the Otfice of Agricu.tuial Economics, In addition, baseirne data will be coilecied in 3 addirtonai tambons similar, but not adjacent to Project iramhons, wherer .C NI; A) l1ro*]ect act %i t .s wi .1.1 take place. Only daLct deemed esent.ial, based on analysis ot the initial NERAD socio-econom c survey, need be collected in these addat.onal tambon, ihese tambons will be re-surveyed with the NERAD tambons in yeacs 4 and 7 to serve as an indication of what development would have occurred within Project tamoons in the ansence of the NERAD Pro3ect. b. Routine Monitoring and Evaluation Ili anc with current MOAC policy, progress reports wi.il be prepdLed 3 times per year by the Project Management Staft, In cDz'laboration with the Agricultural Projects Evaiuation Division of the Office of Agricultural EconomicL, based on information provided by MOAC personnel pdrticipatlng in Project implementation. These reports will indicare progress toward implementation targets during the zepoit. ng period and problems encountered. A reporting tormat wiil be developed by the Project Management Staff and the Office of Agricuitura. Economics during the initial six months of Project impiementation. Copies of the reports will be provided to USAID. Also associated with Project monitoring activities will be regular compilation of Project-generated data on climatologicai characteristics, market prices, test demonstration plot yie.'Lds, farm management records, and orheL data generated by the farming systems research com ponent of the Pro3ect. Data will be provided by the Office of Agricuitural Economics regarding Bangkok pi ices of reievant farm commodities and inputs, and changes in the Consumer Price index- A yearly assessment of these data will be made by the Pro.ect Management Staff Economist, with cop.es provided to the MOAC and USAID. ci Mini-Evaluations and Studies Since th'.s is an innovative pro.ect with important impicati.ons foc the future, several "mini evaluaticns" are plai.ned which will help clarify and develop means of attacking the pioblems of working in the Northeast rainted context. This would buiLd a base of knowledge for this Pro3ect as wel ..s follow-on proj cts IJrthe first year for example, it might. be useful to document the process of village and tombon - 92 feet inqs--orie oI LWO 'ha university anthiopoiogists could study this piocess and perhaps answer questions as to what types of participation occurred, how effective were officials who organized meetings, what communication pro iens were invoivea, how did tfs process eifect village "committment" etc. This type of study could help improve the design of tuture projects which might use the "bottom-up" mode. Another "mini-study" which might prove useful would be a look at the "collaborative planning process" which ,s to ne impLemented in the first year. This would provide insights into the process which occurs between the provided TA and recipient. it is also expected that several "mini-evaluations° wil i be conducted on marketing elements. Duiing the tirst. year of the Project, for example, a marketAng surve is planned to ident±ify any constraints for marketing flesh vegetables and fruits particularly. ;n qeneral, short term 30-60 days mini evaiuations during various phases of Pfo3ect implementation would provide valuabie feedback into the Project system in between the in-depth eva.Luations- Studies would be contracted to iocal Thai Universities and ocher sources of technicai expertise. Four studies could be conducted annually at $2,500 each during year 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6. d, In-Depth Evaluations Two joint RTG-USA.iD special evaluations will be conducted, including an in-depth a.;sessment ot both progress toward Project impiementit-,n ta.gets and progress towara achievement o± the Project Puxpose. To assist in this evaluation, early In the 4th and 7th years a household socio-economnic su;vey oi Project tambons and the three non- Project tambons is planned where baseline data was gathered. This survey w.ili inciude selected basic data cf the baseline survey plus additionai data deemed important as a result of Pro3ect investigations and implementation etforts. Compila tions of the routine monitcring data wli be provided to the srecial evaluation te~ai. The spec.Ll evaiuat.ons will also include interviews and nvestgatlor& aimed at determi.ning the effectiveness ot the Pro3ect management system as a model foi implementatio. .A integiattd -igjrcultur.aL development activi.ties, and the efte,...iveiest of the farming systems research activities as a mode. Zo future research - 93 of Lhis nature. An effut wall also be made to estimate, at ]east qualitati vey spreac ettects of the Project in other areas, including utrihzation of materials, program strategies and teahnologies developed within Project areas. 3. AID Monitoring Arrangements The NERAD Project will be intensively monitored by the AID/Thailand Mission because of its relative importance to both th, RTG and AID strategies which emphasize rainfed agrlcultural development in the Northeast. It is planned that a U.S. direct hire agricultural officer and a local hire ass.stant project officer will be stationed in the Northeast at Khon Kaen to monitor the Project, and facilities have already been obtained for this purpose. it is expected that about 75 percent of these otricezs time will be devoted vo NERAD, at least during the early years of the Froect. AID,Thailand is confident that by stationing two otficers in Kbon Kaen, which is only about 20 minutes drive from Tha Phra, and by making NERAD their ma3o1 Lesponsibility, the Thai Mission's field monitoring capability w±ll be sufficienLly enhanced to fulfill the requirements of this Project. in addition, one assistant project affice assigned in BangKok will be assigned half time to the Pro3ect, and a project committee in Bangkok will help monitor the Pro3ect. The membership will include a financial ana±yst, capital pro3ects oifice;, agriculture economist, social scientist, engineer and program officer. D. Neotiatni Status, Conditxons Precedent, Covenants, The following CP's and covenants are antic-pated in the Agreements- The RTG prefers separate Loan and Grant Agree ments because of the bLfurcated approval process and separate Durisdictions tor grants %DTEC) and loans Manitry of Finance!. Tnere is substantive agreement of CPs and covenants for both documents and no signilrcant delay is expected for executing both Agreements whenever the Project is authorized. I. Grant Aqreement Initial CPs Designation ut Grantee Representatives. - 94 2. Loan Agreement a. initial CPs (60 days) (i) Designation of Borrower's Authorized Representative, (2) Designation of Project Director b. SecondaryCPS for All Loan-Funded Project Activities other than Ad straton 'and Technolog cal __ort. (120 days) (I) Consultant Team Contract,. (2, General Implementation and Training Plan specifying approach to phasing oi activities and tambons under the Project and giving general time frames and cost estimates. (3) Organizational Arrangements including membership and role of the Committee on Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development. c. CPs for Project Activities W2thin Any Tambon Except tor personnel placement and related support activities, meetings/seminars, staff training, srveys and information services, in a tambon, the Government :hall furnish to AID in form and substance satisiactory '.o AID, an area development plan for the tambon sn:wing the expected activities, the~i criteria for setection, cost estimates and expected social as weLI as economic impdcLs, their locations and implementation scheduling, and including the organizational and staffing requirements for the activities with assurances these will be satisfied. d. CP for Construction Activities Prior to the commencement of any construction activities for which reimbursement will be sought, the Government shall furnish to AID in form and substance satisfactory to AID detailed plans and firm cost estimates including cost sharing arrangements ot the construction to be carried out. Such plans shall include inter alia evidence that a detaiied engineering surveyEas been done for water resource construction sites, that environmental - 95 i.mplicat.ons of water resource and land shaping activities have been adequately considered in the design of these activities, and that adequate arrangements have been made for supervision of construction. e. CP tor Pesticide Use Prior to the commencement of any research trials or demonstrations requiring the use of pes-icides, the Government shall furnish to AID in form and substance satisfactory t, AID, a pesticide use plan for the proposed activity evidencing adequate safeguards for protecting the environment. f. Covenant for Pesticides Pesticides not registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will be used in demonstration and extension trials only if it can be proven that they are more efficacious and equally or less hazardous than EPA registered pesticides. g. Covenant for Road Improvement The Government will improve at no cost to the Project on a priority basis any roads that appear to be significant constraints to meeting Project objectives. h. Covenant for Evaluation and Reporting The Government agrees to develop an evalua tion plan and project reporting system, adequate to meet the needs of the Project, during the first six months of Project Implementation. NERAD ANNEXES i-v Addenda to Annexes I. PID Approval. Cable (State 305713) II. Analytical Methodology III. Logical Framework IV. Description of Project Areas V. Detailed Project Technical Analyses VI. Economic Analysis - Costs and Benefits (Detailed Narrative and Calculations Contained in Supplement to PP) VII. Social Soundness Analysis (Contained in Supplement to PP) VIII. Administrative Analysis (Contained in Supplement to PP) IX. Detailed Financial Data X. Statutory Checklist XI. Borrower/Grantee Application for Assistance II. Addendum to Annexes Annex IX - 7, ln. 8 Housing Allowance Gudget. The housing allowance should be made for Technical Specialists for other Departments to participate in NERAD Project. This will be gudgeted for C-5 or C-6 officials at a rate of l,500/month ($75/month). These fund can be taken out of contin gency funds. Annex IX- 10 Construction Budget Office Building The amount originally budgeted for cost of building construction should be increased from $100,000 to $200,000 with the cost of furnishings remaining at $25,000 for a total of $225,000. The schedule should be changed from project year 4 to project year 1 which, discounting for inflation, would amount to an additional $55,290 to be taken from contingency funds. Annex IX - 2 Technical Assistance Budget Expatriate Long Term 13.8 years Chief of Party 4.8 years Agriculturist 4.0 years Training Specialist 2.0 years Agriculture Economist 3.0 years Annex IV - 15 Other Farming Systems Improvement Budget 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Previous total 16.7 63.1 102.05 108.1 98.75 103.95 102.7 59.5.35 Village Woodlots - - 60 60 60 60 60 300 New Total 16.7 63.1 162.05 168.1 158.75 163.95 162.7 895.35 Annex IX - 29 Demonstration and Research Budget 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Previous Total 3. 12 20 15 15 15 - 80 Range Manage ment - - 20 30 30 20 100 Watershed Management - - 30 30 40 - - 100 New Total 3 12 70 75 85 35 - 280 * Public Land Use Demonstration deleted. -ii - Ill. GUIDELlNES FUR LONU IERM TECHNICAL ASSISIANCE PObITIONS GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND EXPECTATIONS All long-term team members should nave interest and experience in interuiscipiinary problefi-sulviny research and/or extension. It is absolutely necessary that either the agronumist or the agricultural economist kor ootn) should have farming/cropping systems applied research experience. .. Ph.Ds fur ail team members are preferable. All team members will be expected to accomplish the following: I. luentify, assist in recruitment, and work with short term personnel in technical assistance whether they come from UK, otner SECID institutions, or Thai institutions, whenever supplementary assistance is necessary. 2. General willingness to spend consideraule time in the field with the various levels of personnel. 3. Be willing to make an attempt to learn Thai language and customs. CHIEF OF PAR Y The Chief of Party snould have at least five years of applied research and/or extension experience in any field reiateo to farming systems. This person should nave some previous experience in administration. Additionally, it is necessary for tne COP to have experience of at least two years in an LUC, preferably Thailano. The COP will be expected to accomplish the following: I. Coordinate and auvise project personnel in the implementation of the overall project including revision of annual plan of' monitoring, evaluation, etc. 2. Administer tlme team technical assistance effort. 3. Aovise tne MOAC Project Director, Project Manager, and USAID concerning project tehnical assistance. 4. Conduct research and/or extension in his area of expertise on farming systems. TRAINING five The long-term training specialist should have at least modes years experience in using various communications/media leaders and and methous in training extension agents, farmer, this specialist other trainers, etc. It would preferable for will be expected to have previous Thai experience. This person to accomplish the following. required in the I. Advise the general program of training agents, Project Paper for project staff members, extension farmers, community leaders, and trainers. of various 2. Provide technical assistance in the use media modes for the auove mentioned groups. 3. Assist in the preparation of training materials. 4. Assist other specialist in training matters. AGRICULTURALIST five The long-term agriculturalist should have at least research and years experience in crop production and soils and how extension. This person should oe interested in Some knowledge of the biology of the farming system. This international experience is strongly preferred. the following: agriculturalist will be expected to accomplish 1. To advise RTG concerning the general biological component of the technical assistance program. a cropping 2. Assist and coordinate in the development of include but systems applied research methodology which would not be limited to: a. analysis of current farming system practices; for U. identify and analyze specific research needs crop, livestock, forestry, and fisheries development; of c. identify and analyze specific research needs the integration of the above mentioned into cropping and farming systems. -iv- TRAINING The long-term truining specialist should have at least five years experience in using various communications/media modes and methous in training extension agents, farmer, leaders and other trainers, etc. It would preferable for this specialist to have previous Thai experience. This person will be expected to accomplish the following. I. Aovise the general program of training required in the Project Paper for project staff members, extension agents, farmers, community leaders, and trainers. 2. Provide technical assistance in the use of various media modes for the auove mentioned groups. 3. Assist in the preparation of training materials. 4. Assist other specialist in training matters. AGRICULTURALIST The long-term agriculturalist shuuld have at least five years experience in crop production and soils research and extension. This person should be interested in and how knowledge of the biology of the farming system. Some inter,ational experience is strongly preferred. This agriculturalist will be expected to accomplish the following: 1. To advise RTG concerning the general biological component of the technical assistance program. 2. Assist and coordinate in the Uevelopment of a cropping systems applied research methodology which would include but not be limited to; a. analysis of current farming system practices; D. identify and analyze specific research needs for crop, livestock, forestry, and fisheries development; c. identify and analyze specific research needs of the integration of the above mentioned into cropping and farming systems. DUTIES OF CAMPUS COORDINATOR A campus coordinator will be responsible for: 1. Recruitment and selection of team members; correspondence with COP concerning needs and potential suitability of candidates; arrangement for orientation on campus, assistance in arranging travel, shipments, storage an other requirements for travel to post. 2. Routine on campus back stopping of team members, including pay, evaluations and other personnel matters. 3. Support of project interests/activities on campus, including: a) access to library and other information sources; b) collection anu snipment of relevant reports, reference materials and catalog; c) finding and contacing individuals in the U.S. who may have needeo information; d) solicitation of informal assistance to feed team by other faculty members. 4. Liaison witn all university units in rtlation to project activities; periodic oriefing of relevant administrators; sponsering seminars and speakers on Thai agriculture and/or project activities; creating a climate of wide university invulvement in tne project. 5. Provide uack-up for financial reporting and assist in preparation as needed. 6. Assist in project planning, project review and project reporting. &NNX I-I •~-'s .lt-.0 -jj-.n, P.A,.; ',, AC'rloN USAID-5 I )3 cL.AsSI ~ STATT 305713 AMn " LNNNNVV MJA624EH)650 CI:,,.IOO, c-mE I-A RR' RUMJG3mt 1DcM ' DE RUEHC 95713 1~3,302321I~ Rcic J 2 ; f 7 AZNR UUUUU ZZH POL P 262125Z NOV 79 27 NbV 1979 S FM1 SECSTATE WASHDC D!STRIDUTION ECON TO AE BASSY BANG WK 19 70, 1971 CT bAO 8 T m ICA UNCLAY ISTATE 305713 D PA EXO USAI') A16AC ' O1-i rir.-, E.O. 12065: N/A Toii,'ILI TAGS: ...... * SUBJECT: NORTHEAST RAINFED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT' ______-' (493-030B) I!.... fPc' REFS: A) BANGYOK 41556j, b) 'TATE P62290 ADM- I -- &:.M I 1. AT ASIA PROJEC ADVISORY COMMITTEE (APAC) REVIEW OF .e0 F-SUBJECT ?1D, ISSIES OU1'.INED REF B AtZ) MISSON RESFONSES, aGso REF A, WERE DISCUS-SED WITH MISSION REPRESENTATIVES IN ADATE DANCE. SY 2. THE APAC AfY,:uVED THE SUBJECT PID FOR DEVELOPEIENT CF A tiCOiC PP FOR FY 81 FUNDIN:, ASSU'ING SATISFACTORY RESOLUTION OF FA" C 4 THE ISSUES OUTLINED IN PARA 3 BELOW -AND WITH THE INJUNCTJON __IRCO THAT USAID LIMIT PROSFfS.D ACTIVITIES UNDER NERAD I TO FEWER '--o: THAN SIX DISTHICTS ( IN THREE PROVIN.CES) AI. THAT'THE PP TSO ADDRESS THE Ic;SUE OF THE SCOPE OF PROPUSED NERAD ACTIVITIES CEO-c AND IHE ;'iAN*.R 1i; WHICH REPLICATION IS PROPOCED. APPROVAL a-1 - . AUTHORITY FOR THE PP WILL REMAIN WITH AID/W.* RE F 3. THE FOLLOWING ISSUES WERE IDENTIFIED 1Y THE APAC AS FBIS NEEDING FURTHER CONSIDERATION: (...A)AREA DEVELOP;ENT STRATEGY: WHILE THE DESIRAbILITY CPU OF ADDRESSING f1JLILTIPLE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH I EASING CILA1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN THE NORTHEAST SIMUI.TANEOUSLY "OG IS WELL DOCU ,ENTED BY THE PID, THE APAC QUESTIONED THE .ORKABILITY OF THE AREA DEVELOPMENT. APPROACH AS PROPOSED, _CHi" ESPECIALLY WITH MORE THAN ONE AGRICULTQRAL TECHNOLOGY TcU PACKAGE. ACOIRDINGLY, THE APAC DISCUSSED ALTERtATIVES FOR SIMPLIFYING THE PROJECT WITH A VIEW TOWARD REDUCING3 THE RISK OF FAILURE, GIVEN A HISTORY INHTHAILAND OF DIFFICULTY IN GETTING A MULTIPLICITY OF LINE MINISTRIES, DEPAJRTMENTS, AND DEVELOPM'ENT AGENCIES TO WORK TOGETHER PRODUCTiVELY. OPTIONS SUCH AS GEOGRAPHIC LIMITATIONS At) LIMITI,'r ThE io/cs NUMBER OF ACTIVITIES TO BE INODRPORATED IN THE PROJECT, AS WELL AS PHASING AND/OR TRANCHIG, WERE EXPLORED. THE APAC RFMMMFNlFD T1AT II Z T lCWI4AIIl 1) I TITT P1nO DUTPAI rn%,Cri^eC ,H4NLZ' . V .ANNEX :-2 ALLY COULD BE. INCL'UDED IF DEEMED ESSENTIAL TO ALdtEVEMENT OF PROJECT PURPOSE. FURTPERMOREt THE APAC URGED THAT, IN WONIECT 16M WITH REDUCING tEOGRAPHICAL C0VERAGE9 USAID GIVE SERIOUS CONSIDERATION TO REDUCING OVERALL FINANCING WITH A VIEW TOWARD SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF A NERAD II PROJECT UNDER WHICH AID-SUPPORTED ACTIVITIFS COULD BE GEOGRAPHICALLY EXPANDED AND/OR -INTENSIFIED. ON THE LATTEI POINT, MISSION REPRESENTATIVES SPOKE FOR INTENSIFICATION WHILE THE APAC FAVORED REPLICATION. ... (B) ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS: THE APAC NOTED THAT THE OBJECTIVE Of DECENTRALIZ1 3 MANAGEMENT DECISIONMAKING AND IMPLEMENTATION WILL ATTACH A GREAT DEAL OF IMPORTANCE TO THE PROPOSED DISTRICT LEVEL COMMITTEES AID THE ROLE OF THA PHRA, THEREFORE, DURING PP PREPARATION, A CLEAR UNDEF STANDING OF THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE VARIOUS-ENTITIES WITHIN THE ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCH,Y SHOULD BE DEVELOPED AND NEGOTIATED WITH THE RTG. IN ORDER TO ASSURE AN EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM, CP' S SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE PP WHICH CLEARLY ARTICULATE IMPLEMENTATION RESPON- SIB ILITlES AT EACH LEVEL. SINCE THE PROJECT ALSO SEEKS TC DECENTRALIZE BUDGETARY RESPONSIBILITIES, BUDGETARY CONTROL ISSUES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE CP' S. ... (C) COORDINiA]TION: THE PP SHOULD BE EXPLICIT R-GARDIING THE RELATIONSHIP AND LIlJiAGES OF THE SUBJECT PROJECT TO THE PROPOSED PLANNINtS AND PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND VILLAGE FISH PONDS II ACTIVITIES, AY WELL AS ONGOING AM) FY 80 PROJECTS IN THE NORTHEAST. THE INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF THE VARIOUS IMPLEMENTING ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES SHOULD BE SPELLED OUT. THE REi-ATIONSHiP OF THE PROPOSED PROjECT TO ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY OTHER DONORS SHOULD ALSO BE FULLY DOCUMEKTED, ESPECIALLY IN THE CASE OF ACTIVITIES, SUCH AS THE WORLD BANK-SUPPORTED RAINFED AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROJECT, WHICH ARE VIEWED AS INPUTS TO THE SUBJECT PROJECT. ... (D) DISTRICT-SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENfT PLANS: THE APAC EXPRESSED CONCERtN THAT THE PP BE AS EXPLICIT AS POSElbLE ABOUT THE MJIX, EXTENT AND MAGNITUDE OF ACTIVITIES PLANNED IN EACH DISTRICT. DESPITE AN EVIDENT NEED FOR FLEXIBILIT IF THE PLANNING/MAN'AGEMEINT ROLES OF THE NEW DISTRICT C TEES ARE TO BE ENHANCED, THE PP SHOULD AT A MINIMUM INLL,)E ILLUSTRATIVE DISTRICT DEVELOPMET PLANS. IF IT Ic OT POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP DETAILED PLANS AT THE TIME OF PP PREPARATION, CP' S REGARDINri THE NECESSITY FOR SUCH PLANS PRIOR TO ACTUAL DE.VELOPMENT ACTIVITIES GETTING UNDERWAY SHOULD BE GIVEN SERIOUS CONSIDERATION. ... (E) SITE SELECTION CRITERIA: WHILE BOTH LOW PROVINCIAL INCOME ANDLOW CURRENT LEVELS OF FOREIGN DOP)R ASSISTANCE ARE REASONABLE CRITERIA FOR USE IN SELECTItG PARTICIPATING PROVINCES/DISTRICTS, OTHER CRITERIA WHICH WOULD FACILITATE THE SELECTION OF PROVINCES/DISTRICTS WHERE THERE IS A GOOD CHANCE OF SUCCESS SHOULD BE ADDED. SUCH CRITERIA MIGHT INCLLDE CONSIDERATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS OR RAINFALL PAT- TERNS CONDUCIVE TO IMPROVEMENTS IN RAINFED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT 10 No 3057. UN CLkSSFIED IOWEVER, THERE "I'S UNLIKELY TO BE A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN'USDH STAFF, AND THE RELATIVELY SMALL SIZE OF USAD S AGRICULTURAL STAFF WILL MAKE RELIANCE UPON STAFF- INTENSIVE ACCOUNT ING/MONITORING.TECHNIQUES IMPOSSIBLE OR AT BEST DIFFICULT. THEREFORE, THE PP SHOULD INCLUDE A DETAILED DISCUSSION OF VOW THE PROJECT WILL BE f0NlTORED INCLUDING ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE FLOW OF FUVDS. WITH ... (G) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: THE APAC DISAGREED A POSITIVE DETER jAINATION BASED ON STATEMjENT 10 THE lEE THAT THERE WOULD BE NO SIGNIFICANT NAGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CNSEQUZNCES RESULTING FROM THE PROPOSED PROJECT. (SEE FOR PI.RA I.E,. OF SEPTEL ON VILLAGE FISH POtDS II APAC THEREFORE, hATHER THWN SEEK APPROVAL OF THE R.ATIONALE.) THE IEE INCLUDED IN THE PID, THE APAC WOULD PREFER THAT IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT BE RT-EVALUATED AtND THAT POTENTIAL IF ANY, AN IEE THAT FOCUSES ON POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS, ADDRESSED BE RESIUSMITTED RECOMNEtD1NG A LIMITED SCOPE EA ON'LY TO THOSE ADVERSE IMPACTS, IF ANY. THE .. (H) FUNDING: IT WAS NOTED THAT THE ASS LEVEL FOR S-LJECT PROJECT WAS DOLS 9.5 MILLION INCLUDItG A GRANT 3.7 ELE,';ENT OF DOLS 2.5 MILLION RATHER THAN THE DOLS IN THE PID. THE APAC REGARDED THE PID' S MiLLION PROPOSED OrgY GFANT/LOAN SPLIT AND LIFE-O-PROJECT FUNDIIG AS GIVE,'J THE EXPECtED PAUCITY OF GR{ANT AVAIL- ILLUSTRATIVE. WITHIN A:ILITY AND THAILAND' S RELATIVELY AFFLUENT STATUS TF- REGION, THE APAC EXPEC7S USAID TO RESTRICT ITS REQUEST PR GRANT FUNDS TO THE MINIMUM NEEDED FOR THE PROJECT. WITH PRACTICES ELSEWHERE IN THE REGION, UYAID r:NSISTENT TRAINING) S:-OULI) EDEAVOR TO SHIFT SOME COMPONENTS (E.G. TO LOAN FUNDING. VANCE ANNEX II PROJECT FORMULATION PROCESS 'ANDANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY USED IN PREPARING THE NERAD PROJECT PAPER The process which has resulted in the preparation of this Project Paper has had two features which deserve further expla nation. First, the project formulation process entailed a great deal of collaboration, not only among the MOAC, and consultants, but also between the various agencies within the MOAC itself. Secondly, the analytical methodology used in providing the information base upon which the project was designed employed several innovative procedures. This annex offers a brief discussion of each of these features. A. COLLABORATIVE PROJECT FORMULATION Various MOAC and other Thai research and development personnel began several years ago to see the need to develop an agricultural research and development program which would address the concerns of the majority of farmers in Northeast Thailand who live outside of areas which have potential for year-round irrigation. The national Workshop on Rainfed Agriculture supported by ths FAO held in December 1978-January 1979 began to help the MOAC develop more concrete ideas on the direction such a program might take. In June-July of 1979 USAID financed a pre-feasibility study by a team from the University of Wisconsin and a committee of technical specialists from several departments of the MOAC, which resulted in the publication Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development: An Opportunity Framework. This document and an additiov al series of meetlngs of MOAC technical specialists was used to develop the NERAD PID. After the approval of the NERAD PID the MOAC, under the leadership of Deputy Undersecretary of State Kangwan Devahastin, appointed a series of working groups with representatives from all relevant MOAC departments to perform all the tasks necessary to develop the project: - Under the leadership of NEROA a multi-disciplinary, multi-departmental working group conducted a USAID-funded study of projects in the Northeast which related to rainfed agriculture, during October-December 1979. This resulted in the four volume publication Survey Report on Rainfed Agricultural Projects in Northeast Thailand, which provided information regarding relevant research and development projects of the various RTG agencies operating in the Northeast, including problems, obstacles, ANNEX 11-2 suggestions for rained agricultural development, statistics and data related to agriculture, geographical characteristics and climatic conditions, and general farming systems in the region. - Another multi-agency MOAC working group of technic-ans was appointed to formulate Project site selection critecia, identify potential sites, conduct a reconnaissance survey of potential sites, and make final site selection. - This multi-departmental process continued with the determination of the skills required for project design and the formulation of terms of reference for the Design Team. - The MOAC NERAD Project Design Committee was then appointed, including representatives of all concerned departments, chaired by NEROA, with the Projects Division furnishing the vice-chairman and OAE the secretary. Representa tives of NEROA and OAE travelled to the U S. to participate in the selection of the US. members of the Design Team through the Title XI Collaborative Assistance process, and the Committee furnished suggestions for Thai consultants. - Again, all concerned departments furnished technical specialists ior an MOAC technical team which visited all selected Project tainbons to collect. background information and formulate recommendations for NERAD activities, to be used as background for the Pzoject Design Team. OAE also conducted a househoid socio-economic survey (see section B, below), which included suggestions on data needs from specialists of various departments. - Finally, the MOAC NERAD Project Design Committee furnished the support necessary foc the NERAD Project Design Team to conduct its investigations and design work, including visit support, data from previous departmental research and development efforts, policy guidance, etc As this list of activties indicate, the development and design of the NERAD Project has been d milestone in the collaborative multi-departmenta development of an important agricultural development project Throughout this process all departments have been very cooperative and responsive to Project design needs. It is this type of cooperation which demonstrates both the concern of the various MOAC departments regarding rainfed agricultural research and development, and the potential of a project such as NERAD. ANNEX 11-3 B. ANALYTICAL METHCDOLOGY In ptcpaqng the design of this Pioject, the RTG and USAID adopted a mei.hodology that has provided more information, in a shor.er period of time, than has previously been available for most USAID ploject design work. Time from initial concepcua" 2ati :) ,Lf tambon-Levei ±nformation needs to complet *.'*i promcct paper was eight months, the last two to three -i.- c.Ch i.nvo!led the actual design. Pzimary sources of inforima,.ion we:e i; Recent studies .f rainfed agriculture in the Noatheast, by MOAC (see section A, above); (2) Village-level sarveying by an anthropological team from Ramkhamhaeng University; (3) Hutsehod sveying by the Office of Agricultural Economics; and 4 Skte ",sLtat on and survey work by both a team of MOAC techniLcl specia.ists, and the Design Team of Thai and U.S. consultai.s. The components of the Information base fitted together in the fcilowing manne.- The Northeast rainfed agricultui studies tsee section A, above; were used tc provide much of the gene-.,& data about L..lfed faiming in the Northeast and to guide and rtame "he de-ign process Village-level surveyina by an dntniopolog!ca. team was used as a rapid and inexpensive means to pro,..de ; grear deal ot ;lnrormation about speci fic tardbons to be considered as potential project sitesE Usefulness of this type ,At su:'y.'ng Ls in site seiection and to provide a description of eacr s.te that would g2.ve the design team a great deal of needed ad-anced knowledge We found that this method p.t'vided accu'.ate infcrmation at the village level (born out by the te-c.nsumingrl.:me and expensive household surveying, and vas ar nvdauable ad to the Design Team, allowing them to be much be~tt;r inormed betQ),e they began to work and prior tL.the r own .:.tc,\±Sits. The report by technical specialists 1:6a, *,aaLi';, de-partments of the MOAC on their observa.onal s'urvey ,I NERAD sites was also used t provide much of the genera). .:foimiton about the primary needs for agticultutai deveiopment, probl.ms -i, recommendations fo:. each particul.ar tamovn. FLom this Ln ,uational base, the design team then cc.nducted s.te vjs~ts dnd gathered further on-the-ground necesbaryi. to the actual plannng, in addition to nc,lin[tacn irom conversations wi.th RTG officials from vari..ouz agen, es and intormation provided by them. While all this was occ..rtg.L, the Ofrice of Agricultural Economics had surveyed the b:.es at Lhe household Level arid household data wri cc:To, , ,.- a'.a ummar desc.Ipt.ve results prepared with the a.La u! cicpute Litre , 'U S. RAMC in BangkDk-, usxriu 5r.S . ua su.t'%ey werc.available a, the design tcufi pfepa6red tQ write up the design and the statitsics provided w.re u.ed thoughA.theprojec' paper Further [V. r- p~-~J r~p ANNEX 11-4 computer analysis, beyond summary description, was also requested by the design team and provided by RAMC with USAID staff technical. assistance. The data from this household survey is considexed some of the best, most recent household data available on the Northeast and w.il undergo further analysis for USAID and RTG programmatic concerns, and wil.i serve as baseline data for the Project. S1h I'KU iU. "j* o e om7~i.&~: TO9IIAT1 HAII C AWIICULTLIAL UkV$L0i4LNT is P5 TlIPIARS1 04lia"TT1. AOPI - NARRATIVESUMMAY 01OJECt.. VILY VERIFIABLE INDICATOS MEANSOF VERIFICATION UNPORTANT 0 Pos.,ea 5&IN C1411T he,04d.1ehll) i. M M .m...... OmuIAiabweveueMI....A..em.. ... (A-3) l i....e.sgbeI...." i (A.) l~rkloI almoI°ooolrfl' (A-0 rWprI ~l k+':N;Ithuial'J~ 1.mtitnuo.In I (11tne hI~clltblt Ic9C 91 Ime 99 . 'jf 9999ni Iitowo I9*9i9. o~'M IIt i~.a tittud realI ii o por tarm , 19' ,IC 994 9itgian 9 9I~II nud 1uI itl atlIl~ toouric'r(9 t*hLlihog.9... 9.njilly titNrt.l.h..9iL rflatiVe LOa 99 l :n 7 va aativoyd utab1e pri.cenI chni-lit IIIthatnatin, sructures. i.* 9,uwtr lilvn:'ino (.9 atuvt# I 9 * 1 * 9... , O. a.J, i I iy Of Iiltbic .110u, aI to i t VAnth .a.U..of 11. ~'vua~Jcrqultural survicum utdecnmcoprilito. foro:lOIi 9 I lporw(1 -4) Proh+'L~anl NOP6h1:(1 1) ' " ;lr",0.1 .11 Poolaei i ieti , iot oA 1:1iAl i, 'l9 'Ii-It 1 0 l tr uui9.,t ILI9VU 14rLnq.11o11.nl it/M..eI tirqua ity of I. I, 4.L iu, I Vkl9y1.. l, |1arin . . Lw9l i'.h it9i teita vl thit L t 9U994Wcd 999 V111a0ltrd 1.2 ,.,It tuLral Pd99burl (if l iart 9.I. -JS. y .... Ji .9uIhi nq l. r ivh tUl'tu&l 999. 9 Clu Thariland A rv.i.l 'tc,.i.2.. h- I,ii.,cir cneashaelthcullurel Inco ,l bi ol,i t 1 l .&t . atirlcultural duvelul99999:. 9.1to, 0,,. ee J.9,99..vt- I rijleI3LU - ilvity %rjit1itciriu.i110,1ai Vn..'rntill 49 9),9g.ram. f oz I9crt..9g..g tr ; ,.j9tit 4t99919l91A SIlotriarm (e ll. I"l v ulbt,ti Is..w r t a . .9u9Vi _:( ~i!::: rl~zieu'ivreyIt 99999 o .9 u..I ,ii 4. .' 9 . ,li.i l9, 111999 t.9.99 9 Ili. j'I .99.*.9. I.9Ili99I99I9I9 woo 99 ij, t.ii.i.1 d.-iiot ri opowad byI'w t'i.Ih'lw lltiunsIo. 1. . . prLcJ jU~laI ly0m lit ralo...9.' l tC0 doUIiLU Wi i S. 'Mmin~in..ti ity4irm and orthlerproject "t..cht..l. .,r IntIali.t.lud arlcultural develop- p olle. A ".. I . 4. s roal Laal Alsioll owienti a9n9Area basid pianne99di or applIcation In otlher aea.. 6., (Iii.'-UI9ll Acea based farling syemt roomaa e;iild9 gree dvlia.91rum u tc will,active c9ual-0 nan. Cllating to at ls.at 3 major weaknesses In Nurthlloath7ilnd farming@yetm. Owsoema(C-1) U~wsedeM*e0p'A (0.2) (C.))mes Asa~oya tpoa (C-4) I . Iarming practices uUiLa- I., Kovusiau9Jdwil practicua ddi.itudll ch car-- I. Evaluations/ 1. Recommendod farminq practicos blo to land, climatic, and I-oil (or ubuiiteClcu/rdah url99999l011el t viawii. orupcul acceptabla and dllied by fatrur . socio*oaonomio cOllditi299 water ,tlliitlun, olue.l9h19.b19dr9y, fileriv, 2. Project reports. 2, Suitable land made availablu adopted. aurI~illurv, i*'JulUIMl9t .:.dsl.9 mull cunarvltlun. 3. IrrG records, for inLerventin n. ~. 'iuwi9a~ua,24telane~anfrmr 4. Sital visit:: Rai9,nfall patterns do not 2. AdeIuatel ot.Ufnlon and a19.99aenari.fieald swalwulra An9d4 Asiantac, 7 devote markedly from expecta other ar-riculturou UPpurt dltrIct offIcl.9., u.d 12 subject matter PI9clAl. ti[ll. i. servica; beLing provided and late Irlll4 i911In plaicl' 1 tagubii extension 4. Nuceatsary farm inputu and utilized in targeat aruas. faclIt11 onstrucita.; extanion radio oup9Prt Infrastructure not addrusued by prurma; I moubillunit luipped aind.uperstIoBl pro ct tre adequately availahla 3. Sl.unoni1Lcduva19l99l99LUn publicattuon r.,l9lsl 'd1trlbutidIn prujet.t In lrocteea. avallble water resource s areasl detailed gull eld 1 . ms.p 99re994rd9 " . Viillaio and dsltrt. *juvorn for eupplla 1ental a8jrlculturil l mpl.wold leratat himita ijrvhls ma9hlelabun .. irOL as wall Om i ', 1lii and domestic Unam. setabllihadrid 999ia91t1n g. wasa-jutncial cooperate fully with 4 "loau..... I,1 5U. atur xtruwturoo. 1500 0'll ow w project staff. 4. Iauurch419199J99)f99t~t1i99 And It filter willlesm Inipla.. o tallnc moll ssUlors program for cantinuous 4. Demoiotrurtilsat i refinement of raintod farminJ .. untato publlic )lidui for io9Ad/fotral .ystOlml, . aat. tmhod, Active rsarch prolram underway S.. *lrltotargeted oiurelyl elof prlljectare tarIng 5. Agricultural davyluprint myolt,asandirs.ilutlun of kay problems and pro .- :process fitting farmer needs duction constrlints. 4 and government resources and !. gatabllsh i.t of an Interactive and. capabilities: cuplicabla prctise In macliprojecttasbon for -(I+Suitable adminlstra- matching governm.ent resources and tamer neesa (a) StlIn Agricultural devulopment. tive aystem procedure for an 0. Project malnsl, system operting In area development projecti accordance with prlnciplee and concepts outlined (b) ...... p - in pro act papdr. gram or omlaony action. ir. VIllagKeu sld &.O99aluursiglixedto sakl gram inturle4d du.cilmh toil9li neede tr project * e.cctvlclum and hnve cApacity to plan and i1pla "an. tlleU activltlee l+vsa (0.1) I .9.mlmallamTargel (Typ. cl Qeimlilj) (D3) A,s lla,f p'vd"1,o' l, (D-4) (D-2) 1. numbers of julalill d Pauonnal.r1. project reports, Adaquatu 2. buI~pli auid LiqJuIPMuIL. (bigu i'lialI Iuu .lIs AIIuua)xal vaiu.9tLoi0999, pursonnal .rLilable,. 999tL.Ji'.L.'d I1.n lld 3. TrainInij. aito visits. z.2.Idl9I9i9b~lu ui-I9 J n doutlluad. Technical AslaitLailu. ' 4. J rM/ ,,9l,9:9n'II lt , 5. Ad i 9I utIItrn j J fe 6. Cu9lmLruLlLun ItOlaulliLlom J. All aljili'ulLurul 9pu9 trauly OvailAbla. +twatertti rr4 'urunourcuot land " 4 . M arkul I ,J/Cu91t Iut. ,. 7. PundaotfoL mutige,IInuu999 . uoounii.Z.3~9 vubuidy, seminars, pur dlum/ lodging. 6. Plant seed/fish Sad/aninAl acted.. t 9, Surveys, desonstrationlll, 0.Etialuation'motiltll~iuI. C ... . : "+ . ,' .dr9... +++'+ :++ ,.+.++, +.+ p+'t ,+-,.+:.- . ,.:+. . 4 V 4A4~c44.rEXkr4444 DEC IPIN F PRJqLAEA NE -'ROJE"TTM'.S' 4 4 l c r a 4 E j .'pr.'%:>4'e4'." :t e 'M A ha a e a ffo .. i ,s gIro'c g re. p4'~' 4' -ee f rIi&tion'i ~ ~eV~.~.i~ri& tmbon'ozV 'hs-Norhest"aNotesfor-the SPharioi S.n z9one 1;, 'Roi Eltin; zone3 1,Si4 'Sa.Ket"'in zonej4;, and. Cfra iya~~~ inu 5 hs'secLri.lodstribbtes soe the 44 ~ site~around the' vegiort "as ~a meanG of facilitate future ~ expa Ision 02f 6ucce!sfu.i. projeczt'activities overIwide,,Iareas of the4 No~rtheast,~ YTkLk. following '4Economnics Fv~theL description of project tambon characteristics may, be, found inv kse Soc~ial Analysis (Annex, VII), and Economic, Arldly'SiS.(Annex IVi% of the Project Paper, and in two publications prepared As background mnaterial for-the project design:,7 vil,, _LvlSuyfo eNRDPoet by Damrong Thandee, Department of Soci~ology & Anthropology, - Ramkhan'thaeng Univetv-ity (.1980) NERAD S .t SurveyReport by, MOAC Technical Specialists, Northeast Regional Of.'ce. of Agriculture, Office of the Undersecretary, MM.C (1980) Soil 'and' Land 4Clasflcation symbols are explained in.FigureE 26 1, ChaiXaphuminzLrv in~e 'This prvneis located in Agro-Economic Zone. 5, the lowest rainfall avea of the Northeast, (See Figure 2). a. Tambon Ihaftan, This tambon is located in the southern portion of the-i-:)v=_rce, and the all-weather road running thr'ugh the tambon provi'*de& relatively convJenient com~municati.on and t~np~~t'nrz both the provincial city and to Nakhon Ratcftasima, Lhkemajor regio'.nal marketing center for goods being transport(-d between Bangkok and the 'Northeast Region, Phe tambon is i, ed.Lc:'ughl.y in half by- the main road (Figure 44 4:i.,To *h~e northwiest :;f the road is a large lowland area Fiux 41, doiain. ,ted by- Lahan Lake, the largest. water resource of the azea, w'biuf-i occupies up, to about 5, 700 hectares~ during AV4 44 ANNEX IV-2 1006 $1010 1020 103' 1040 100 04 S. .... 4. ,,o LOI UDO THAI Is/~ r\U KHO KA0 KAL s, ,/<.. '" 0oo Z " 'PI ,) ,OA THON . , /. K , KAUL/A•SIN- -!I IiC No / '- .,.. I '-4 USONRAT HATANI 1 ;{[cAA ,o*A , 0 NJIRUN! SURIN L. I!-- CAM ODIA I Sub District District Province No CTarboni (Arnow) (Changwt) I Lohon Chatturot Chaiyapum CONVENTIONAL SYMIbUL 2 Kwang Chon Phu KhIso Choiyophum () Tombon 3 Nong Khoew Muong Roi Et 0 Chongwot 4 No Muong Solophum Roi Et .. .. Intnoflon boundary 5 No Thorn Ban Phoeng Nokhon Phonom Region boundary 6 to Ngua No Wa Nokhon Phanom Chongwat boundary 7 TOO Uturmpeonphisol Si Soket 8 Toket UturLMn isoi SI Soket Figure I.. Location of Project sites in the North East Thailnd ANNEX IV-3 the, fooding season and is uL.ed toL fishing and some lotus grcwinn. 5ome~paddy aLeas mostly non-glutinous rice surround this swamnp, arid vegetable p.duction occurs, along with a limited amount At off-season Li.ce production on the land exposed by the cecedin9 flood waters. Some salinity problems arc eocountered hEre, especially in the southern portion of fhe swamp area.. The area southwest of the road has extensive ,jplan3 ar.as, much ot which. used to be planted to kenaf. Since 1975 most .f i.t has been planted to cassava which is processed in a Lirge processing lacilit.y in Ban Lahan which also has, tacl-.ots available for hire. Considerable rainy season produci~r, .;f vegetables also occurs some of these upVn, , which aing witb the off-season production is mtrz keL ed , i Nckhz3r, RatchasYrna. Production practices and c';-.i.. ire mtcs ly traditioral, and improper use of pesticides is em,'dent. uaod paddy land i.s quite limited in this tambon, and number of Ir.,-:ies in the villages along the main road are landless,, Sigqji.i Lnt number of cattle are grazed primarily in tipland areas and along the zoad.. Socio-economic stratification is quite pronounced in this tambon. b, rambun Kwan n. This tambon is located in the northern portion of the pro--ince, and i6 the largest Project tambon, both in term of area dnd population. The land of the tambon is undulating (Figures 9 and 6 ) and is b.dered on the west by mountains which are within RTG Forest Reserves. Crop production is p:imarily subsistence g.iutinous rice in lowland areas, with l,;w-yxeld kenaf dominating the upland areas. Cassava product'uf. is iimined due to t.Aber damage caused by flooding .n most yeaiLs. Some maize is grown in the tambon, and is aiso being planted by some vl'lagers with limited ld.nd on the adjacent- mountai.n within the Forest Reserve area. Cast). inputs for crop ptoducti.on aLe quite low and traditional cuitivazs and practi.ces aze dominant. Small-scale water resouices are scattered arcund the rambon but mostly dry out in the dry season. Crop failure due to erratic rainfall is frequent, Substantial numbers of livestock are also produced. A number f it-rnt.-rs rent paddy from absentee landlords, often on a sharecxoppLnrg basi6. Sale of "green" crjps is common. 0: C2.1 FIGURE ? AVERAGE CLIMATIC FACTORS Chaiydphumn AN4EX|,, 11,,,11tail nim. Temperature 14C) Relstive 14umidiq .% 500 - . Tompratur 300 Relative Humidity Rainfall 500- -250 - 400 200 II - -150 200- -100 100- 50 0 ...... - - T0------ Jan Fab Mar Alit M.y Jim Jil Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Rlainfall (min.) "limipuettare (0C R"' .,ve Hunidity 1%) 600 300 500' Rulativu Hluiitidity -250 400- Ratiiih -200 300- R l tOO ~2OO Jan Fob Mdr Apt Mdy Junl Jul Atuj Stpt Oct Nov Uoc LF' " rij i r' r' " .r"...... ANNEX'5 IV-5 FIGURE 3 RECONAISSANCE SOIL MAP OF TAMBON LAHAN AmplW Chaturat Chanmp11 ChNyqftm N SCALE rioO0wI pLEGEND K AC Alluvial Complex CY Cm Chiong Mai series n Tm Tho Muong Writ Pm y so Sonpo series . Pm Phimoi series b.Rb Patchobwi series Ss Si Songkhram series Cy Choiyaphmn seris Ud Udon,,tries so WCONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS sn Laan Un ARe- Roi El series, loomy variant Rn-I Renu seriesLotmy loriont 18on Huai : _.. , Track and footpath Kt Karat series ,Wn Worin series ,----- Stream and creek " Pond ,Wn-sh Warin seies eholOwphas Tombon boundary o 5 4 ,_ 102o 0 0 ,E I~Long. i01 l .Yt Ysothon series ILa,. ,5.34'-5.420 0 ' .j S -Bb Borabu series Soil boundary 11A .. ~; ANNEX L4 A - j , NAM CHI RIVER Tmi Cm-Uk~tfluvents ""Recent,lvu . :itjCm i 1 Alluvium Pm Semi- Recen Rb - Tropaquepts Flood Plain Alluvium _.. SWAMP Semi-Rbcent Pn' _Tropaquept Flood Plain Alluvium Rb Alluviu. Ro - Paluaquultb Low TefridLe KI U dIOUbi Ulb Middlu cr l lI tt fie- Paleaquulti Low Terrace W. - Paluubulls Middle to ,.Y YI- Hdplubtull High Terrace EI 0 L 0 8 u) r. > --' 0') UJ) ) c0 (0 FIGURE Schunat ii; Cross Section of Tanmbon Lahlwn, ,.AJ)pho ,~at .urd, . .,CIiyapum Provincu. ANNEX iV-7 iFIfGURE5 RZECONNKJSSANC SOI MAP OF TA MBON KWL\NG JON' Amploo Phu Kh~o, Changwat Cholyaphum K I, Trw~~k /iiit.p~ * o I euhg hje -~-< bieu p.p.ud unhK? i~ru Tomhtji.~~~~~~~~ bwdr /P ulIii Aiu~o :,;~~je LA~I WtJ Ib~'N 1 I Su~tauldu 10 HU l ibC(.Kouib Coii ke.B;' tfk Ley mix w1'ry ', 'r W,?* ANNEX | PP- thustultv Middle to ...... High Terrace ~Pn- PIint hatluults R:.wRe ! Low to Re-I Palequults Middle Terrace Middle to Pp.PI mthustults High Terrace Ilto Low to ' It i.I Paleuquuls Middleerrdc. / ' .I...... KI. Paleutults Middle to : Pp.Pliithustulls High lorrace 0 Low to Re-Pdloaquults Middle Terr ....It'i;',' ...... f.. 'i'': ' KI...... Kt Palumstults M iddle to !,. 1h High Torrace qv' i. -- -,- - -- - - .- ,LL,,I SAND S'ONE & SHALE:HILLY / ' t. FIGURE .6 Schematic Cross Section of T-ruben Kwaiiqj Jom Amp~hou Ph~u 1(hioe, Chiyaphum Prbvince ANNEX IV-9 2. Roi Et Province This province '.s located in Agro-Economic Zone 3, a major rice-producing area of the Region. Rainfall is generally greater than in Chaiyaphum (Figure 7 ). a. rambor) Nong Kaew Th1'is embon is primarily lowland rice area (Figures 8 anC si , w ith only a limited amount of upland area, and is locared near to the provincial capital city. Rice production is dominated by glutinous local cultivars, but a substantial portion is sold. Some kenaf is grown, mostly in paddy fields before rice, and vegetable and livestock production is substantial. Small areas of tobacco, sesame, and jute are also grown, sometimes with supplementary water tron swamps or shballow wells. The dominant cash crop of the tambon is watermeiori, which is grown in small plots by many farmei's in the paddy fields after rice. Areas to be planted to watermelon are usually planted to ashort-season local glutinous rice variety, which allows the watermelon to be planted before the main rice harvest begins. Watermelon is marketed thrzough mexchants who contract with farmers for their crop and come to the village to pick it up. This is the wealthiest tambon oi the Project sites, with relatively few famill.es in the lowest income groL.ps. Farmers appear industrious, but trzditional cultivars and practices are still dominant. b. rLmbon Na Mudng This tambin is in the eastern portion of the province, on the west side ot the Chi River Although the land area is primari~y paddy, middle terrace upland fields occupy more of the area than in Nong Kaew (Figures 10 and IJ.L Glutinous rice production utiiizing local cultivars is predominant, but improved glutinous cultivars and nonglutinous cultivars are also planted. Rice sales is second only to Nong Kaew. Flooding occurs along the Chi River, but water could be pumped from the rivet for some dry season rice production. Cassava, tobacco, and some Kenat, peanut, and watermelon are grown as cash ciops., Some swamps and shallzw wells are used for growing vegetables =rtte rie, but commercial production is quite limited except along the Ch. River Bank. Some public area is available tot livestock gzazIng. The district town of Selaphum serves as the market for agricultural products and the source of agricultural inputs, but. with the crops other than tobacco traditional practices are still predominant and inputs such as tettilizez are often of 'he wrong type or applied incorrectly, i , f 't /p. ,-'" . FIGURE 7 AVERAGE CLIMATIC FACTORS: Roi Et ANNEX Iv. fn Rainfall (mm.) TbmnPw.twa !Cj Relative Humidity ,%I 600 ...... lemporature 00 Relative Humidity 500- . Rainfall 400 -200 300 150 200 - 00 1oo - 50 0-- ...... I 9 ...... -- Jan Feb Mar Ape May Jil, Jit Aug Sept Out Nov Dec Flaiilall (mm.) Temperature (C) Relative Humidity %J 600 30v Tenkpera ite 500- M-5 0 Relative Huiudity 250 400- Rainfall 200 300 150 1000 0a:Ijj NJ J IL-0o Jan Feb Mae Altr May Jun Jul Aug Su)t Oc1 Nuv Du : j.,.;" " '" ANNEX IV-11 FXIGURE RCONNAS81M SQL Iv*A CF TAM NWN KHAEW Anppo Muang Chingwa Roi Et . ong Song am bonU Ub S tBanNung Phan Yoe ='cpe~nThan Nong Non Loo-,58 aoRe {o.1. CLVI-IUNAL SYMBOLS N .L, .[ village SCALE, 1 -'100,000 Road LEGEND ...... Wtck and Footpath Kt Karat Series Tombon boundarya Log138' .~ Ub UWon Series Soil bour:dot Lt/551 A Re Roi Et Series Re Roi Et-On association On ANI,',"X IV 12 Ub Grossarenic Low Terrace Ub- Paleustults Low to Middle Terrace "Ub11Grobbdf1lc Low Terrace Ub-bJ Piaoubtultb Luw to Middle I1-Pdluutitulltg Tur frasc t Utj P(,j .iItJIdiIb I~..o)W urc': o Ru+/On PIlltIh,ljuull.,) Low "lerrac.u Low to Middle t- Paluiubtullr lPill t ueir Low errace Lit 61.'bdtlll 0.U) o o0 EWJ FIGURE_( Schema)tic Cross Section of Tanabon NoI!j IKaow,/AmphoeMLuan,r Rol- Et Prov.|icu. FIUR Schematic' Cros Secio of oi aw -adoApo-huv ... . - I FIGURE 1U ANNEX IV-13 AZCONNAISSANCE I MAP OF TAMBON NA MUANG Anhod Soaic~m Changwat Rol Et naof. SCALE 1: 100.000 CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS ' Urbon Area LEGEND Road K Yasothan series SRiver KI Korat series SPond Le. sy So Git Ub Ubon serie r Lon 05714anIO ' EKh ' ____ Tambanoboundary j Lot. 16°02'--16°.07 f Re Rag Et series * Soil baundary AC' AlLuviol Con~1wx Re-I Roie series loamy variant -e " f Ban P':K ANW6X IV. NAM CHI RIVER Alluvial Complex Flood, Plain Re -Palpaquults Low Tprrace a. SI I, KI - Paleuetults Middle Terrace Middle to VI-OXIC Pdlutj stullb • : High Terrace I: I) o KI- Paluustultb Middle lerratce E, CLC ',, 0~0 '' , UC1(Obbd.re1c E P.lUUbtl Zts "o Luw "ferace flu 1.1l10acuult~s 0 .2 X.P U~ "'II.,. I . . ANNEX IV-15 3. Nakhon Phal)om Province in This province is located in Agro-Economic Zone 1, northeastern co-ner of the Region, where rainfall is the the and heavier Figure 12) than other parts of earlier the greatest. Northeast, and where the distance to Bangkok is a. TaULbon Na Thorn This tambon is located in the northwestern portion of the Project of the p'r.u',i;c:e and is the most inaccessible tambons, parr.-icularly during the rainy season. Topographical (Figures features dvide the tambon into two distinct areas southern portion of the tambon is flood 13 and 14',. jh'e by and lcw tet-race soils, which are heavily influenced plain flooding the Songkram Rivez. During the rainy season severe amount of glutinous occurs ;n this area, seriously limiting the Ls cultivated on these potentially good rice soils, rice whi.ch off-season and many viLaqers turn to commercial fishing. Some is grown by pumping water from water resources which rice also sold remai.n after !:he tlood waters recede. Some fish are public ponds and swamps in the northern portion of from the resulting tambon, but here the area is mostly upland fields the Cassava, from the clearLng of the dry dipterocarp forest. dominate the upland portion Kenaf, and livestock production A of the tambon, and water is scarce during the dry season. namber of fruit trees are grown around the houses. considerible modern Very l.ttle cash inputs are used for any crops, and pract.ices are rareiy observed. b, TamDon Na Ngu Aithugft somewhat less remote, this tambon resembles Tambon Na Thorn in that it is divided into upper and lower I.Figuref ,-.arr bi. The lower area borders the Oon areas season. River, %reful.ting n some flooding during the rainy shoots along the rj.ver are exploited for both home Bamboo primarily consumption and commeLcial production. These lower, middle terrace areas are used for glutinous rice production, but yields are Lhe ±owest of any of the Pro3ect tambons. is enough for Fish production ir.n smal. ponds and swamps cominerciai sales. rhe upper terrace fields are being some of cleared from dry dipterocarp forests for cultivation cassava, Th.d kenst, and iome peanuts and watermelon produ-t.onri using traditional breeds of cattle and Livestock in buffalo is also widely practiced. Water is very scarce areas during the dry season, but some vegetables are these in grown around swamps and shallow wells and are marketed Nakhon. As in Tambon Na Thoat, very little cash inputs Sakon are are used for any crop, and modern production practices rare. *T' r. 7-11 P 7,*j b i'I FIGURE 112 AVERAGE CLIMATIC FACTORS: Nakhon Phimono ANNEX IV-J Rainfall (mm.) Tompertwe ( , 600 " . -, Temperature Relative Humidity 600 *-.Rainfall 400- 200 :iuo- -150 200- -100 1F T - so Jan Fob Mar Apr May Jun Jul AtU Sept Oct Nuv Doc Hainfall (mm.) Tempercture (C) Relative Humidity (%) 600- 300 Temperature 500- i Relative Humidity500 -260 400- Rainfall -200 300- . -150 2 0 0 -R1 1ooI ,-.- ... (O Jan Felb Ma, AI. Mey J 1 Jul Au g .S.lit (h .t N~v I)nG .. , -...... ANNEX IV-17. ;UE--l3,RECONNAISSANCE SOIL MAP OF TAMBON NATHOM Amnphoe Ban Phagog Changwst Naohn Phmnm N Rn SCALE 1:IPOOO,00 Ba hwo~n CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS f~ PpA Urban Area B -P n kIRoadU09 Ban om -Track and Footpath $, t. PP ,. n pp,"Stream and Creek I R .I Pond S, HJ Kn Tambon boundary tVong. 103.58- 104. 06 EL Laof. 170 45- 17055'N Rn , /lk ,I s Soil boundary / Ss ~LEGEND AC Alluvial Complex i 'Kt Karat series AC Pn Phn series Pp Phon Phisoi series Re Rol Et series Re-I Rol Et serles loamy phase Rn Renu series Ss SI Songkhrom series Kt/Pp Karat and Phon Phisai association ANNX 0 oI SONGKHRAM RIVER 4) .. - - -. ..-- u Rn Low to E • T- M dl C *..*".Sb.Tropaquepl Flo plain 4 E 0 4U m C fits[NJ. IVdIed~uullPl~dIh.,,quult - Low Teri ace n Kt I al uulultI KPudtMiddle Terrace ,C :Pp- Pliithubtultzi Re-Ptaeuquultts Low Terrace E j Pn-i Plinthaquults 0 E~ Pp-Plinthustults MiddleTerrace ,. U' II 0 U) 0t R Low to .E° 0.. . Middli To irace ...... AM AQ-_ U.) w 0 - U) a 0 ANNEX IV-19 RECONNAISSANCE SOIL MAP OF TAMBON NA NGUA 'Amphoe Na Wa Chqngwat Nakhon Phanom Pn RePn Kt/Pp un "Ban Na ' e KnP p | r e P An~ Pp on l 4 O ' - Q 1 CON VENTIONL SYMBOLSN ••Urban Area SCALE 1IO100OO ______Road ~Stream and Creek LEGEND ...... " . , " ...... " " i,- ,, S Pond Chongwot bonar C Alluvial Complex , I Tombonboundary I 17O2'- 2 ' N Pn Pn e Soil boundary Pp PhoA PCisoi Re Eoi .Et serios Tu Tha Uthe series Kt/Pp Karat and Phon Phisol association CINNAM OON RiVER Kt/Pp Middle to Paleaquults/ High Terrace Plinthustults , PalluultsRe. Low Terrace z ...... m ~~:: Middle to Pp- Ph1un1hustults High Terraco .1 Pli- inthaquultM Valley&LowTerra ,uj I Pp. P1li1thustults Middle to Igh Terrace Re. Pleaquults Low Terrace In 'g .- E I 0 O - U) (0( FIGURE 16 Schematic Cross Section of Tambon Na Niua. Arnphoe Na Wa. Nakhoii Phanor Province. ANNEX IV-21 4. Si Sa Ket province This is one of the southern tier of provinces of the Northeast, located in Agro-Economic Zone 4. Rainfall data from Surin Province, the closest weather station to Si Sa Ket is stown in Figure 17i Tamoons Tae and Taket These ate two small contiguous tambons, located in the same di .rict, near to the provincial capit-l. They are both vrL-ually 100% paddy fields (Figures 18 and 19) and have rather similar characteristics. Non-glutinous rice production is dominant, using relatively high levels of cash inputs, especially fertilizer. Although virtually no cassava oz kenaf is grown and livestock production is 1lm ted by dvailable grazing land, substantial amounts of watermeion 600-'" Temperature Relative Humidity 500 *2. .... Rainfall 400 -.200 300 -150 ..-..----o- '-.-.-,o 200- 100 100 61 *------.- - 0-...... I r "",.. ' 0 Jan Feb Mar Apt May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Doc Rainfall (mm.] Tempetature f'C Relative Humidity I%I 600 -300 Temperature 500 -5025 5 Relative Humidity 400- Rainfall 200 300- -150 200- -100 100- .50 ' ...." .r ... 7, , 0-FJ. Jun Feb Mar Alm May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Niiv DuGc FIGURE 18 ANNEX IV-23 am Kam I I I' Pd I Baer CONENINAL-bou SMOL-fNfT b VnKd Ratse dT NonL Qo.N~ UrbanAaneac lIw 8011 T.bo bun y o -~ .. N. .. Re ".,._ ,/RiE sre ,om phs • ~1 oral/., CONVENT1ONAL SYMBOLSN ~Urban Area dccc= Road SCALE :50o 000 Rood LEGEND ------Track and Footpath Pond j1Long. 104b08-IaW4 E Re= Roi Et series ' , . Tambon boundry\ Lot 15U6 -l0 O! N Re- I =Roi Et series loamy phase wS=D boundary Kt =Karat series ~Railroad el 0'. &:sot.~ H - OuArtzipmmntr# Middle viir vc :-; Re - Palaquults Re/Pn • o A., LOW '101'110 " Paleaquults/ tVI Plinthaquijite Kt - Paloubtulle Middle Torrace , Re - Paleaquults Low Terrace ...... " Kt - Paiustults Middle Turracu iii Re - Paleaquults. Low Terrace ': Re -IPaleaquults FIGURE 19 Schemlatic Cross Section of Tambon Taket and Tambon The, An~h~o Uthumpho Psai, Si Sa Ket Province. ANNEX IV-25 L.'£ UtL 20 - Soil and Land Ceapablit.y Cl.&isification Soil Classification Land Capability Tarbon Soil Series rcIr S,-)i1 Groups Upland Crop Paddy Lahan Ac. Ust.fluvents U - II f. P - 1I f. Cm. Typic Ustifluvents U - II f. P - IIf. Tm. Typic Ustifluvents U - II i. P - II f. Sa. Typic Ustifluvents U - III d, P - II f. Rb. Aeric Tropaquepts U - IV fd. P - II f. Pm. Vertic Tropaquepts U - IV fd. P - II f. Ss. Vertic Tropaquepts U - V f. P - II f. Re-P, Aer.c Paleaquults U - III d. P - III s. Re. Aeric Paleaquults U - III ds. P - III s. Ud. Aerie Halaquepts U - VI x. P - IV x. Cy Epiaquic Ustropepts U - III d. P - III m. Rn-1. Aeric Paleaquults U - III s. P - IV t. Kt. Oxic Paleustults U - III sm. P - V t' Wn. Oxic Paleustuls U - III s. P - V ts. Wn-sh. Oxic Paleustults U - III s. P - V ts. Yt. Oxic Paleustults U - III ts. P - V ts. Bb. Aquic Plinthustults U - VI es. P - V ts. Kwang Chon Re-i. Aeric Paleaquults U - III d. P - III s. Re. Aerie Paleaquults U - III ds. p - III s. Re-h. Aeric Paleaquults U - IV ds. P - IV s. Nn. AerLc Plinthic Paleaquults U - Illds. P - ll s. Kt. Oxi- Paleustul#; U - III 6m. P - V t Pp, Typic Plinthustults U - VI rs. P - V t' BbC. Aquic Plinthustults 0 - VI es. p - V t., Nong Kaew Re. Aezic Paleaquults U - III ds. p - III s. Ub. Aquic Dystropepts U - IV ad. p - IV sm. On. P.inthaquults U - III ds. P - III s. Kt. Oxic Paleustults U - III sm, P - V t. Na Muang Ac. Ustifluvents U - Ii f. P - II f. Re. Aeric Paleaquults U - III ds, P - I1I s. Re-1. Aeric Paleaquults U - Ill ds. P - III s. ob. Aquic Q.uartzipsamments U - II sd. P - ;V sm, Kt. OKic Pdleustults U - III sm P - V t. Yt. Owi: Paleustults U - III ts. P %1r. Tae Re. Aeric Paleaquults U - III ds. P - Ill s. Re-1. Aeric Paleaquults U - Ill ds. P - Ill s. Kt. Oxic Paleustults U - Ill sm. P - V t' i . . . . ANNEX IV-26 Soil Classification Land Capability Tambon Soil Series Great Soil Groups Upland Crop Paddy Takt Re, Aeric Paleaquults U - III ds. P - III s, Re-i. Aeric Paleaquults U - III ds. P - III s, Kt. Oxic Paleustults U - III sM. P - V t. Na Thom Ac. Ustifluvents U - II f. P - 1I f. Se. Vertic Tropaquepts U - II f. P - II f. Re-i. Aeric Paleaquults U - III d. P - III s. Re. Aerl'c Paleaquults U - III ds. P - III s. Pn. Aeric Plinthaquults U - IV ds. P - IV t. Rn,. Aeric Paleaquults U - III s. P - IV t. Kt. Oxic Paleustults U - ILl sm. P - V t. Pp. Typic Plinthustults U - IV tsm. P - V t. Na Ngua Ac. Ustifluvents U - II f. P - II f. Re. Aeric Paleaquults U - III ds. p - III s. Pn. Aeric Plinthaquults U - IV ds. P - IV t, Tu. Entic Tropaquods U - IV sm. P - V t. Kt. Oxic Paleustults U - III sm. P - V t. Pp. Typic Plinthustults U - IV tsm, P - V t. .ANNEX,. . S2.Key to Land Classification' Symbols. -Li .1,:{'v -"Y", .... tCIA* . ....as i,to+ iy ta--patco s pow 4 neam +"l-49 y.-... {++11 Pl" (P. fil IN( .. 11 J-1ro" At II.-w -lo . in : t"hi I'#I: 'Al l ' " e s l "t.%wrl f o u l va # r pe m . . 1 4 1 t d .e d i et IO i S-o1A M o P 4 . . I• I- . - 4 g " - anhrvU:ll u..:llll U-floeI11 'IVl : '" +"'vo }%{ t'o , 1~~i..I granyn'1 nsi,,tls l~le v forre;::d folrm:lp l .... . ; .. .. r dii e , A A nostteislttottlicIthps. r~stiI101 IVI..I" so tOor O. l iIt,ld por geigA. hav ig k .....ii.itfit Sho i.t thr .... - ,.slssV*,.o,_,,LI * .l " ,i",s ""it.d- ,s|,n ,o,,nn s .. Ir ;It pare."/tZ~ t ety l l~lN II n. Ion.~~~ ~~~~.d.tsl IAIII T....,4 0058 linltIts -Arme.4a1nhLit~tOOittrdR e s-.wlate,-. o .sitlik Wt .:. . 11 ;. i.- fernt,d.44.- MG50, iWln i. l .In"i.:00. • '. d 0r . , h,v n oIt ove And aetIer1L±o ly0Ot + * *el,. :. 1g-If t O nitl on t , .... , '+ f'LI'' .1,-11.0 .. . .~..n .. ,.~ t , eaIotlipiP001000 IAT hndht. 1 ...... " i o Inmtpspae l ro -oit Hl- It rico". .11h,CA. Coatgiiitifl_ 1r.i'ItPIV. S ils r4",: P-It' AT. l I lt "PP;l~+ 1wit- .Il ";It #l4a'In group• [ ~~" P-V Cr ",- t. .,I~ i.Id , . lsaltatlonoforTic. - t ;! icr p~l0080 tad. honImtnO,significanit hirt hornI .° 4 At@$ Anitobl# Irm rainfaeil nland/rlt tlionflot lt s t oe .,at -Ix 1;2 1,4l+topItI , 11 teitotl sootthl restri Ict torp i*-Il l i l IegIsod.pfo1, 8 lend.dy hivIallight ond,o| eutted lndha vi nr lll e tiel| rict If' *, ~It, . f t'...iih;"iucti -. ,I It CIA tha Cal o Sf *. * tho .s It o pr•o.dlo_._iin!!e , roo rieP pcelO thoi poile 5k.t ahiit+illt 1ie }flltdotlten slkh ertol~ry sg iy ,d t it i-al 1il !t ir , AIln 119111121toO 11 UI IIl i1t trddy o Is odyh If :+:>l n .....S,-*...... ', nf.. o.l eonS++, .. re l eIevy 4l o s t i a ',j %1ii 1| nnlqIiiIpslhf 11114: ~41., 1Aboh"o : ++7t,' It. I+ 11..I Ool " my Lt14 1O1 1 *- Isot1n ol roinI-limts ln r p o i 11ls1co11o it os ttle tio ,nit.-t.o, iel IIhd.ry ic mey01IsIln +ld IIpl or toIOme llltv 'ilnfdf l6I at@Mtd 44 0 Iimat 1y C.Ifllotr.. . n d ++,q+'!~~dfuP. o1 t,1 +t|..~II+ f .lI+4 enI tmt.. in ho cs d I * 'lc.ollI, w1 , t s b t A IJ-4. tlol tha haIloIit Ihoso1 1i.-s so."17 oeoeet t u deep to iIIIoto Orr loel i typ ..at l s ot. I 1 I I l .utaco 4i 1 r ldypa lo ii 1i o lk Is e la l n to al l ior )lo dy.tl o ls .. fifty+oAllfll-nil..411.o 1 1Ih IPAl10trIrop plodoction. 11.1. hs' nttn g111....Cidllp jIflmli t o Caoriertoi the AfrIl el lOhai gn f e sopping ,Sito t "'.. m t,.ooh i tAtrk At llstiol|0n .a e9.rin e .+.A. .. Ii. IIII |1III1 I / 0 dilit ni cl sses ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ coptilIllyo II'P" pPo a'+kccoldimsSb... .t I Ah IntIM~ "I'l r inndof llllioa Oscart1 It dS VA- T * "'I '5 '1, . --+>I.. '"''LA +LAVA . L:" : , + ", : - , % '#':f " :L ':': : " " + : :!: :"> .' rb+t.+gg,:k<;o7g~l :;*::' .'+g/ :. ' ,0 :" ''+: -''I. : +- > " .:< - a{a< ?a W:+> ! :;g;,S / ,,4?, X+',' / a:'{< :;a; 4:k I¢,:I v " "-"L : : '. j Ten Days, Fifteen Days and Monthly ?ciDit n 0ata in -mi of Project Areas Based on Record Length of 22 years. >(Nearest) District-Level Ra-vfal! Dat! for Tambon Taket and Tae, Amphoe Uthumphon Phisai, X Si Sa Ket Province. ~z Month 10 Days Precipitation 15 Days Precipitation Jonthly tl Precipitation rc p t t c Probability Smaller than Prcbabilty Smaller than Probability 10 20 Saller than 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 Jan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fe 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.1 2.2 3.7 Apr 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.6 1.6 3.6 6.0 8.8 12.4 0.3 0.5 1.2 3.4 1.0 2.0 3.3 MAY 2.2 3.7 5.1 10.7 17.8 24.3 30.7 37.8 5.2 6.8 8.5 4.8 9.0 13.8 Jun 1.1 3.0 8.0 24.3 44.8 65.7 86.6 1.t.6 125.5 4.9 7.5 12.5 12.3 20.4 26.5 33.7 Jul 1.0 2.3 4.0 41.8 94.9 117.3 136.1 158.3 183.7 6.0 3.3 1.1 19.2 24.6 31.7 38.1 Aug 1.8 4.0 6.7 9.8 13.3 32.3 117.8 138.0 143.2 176.6 Sep 9.3 16.9 23.7 31.3 39.3 56.4 3.3 7.3 11.9 17.2 23.1 17.4 116.6 144.7 172.7 198.6 Oct 23.2 40.? 49.5 61.7 117.1 153.4 179.3 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.2 2.6 0.2 2"5.2 223.6 Nov 0.6 1.6 3.1 5.5 25.8 42.0 58.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3., 0.1 0.2 72.6 98.a Dec 0.0 0.8 2.7 9.4 1.3 3.3 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 *3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.9 11.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (Nearest) District-Level Rainfall Data for Tambon Na Thom, kiphoe Ban Phaeng and Tambon Na Ngua, Amphoe Na Wa, Nakhon Phanom Province. T 10 Days Precipitation" 15 Days Precipitation Montoly Drecipitit4.. M I Probability Smaller tnan Probability Smaller than 10 20 Protabiity Smaller than 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 so 10 20 30 40 so Jan 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Feb 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.0 2.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 Iar 3.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.7 1.3 2.5 4.0 Apr 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.2 2.o 8.1 14.0 3.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 19.2 24.3 0.Z 7.6 4.4 6.4 9.0 27.0 38.0 49.9 May 1.2 2.3 4.3 6.2 9.3 58.7 70.8 Jun 9.3 15.1 19.6 24.Z 29.5 36.8 113.8 i.3 15.3 21.2 27.41 33.3 35.1 137.0 156.2 177.5 Jul 50.3 62.9 ?6.3 91.0 143.4 194.8 2Z5.7 5.z 11.2 15.4 zo.: Z?.2 29.0 40.8 261.4 296.2 Aug i3.; 18.6 50.8 59.9 69.9 158.5 193.4 222.5 249.6 25.1 33.4 41.3 33.3 51.3 69.2 274.3 Sep 2.9 5.3 87.Z 107.7 157.2 227.5 275.7 323.9 3.! 11.1 15.) 15.4 27.4 36.9 XG.1 Oct . 46.5 57.5 158.9 186.1 213.8 237.7 ZG4.9 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.6 Nov 3.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.1 2.i 6.5 12.2 19.7 28.1 37.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dec 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.5 2.9 0.0 3.0 . 0.0 0.0 0.C 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 (Nearest) District-Level Rainfall Data for Tambon Lahan, Amphoe Chatturat, Chaiyaphum Province. x 10 :ays Frr! p:,a.c IS C.iys Prec;cotatinn "c-!yPre-'pitat 4 :' z Hn ~ Prcc '/t mi..Jer -n Fr,rcan i i :'S-ai er -.=3 , ~t : ".. -r z I Jan -3.0 c 0.0o.o 3.3 1.3 ..0 0. ,.1 0.3 3..: 0.3 1...7 3.1 Feb 0.0 0.0 0. 0. 2.2 '. 3.1 0.3 0.7 1.6 1 0.2 0.1 1.3 2.6 4." Mar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .1 0.2 0.4 0. 1.5 8.2 14.4 ;.535..7.2 Apr 0.1 0.2 3.4 3.3 1.3 2.3 3.9 5.3 8.5 !"3 31.1. 1 5i2 - 3 - May 0.8 l.a 3.2 5.0 5.? :7 3.5 13.2 I23 4., 72.5 96.1 1S. 125.3 :53.; Jun 0.1 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.5 j >. 4.3 7.4 10.4 13.3 43.3 S6.5 66.) 71.3 -72 Jul 0.3 0.3 1.5 3.5 4,.2 i .5 5.4 9.9 1-4.) 12.1 53.2 0.1 83.? 1.' " .3 Aug 0.3 0.? 1.2 2.0 2.3 : 7.2 1.2 13. 1 " 73.; 37.2 ;a.3 2.3. 1.5 Sep 4.3 7.5 10.4 14.2 j.5 4 35._ 43 3 : I34. 5 .5 53.4 . 1 23i 2 .! ."4. - Oct 0.1 0.2 2.5 1. .3 .3 3.6 1.7 3:1 5.2 l;.5 N . 48.. 53.2 Nov G.0 0. 0.0 3.0 . .3. 0.1 0.! 0.4 2.' 0.5 2.5 4.6 7. " Dec 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 -.2 . 3.0 3.- 2. 0.3 . 2.1 0.4 3. (Nearest) District-Level Rainfall :.td for Tambon Kwang Jon, rpoe Phu Kheio, Chaiyaphum Province. 1E Days Precipitation J Monthly Prezipitation Month10 as PracipitaionI Prccazifity Sral!er twan I Protability Smaller than Protability S.aller :na. 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 s0 10 20 30 40 50 Jan 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 G.4 1.1 3.1 Feb 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.6 2.S Mar 0.- 0.3 3.4. 0.4 0.5 0.! 0.3 0.8 2.2 5.0 1.5 4.4 8.1 12.4 18.3 Apr 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.8 5.3 10.6 16.9 23.2 31.6 May 0.3 0.3 1.4 2.2 3.3 2.5 4.3 G.5 9.3 11.6 24.4 37.3 50.2 61.7 7!.6 Jun 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.6 0.8 1.9 3.1 4.6 6.5 26.4 38.0 48.0 53.0 67.9 Jul 0.1 1.3 3.7 1.3 2.2 0.6 1.6 2.a 4.7 6.9 21.9 32.8 42.8 54.7 63.7 Aug 0.4 2.; 1.6 2.4 3.3 2.8 5.2 7.6 10.4 13.8 50.7 62.9 73.5 C4.0 94.5 Sep 2.3 -.I 7.9 )1.a 15.8 7.4 13.7 20.0 27.A 35.8 71.) 101.6 125.0 152.6 173.9 Oct 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.4 10.4 18.2 27.2 36.3 46.7 Nov 0.0 3.0 :. .0 0.. .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.1 2.0 3.1 Dec 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 4. C2 P.c c u 'a c 0 0 %.wJ00c'o f', -j~~~ 9 - C .WO. .~ . 4.w wDm o)-C oI V C -.. . - 0 2 n 10 a) U :. C) . . ( w*fDc D I 4. Z1 0 * CDCsi~ooo, -0 C+ CL 0. -U p 00~~ C> .. . Q14=f%) -tC,.. .'4.1.4.3c 4- f~~~~Lnj O 4J.94.9g..CCC o~ . t'tt9.*r~gj c* *~C 0 CD L.0 Li-r ) D - - 00 A. WO 0-4 0D 606 6 to tp5L U a .. iL ~ J( w. -J 0. U9..L.gj- C+! F. * l 1U - '. U. . r C. ~ U)0j 'DCCoQ0- -1CD1 r. A j -JhQ %0a5 .''l 4V l ) .'...... 2.. . 61 t-4 W00. IV -0, 0 C, %an -rj I - - co0 'I- (A964. - . J,,&j .0 :4 :,j !z U, -mLi ANNEX IV-31 5. Tambon-Level Data Summary Figure 22 shows tambon income structures, and Figure , gives tambon-level mean data for a number of important charactexistics related to rainfed agricultural production ir; Project tambons. In interpreting this data, however, it should be kept in mind that intra-tambon and even intra village variation is often very substantial. Some discussion of this variation is offered in the Social Analysis (Annex VII). ANNEX Iv-32 .!'igure ..2'. Income Structures of NEWID Project Tambons. Percent of Tambon Population + 0 0 5; 5 2520 1 2 25 1,700 - Na Thom Na Ngua 1,450 1,200 1,000 Nakhon Phanom 5 .:Pkovince 0 80 550 .4 400 250 ... U 60 ' * .,) 5 10 15 20 10 1 20 25 U 1,700- Taket Tae In 1,450 •I.1,200 ' : i j I, (Ji () Si SA Kmt ' ) Provini! "" 70(o7(')() J H 400 o - 5 110 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 ' I,"/o Lahan Kwangjon ' J , .itt) Chaiyaphum . :3,") Province. 1 5 ?0 5. 10 5 2P 25 I, /31IiJ, Nong Kaew Na Muang I, .' ) -. Province 400 250 60f,. 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 ANNEX IV-33 Figure 23 a Tambon Level Data Summary Province Si Sa Ket Nakhon.Phanom Chaiyaphum Roi-Et Amphoe Uthumphon- Ban Na Chat- Phu- AmphoePhisai Phaeng Wa turat khieo Muanq Selaphum Taket Tae Na Na Lahan Kwang Nong Na Thon Ngua Jon Kaew Muang- Sample Size & % 91(17Z) 67(20%) 89(11%) 216(10%) 187(12% t7(13%) 182%) 193(5%) Tambon Resources 21 14 No. of Villages 12 6 9 12 11 16 2564 1539 1207 No. of Families 530 335 845 1107 1617 Population 3428 2165 5257 7731 11183 17886 8950 8260 6240 Total land area (ha) 2000 992 10800 10240 7520 19760 6560 75 % Paddy Land 100 100 14 75 42 65 92.5 - 18 - - - % Flooded Land - - 40 7.5 25 % Upland . - - 40 35 - - - % Upland/Forest - - 46 25 Household Land Resources (ha) 3.76 Total land size 3.45 3.36 6.10 6.65 5.30 5.30 4.07 2.30 Total land owned 3.45 3.12 4.18 5.25 4.78 4.03 4.06 3.60 Total cultivated land 3.30 3.25 5.82 6.07 5.20 5.20 3.93 3.46 - rainfed paddy 3.28 3.24 4.53 5.52 3.56 4.47 3.88 0 - irrigated paddy 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 - upland fields n.s. n.s. 1.02 0.37 1.37 0.68 0.03 0.11 n.s. - orchard land 0.02 n.s. n.s. 0.03 0.12 0 n.s. n.s. - garden land 0 n.s. 0 0 0.14 0 n.s. 0.02 - other 0 0 0.26 0.15 n.s. 0.04 n.s. 0.16 Total uncultivated land 0.15 0.11 0.28 0.58 0.09 0.10 0.14 Land subject to 0.22 flooding 0 0.10 1.89 0.44 0.65 0.04 0.04 2.20 Km. to all-weather road 1.00 3.90 16.10 4.20 0.20 1.80 0.70 Farm Land Utilization (ha) Total Area Planted ift the Wet Season 3.15 3.05 4.05 4.55 2.83 3.80 3.65 3.07 Total Area Planted in the Dry Season 0.31 0.27 0.09 0.13 0.52 0.17 0.69 0.24 Cu±ILvated Land 0.92 Cropping Index 1.05 1.02 0.71 0.77 0.64 0.76 1.10 ANNEX IV- 3 4 Province Si Sa Ket Nakhon-Phanom Chaiyaphum Roi-Et Uthumphon- Ban Na Chat- Phu AUphoe Phisai Phaeng Wa turat khieo Muang Selaphum Na Tao Na Na Lahan Kwang Nong Taket. Thom Ngua Jon Kaew Muang Sample Size & % 91(i7Z 67(20%) 89(1%) 116(() Q 87Qa) 337(]3) 178(3A 93(15) Household Labor Resources (No.) Household Size 5.8 6.6 6.5 7.1 5.8 6.1 6.0 6.8 Potential Farm Labor Force 4.0 4.4 4.1 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.8 Actual Farm Labor Force 3.8 4.0 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.6 4.6 No. of Days Off-Farm Labor 66 82 41 72 65 40 65 91 Rice Cultivation Area of Rice Planted (ha)3.13 3.05 3.90 4.51 2.22 3.40 3.64 3.13 Area of Rice Harvested (ha) 2.86 2.73 2.82 3.57 1.25 2.88 3.49 2.81 Rice Yield/Area Planted (t/ha) 1.30 1.31 0.87 0.65 0.68 1.44 1.35 1.39 Rice Yield/Area Harvested Ct/ha) 1.42 1.46 1.20 0.82 1.21 1.70 1.41 1.55 Type of Rice Planted: % glutinous local cv. 18.25 24.25 91.88 92.33 4.92 85.16 85.66 72.59 % glutinous RTG cv. 0 0 0 0.53 0 0 0 7.88 % non-glutinous local cv. 79.97 70.66 1.84 0.37 69.15 6.65 11.87 12.46 % non-glutinous RTG cv. 0 4.79 0 0 8.53 0 0.15 3.35 Inputs/Area Planted (S/ha) - fertilizer 28.35 24.62 1.76 5.32 1.73 3.84 12.25 12.36 - hired labor 9.94 8.16 5.82 2.76 9.26 6.31 4.25 7.11 - hired equipment 0.09 0.00 0.76 0.09 5.51 0.68 0.23 0.27 - other 2.17 0.65 0.69 0.40 2.10 4.94 2.55 0.82 Cash.Crop Cultivation Area planted to cash crop (ha) 0.33 0.27 0.24 0.17 1.13 0.57 0.70 0.18 Inputs/Area Planted (S/ha) - fertilizer 85.44 85.96 0.58 11.76 15.32 2.06 75.79 38.84 - hired labor 1.50 2.20 14.86 4.18 34.21 14.16 3.87 6.78 - hired equipment 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 22.10 1.59 0.16 0.00 - other 26.32 18.54 3.62 7.04 17.26 4.59 18.33 15.95 ANNEX IV-35 Province Si Sa Ket Nakhon-Phanom Chaiyaphum Roi-Et Amphoe Uthumphon- Ban Na Chat- Phu- Phisai Phaenq Wa turat khieo Muang Selaphum Taket Tae Na Na Lahan Kwang Nong Na Tambon Thom Ngua Jon Kaew Muang Sample Size & % 91(17. 67(20%) 8911) 116(3%) 18702%) 337(134 178aX 193(15%) Percentage of Households growing: - Cassava none none 10.11 4.31 23.53 0.89 none 5.70 - Kenaf none none 13.48 2.59 12.30 34.12 4.49 0.52 - Water Melon 83.52 29.85 1.12 7.76 0.53 none 41.57 1.55 - Beans 27.47 - - 1.72 1.07 - - 1.04 6.82 - - - Corn - - - - 0.53 - Other 4.39 1.49 1.12 2.58 11.76 1.78 3.37 37.82 App. value of livestock owned ($) 747.50 597.56 1091.25 1275.25 1076.25 645.00 598.75 702.50 App. value of livestock purchased (last year) 133.75 67.50 117.50 233.75 115.00 128.75 281.25 491.25 App. value of livestock sold (last year) 166.98 119.05 229.41 245.11 220.16 197.82 333.22 497.42 Household Credit Utilization Amount Borrowed in Past Year ($) 67.57 i3.74 59.83 80.78 141.80 107.21 140.31 105.60 Household Income ($) *Total Net Income 848.45 902.00 688.10 671.20 807.30 808.00 1222.50 959.40 *Net Income/capita 167.75 136.55 109.40 104.80 150.95 147.35 214.75 151.00 Off-Farm Income 200.60 165.30 81.65 149.55 188.00 83.70 189.45 174.10 Net Home Industry Income 13.25 8.05 2.15 6.85 11.35 0.85 8.40 4.10 Miscellaneous Net Income 39.75 66.85 44.95 52.20 65.40 37.35 99.15 82.65 *Total Agricultural Income 612.80 662.95 565.30 467.60 542.30 684.64 925.65 699.55 Net Rice Income 480.65 497.00 384.30 398.80 200.05 541.80 610.80 557.00 Net Cashcrop Income 112.35 92.65 91.65 25.90 252.55 80.25 243.10 72.40 Net Animal Income 44.00 50.90 117,75 81.90 108.70 101.75 101.80 105.55 • These figures include deductions for rent, interest, and miscellaneous work expenses. ANNEX iv-36 Province Si Sa Ket Nakhon-Phanom ChAiyaphum Wo-Et uthumpohon- Ban Na Chat- PhU AUphoe Phisai Phaenq Wa turat khieo Muang Selaphum Taket Tae Na Na Lahan Kwang Nong Na Tambon Thom Ngua Jon Kaew Muang Sample Size & % 91(17Zj 67(20%1 89"- J16(0014 17C12%) 337L3%) 178(32%) 193(15%) iJ,ual Source of Assistance for Aricultural Problems (Percent) No help 41.8 29.9 57.3 48.3 72.7 39.8 36.5 18.7 Headman 28.6 13.4 15.7 23.3 12.8 44.8 18.0 21.8 Kamnan 2.2 - 7.9 5.2 1.1 5.9 2.8 -.6 Tambon Extension Agent 8.8 34.3 1.1 2.6 0.5 - 14.0 36.8 Community Development Worker 1.1 ------Amphoe Office 17.6 20.9 16.9 12.9 9.6 8.3 22.5 20.2 Teacher ------Merchant - - - 2.6 - 0.3 2.8 Other - 1.5 1.1 5.2 3.2 0.9 3.4 - RTG Assistance Most Desired by Villagers (% of responses) Water Availability 23.1 64.3 15.7 87.1 30.7 47.2 36.0 62.7 Electricity 35.2 1.5 1.1 1.7 2.2 19.7 11.2 5.2 New Agri. Technology 0 14.9 33.7 5.2 6.5 1.8 12.9 16.1 Fertilizer 7.7 3.0 4.5 2.6 24.2 8.7 3.9 2.6 Roads 2.2 13.4 28.1 07V 4.8 8.1 5.1 -4.1 Credit 24.2 0 0 0 12.4 1.8 5.1 0 New Crops 0 0 2.2 0 1.6 3.0 7.9 3.6 Crop Disease Control 5.5 0 3.4 0.9 3.8 1.8 .3.4 0.5 More Agric. Land 0 0 0 0 0.5 4.5 0.6 3.1 Village Development 0 1.5 2.2 0 2.2 0.6 5.6 0 Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1 0 Medical Help 0 0 1.1 0 0.5 0 0.6 0 Note: Data from NERAD Socio-Economic Survey conducted by Office of Agricultural Economics, MOAC and PPD/USAID/Thailand. ANNEX V V. Technical FeasLbility Analysis Agricultural Technology (See Supplemental Annexes for more detailed analysis a. Background - Current Farming Practices Although local variation is frequent, the general farming strategy in Northeast Thailand follows these seasonal activities: A great number of individual farms have both upland and paddy fields, so prior to the onset of the rainy season much of the upland areas are planted to cassava or kenaf. As soon as rainfall permits, rice seedling nurseries are prepared and seeded. When seedlings are available, water is sufficient, and paddies have been prepared by plowing with buffalo, the rice transplanting process begins on the lowest-lying lands available that do not have a high probability of crop failure due to flooding. As the rains continue to increase, transplanting moves out of the flood plains and low terraces into the middle terraces to the extent that the rainfall of that season allows. Much of the land reported as fallow is being held in reserve for rice should rainfall be sufficient, especially since in wet years considerable areas of lower paddy are flooded out. After rice is transplanted labor demands for rice production decrease, and other farming activities are given primary emphasis, including additional cassava or other garden or cash crops, livestock which must graze only on land not planted to crops, fishing, sericulture, etc. The second labor demand peak for rice produc tion comes during the harvest season, during which priority is ;,gain given to the primary subsistence crop. Especially during both peak labor periods for rice, problems related to the increasing scarcity of livestock grazing land and fuelwood are becoming serious problems in many areas. After a paddy field is harvested it is usually grazed by livestock, but in a few areas some farmers are beginning to plant small areas of paddy fields to a second crop which can produce a crop from residual soil moisture, sometimes supplemented by a hand-dug shallow well, Some farmers also plant low-lying flooded land to rice or cash crops after the flood waters recede. Kenaf is usually harvested and retting begun just before rice harvest, and continued after rice harvest unless water becomes too scarce. During the dry season, cropping activities other than cassava harvest are limited by water availability, and primary emphasis shifts again to other farming activities such as fishing, woodcutting, construction, and handicrafts. Livestock also require tending during this period, since the quantity and quality of available feed and water decreases through the dry season, resulting in weight loss ai.d poor nutrition status of draft animals which must perform their hardest work at the end of the dry season. ANNEX V-2 b. C1CpPfLnq System Modifications The present cropping systems utilized under rainfed condittons in the Northeast can be described as primarily the monocropping of rice, cassava and kenaf during the rainy season. Rice is the basic subsistence crop and occupies more than two thirds of the crop acreage. Local varieties of cassava and kenaf occupy the major portion of upland areas were soils are generally infertile. Corn is grown on more fertile soils, but they constitute only a very small percentage of upland areas. Peanut is the majcr food legume grown in the Northeast, while smaller acreages are planted with mungbean. Areas devoted to some other crops are also significant. As discussed in the Strategy section, predominant cropping patterns of a particular area generally correspond to subregional agro-ecological and agro-economic zonation, and the local geomorphological landforms. Proposed cropping system modifications are, therefore, presented according to the landforms on which they are potentially applicable, subject to local verification in each of the sub regional zones represented by the sample of NERAD tambons. Land form characteristics of Project tambons are shown in Figure V-1. Flood Plains. The ma3or crop in this area is traditional long-season cultivars of rice, grown without additional fertili zation. The yields are sometimes reduced to near zero due to flash flooding. To eliminate this problem, the Project will introduce some newly-released deep water rice cultivars such as RD 17 and 19, After the rainy season, some farmers grow off season rice of high-value vegetable crops with supplementary irrigation from swamps, rivers or shallow wells. On the other hand, in some areas water resources are not readily available for supplementary irrigation, but soil moisture is adequate to support full growth of short to medium duration crops. In these areas farmers will be introduced to marketable drought-tolerant or short-duration filed crops such as peanuts, mungbeans, or sesame after rice harvesting. Low Terraces. These areas are also dominated by rice production, and soil moisture is usually available throughout the growing stage of rice, even with the occurrence of a drought. Therefore, high-yielding rice cultivars which are responsive to fertilization will be introduced by subsidizing production inputs for conducting extension trials utilizing this type of technology. In years when the rainy season begins late, a nursery seed bed will be prepared early by supplementary irrigation from pit ponds or swamps which have been rehabilitated by the Project at selected locations in some tambons. Many aceas on low terraces have prolonged residual soil moisture, and can therefore be planted ANNEX V-3 with droughl.-toLecrnt crops such as watermelon, peanuts, mung beans, or sesame to increase utilization of potentially produc tive land which is vacant after rice harvest. Also, mungbeans, cowpeas, or forage legumes can be planted into rice straw prior to rice harvesting in order to provide iorage for livestock, or for pods if soil moisture is adequate. Middle Terraces. Low rice yields and frequent rice crop which failure due to erratic rainfall are found in these areas, to the poor water holding capacity and low inherent relate the fertility of the prevailing sandy soils. In order to reduce of low rice yiclds, farmers will be introduced to rice problem will direct-seeding techniques. Drought-tolerant rice cultivars tested under on-farm conditions before release to farmers, be terraces, All rice cultivation practices promoted on middle should include a moderate amount of nitrogen fertilizer. however, out Middle terrace areas which remain uncropppd in 2 to 3 years due to insufficient water for paddy production can be of five by transformed into relatively more productive utilization planting them to field crops. This can be done by planting a monocrop of long duration (e.g. peanut, kenaf, or either crops cassava), or a sequential cropping of two short duration (e.g. sesame-mungbean). High Terraces. Drought-tolerant crops, predominantly and kenaf, currently occupy this landscape. Due to cassava the present uncertainties and possible future limitations in of these crops, alternative crops ipeanuts, mungbeans, marketing tested sesame and cashew or other fruit or tree crops) will be in these areas in order to provide examples of and demonstrated event potential crop diversification and risk avoidance in the of a market failure of one particular crop. The remaining cassava and kenaf will be further improved through the introduc- tion of new high-yielding cultivars such as Rayong 1 cassava TSH 30 kenaf. Farmers will also be encouraged to apply some and these fertilizers and use improved cultivation techniques with For cassava growers, other short to midLum duration crops. during legumes (e~g. peanut) will be introduced for intercropping slow- the early rainy season between the rows of relatively cassava. This will help to conserve soil fertility and growing per reduce soil erosion, in addition to increasing net income unit area planted to cassava. Proposed cropping system modifications are summarized modL in Figure V-2. The potential for implementation of these fications can be seen by comparing Figure V-3, which indicates estimated areas of current crops in Project tambons, with which gives rough estimates of areas utilizing NERAD Figure V-4, of cropping systems modifications 20 years after the beg:nning Project implementation. ANNEX V-4 c. Other Farming Sys'em Modifications As discussed kn the Strategy sect-ion, farming practices both :n the Northeast generally and ir Project tambons, currently include actz.vities other than annual. crop production which are important in terms 3± both overall farm income and overall labor utill2ation. A number of these activities also have considerable potential for a significant contributicn to increase farm income through the util.izat.ion of improved technology. It is widely believed that only through the examLnation of the overall farming system and mplemen'ation of improvements wh:ch address key constlai.n:,i throughcut- hs system, will farm families in rainfed area's Df "he Northeast be able tc generate enough income to begin to approach nation-wide averages. Therefore, NERAD will also have a prcgram to i.mprove the productivity o farm activities other than annu.a) cropping, on a selective and phased basis both between and within Proje-t tambcns, as appropr.ate. The iarm l..vestocK_sstem almost always includes at least 1 to 3 buflalo whi%-p-oVe tarmdraft power, and a small flock of native chickens toz meat and eggs. A smaller percentage of farms also have some cattle, hogs, andlor ducks or other types of poultry, depending on feed and water availab.l ty, capital, etc. Primary .lmitat ions for the product-on of large animals (buffalc and cattle' currentij include d.sease, parasites, and feed availability Disease and parasites cu:rrently result in a 30 to 40% mortality -4 young animals kn ,dd:tion to occasional epidemic losses, and the number of iivestock officers are inadequate to address the problem., The Pro3ect, therefore, will provide for better access to di.sease and parasite control services b providing tra.ning for tambon extension agents and farmer spec.al:sts, who will assist veter.nary officers in vaccinrt:ons, dispensing drugs for parasite control, etc. The Project will address the feed availab.1ity constraint through increased crop residue output under the cropping systems modifi cation component, and through providing training for extension agents and spec~ali&st farmers in the use of seeding teohn'ques for Hamara tStylosanthes Hamata) and other forage legumes on unused lands and,or in public areas. Selected villages will also have demonstatitons of public land management for fcrage and fuelwood production. Household poilt!:y production is greatly lim.ted by epidemic diseases ,genera!iy 90% mortality of young native chickens), in addition to ptob.ems related to nutrition. inbreeding depression, and parasites, Since native poultry are an important source ot potein for family -onsumption 'second only to tish and aJ.so h.,e ready market and a consumer preference over commerciel breeds, NERAD will Lntroduce improved ANNEX V-5 'echihiques 'ich have been demonstrated to be viable in village pilot projects conducted by the research staff of NEROA. Selected viligeL2 (approx. 1 per villge) will receive training in vaccina i-j-r' ;echri-ues, poultry health, nutri.tion, and upgrading of It~rt trcClghi,. the ntroduction ot i.mproved breeder males. Low-cost vaccinat.onb ifiee to the farmer during initial stages) dre introduced first, retulting in rapid and dramatic decreases ,n young bud mortality, followed by the introduction of other This improved management techn ques as farmer interest grows. ac.-a.vity is expected to be popular and wll be phased into tambon activities beginning early in implementation to stimulate farmer interest in overali NERAD Project activities. The farm fshery sstem currently :nvolves capture of native populat ons -F - fm-virtually all available rivers, source swamps, ponds, etc. Fishing is an important activity and oi protein for iaml consumption, and al.cng with rice production enioys special standing in Thai culture. The present low level in of productivity is a result of reliance on natural st.ocking moEt cases, in 6dditLon to essentially no management other than of controlled fishing rn some reservoirs. A substantial amount research and a number of p.tlot activities have indicated that fish production in these water resources can be substantially improved through stocking and management technques. Therefore, the Project will usclude training for specialist farmers in stocking, as iertillzation, planned harvesting, a'd other techniques such cage producrion :n suitable locations, aecording to local interest in improving fish production i.n either existing or newly constructed water resources. Young fry w;.1l be used to stock facilities where predators can be controlled. in other facilities an appropriate 6.2e of fingerings will be used. Individual farmers having access to a suitable water resource will be encouraged to produce fingerlings for use in the Project or for marketing. It is estimated that 50% of the 107 ha. of Project water resources and 130 ha. of exisrng water resources can be used for improved fish production. 7 farm ,tee crop system curently involves the planting of a few trees of eachof several types around the house or other parts of their land holdings. Trees observed in Project tambons coconut, include mango, annona, banana, papaya, jackfruft, guava, tamarind, kapok, leucaena, mulberry, and bamboo. Farmers utilize native varieties grown from seed and tradit.onal cultivation practices which do not include pruning, spraying, or fertilizer application, due tc their lack of knowledge regarding propagation and management techniques and the Jack of a Iccal source of improved plant propagat.on mater±Ld. The farm tXest product system currently includes primarily the gathering of wood for firewood, ANNEX V-6 char,c-al, crostLuct ton,', -r cther uses; use of forest lands for grazing llvcst Ck; ,rn.i th, yathering of wId plant products such as food and c.-King and medir.,na] herbs.. These activities depend on tle type .ind av.ilab..lity of Lorest areas and the ava-,.lab.laty and cost of substitutes. In Project areas these lands are usually either public land or par-t of the official RTG Forest Reserve., The Project w!. i address key constraints of these systemr.:,, ',n add..tion tc the Tericultuxe system discussed below, by ffet.ng traening for farmer spec'alists -n nursery stock production, 10i'nuding seedling product.on, grafting and ouddirng :i plintlng 5t:..:k, and otbhi pr p6gat.on, planting and mdnidgeru:nvr. i.echnique. 1nirial plant.-rqg sitock, supplies, and assistance in esttbhlsbng :. nut.ire:y fa:!"'ty will also be provided Training in tree crop management w,.ll also be available for areas where farmers ae interested, ard during the first few years the Project wJ)l purxcase some of the planting materials p?:oduced by spe,',al.st farmers for use ,n demonstrafk.on plantings. A few -e..:harob/demc-strations will be establisbed Isee section 4, a., below) in selected ,:'.0-ges, ceceflg management of public lands for forage and ±uelwood pi.:duction. Project staff w;1l. also attempt to dent~ty a.pprcprcate underutilized land tor planting of fast-growing freeF su'ch as ieucaena, acacia, and eucalyptus, including areas around swamps, pcnds, schools, temples, ot along bcrders or r:ce field bunds .n order to meet current and future needs for fuelwood where suff.cient local iontei.est can be generated. The farm se.::ulture system currently .nvclves the longstanding Northeast ThailanFtrd.t:.cn of s'Ik production, which Is still pra ctcee by many farm fam,.l.es,. In Pro.ect areas, ser-culture i- w-dely practic:ed for both home use and commercial productron .n two tzmbons, wh ie some families in the other tambons pract:ce sericulture, primarily for home use. Most farmers stl3 usF nat:ve '.arieties ci -,cth milberry and silkworms, and traditional oL %.nco',rect product%.on techniques which usually result in low levels of pr: ductior,. Recent efforts to stimulate silk production )n other a:eas of the Northeast have ident-fied mulberry produ.'tion as a particularly important constra~nt, due to roo 7t and poor management techniques. The NERAD Project w.1 ,ddi.s key constraints to sericulture production ):.area ,.here -iti-gers havE a strong desire t-,. increase s, Ik prrduction brmd ,e sufficient land available for, muiberry plots, by p-,c..d"o tiaining )n improv;ed sericulture techn.iques and mulbvrry ('ultur.31 pra,_tces. Root rot-resistant mulbatry planting matei,;-J w .1 be proided and jn,,-rc:-sed by, th5,.-,tr.- r :,j..' y -ffort-., d,s.,.u!,,rd al-,,N,. Assl,if., r.1 r will also be va. [Lb~e f Dr coi, ru,. ' i)mproved b mpic silkworm rearing fa,:iJities, and .f local d'!n,:-rid is suff:.cien introdicnion of a newly de'.eloped ,ytrid s.lkwcrm ;a.,ing the fiber chracteris tics and haxdiness ct native cs;ikworms, bl:.t 'th substa.- ially improved productiv,&ty, w 11 be phased .rito the 1.ater stages of the activity. ANNEX V-7 Figure V-I Land Form Characteristics HIGH TERRCACE MEDI-IE TE:RRACE* I W ''i.: ,F: FLOOLD SWAMP I,lAIN or RIVIER I I -"Idy 1IE:LA' 'IVE L,CA'TI A'II:ii NiAi'MA. IuI I ANI l 'I:,114 Nh IlL AS'T TIIAI AID ELbtimiLed ALu]/(xai) o. A&.b.Lc Larid Lucated oil Ditferent Types of Lrind-cio:;thu E'.tgLJt Selected Tambons L z1:;C.;,je Totdl Tambon Flood Low Middlu i- igh Arable pli Terrace TUtEra co Terrace Land Taker - 8,100 - 8,100 Tae - 5,100 - - 5,100 Nai Thorn 0, 500 6,700 4 ,A0 1,00) 21,900 Na Ngua - 18,500 10,100 1,900 30,500 Lahan 7,400 9,500 10,100 10,400 37,400 Kwang Chon - 33,000 21,000 8,200 62,200 Nony Kew - 25,200 2,1100 200 28,200 Na Muang 1,800 12,700 5,100 600 20,200 Total 15,700 11d,Uuu .. ,;10 2,i0 213,600 l/ EstilnaLed fiull 'u'aiIbjIi bj.;uJ inu ur-vuy. -74 Figure V-2 Calendar of !edified Cropping sttems ___'______TYPES OF * CROPPING PA;TE RNS Mar Apri r AMay ay Jun " Ju 'Aug Ser Oct . . De c e!a-=: ar Ar LiCAPES 1. Deep water rice _____CE_____F_ 2. Short duratiorn crcp before floodinc F. 3. Improved vegetazles and _ _RICE...... FP, LT h i ,ch v a l u e cr c ...... 4. Less-care lec.-.e after -RIC-- FF, LT, MT i rice 5. Fich yveldr.c rRce vaieie rieR:C :C 6. Fie!d cror after race R=- EL2 -:: " 7. Shcrt duraticn :r FCE before trans. -a.-.ted rice E. Direzt seeded r--e :'T C1.---. *- tel-eran-: rice C o_. r-"--'ght M,-.- M i 'L . Do--*-Le crorz- n= cf X fae.d crccs _:. Monocrc.=inc of field F CRO- M, H7 crczs (e.g., zanut) 12. ij.tercrorir.: cf cassava C wtz iec-.e z tij 13. Ir.7roved cassH xT imrroved kenaf KT F •FZ = Flood ylain, LT= Low terrace, HT = High terrace CAkLENDAR OF MODIFI-ED CROPPINGC ' = Middle terrace, ANNEX V-9 Figure V-3 Estimated Area-/(rai) Planted to Major Crops in Eight Selected Tacibons Vegetables Tambon RLCe Cassavd Kena f High Value Crop Total + ______Other Field Crop.,; 'rakuL 8, 100 800 U,900 Te5,00 - - 400 5,500 Na 'num tU, OU0 2,.I0U 1, "]U 900 23,U00. N N u. zu, bUO I,U 0 30O 1,000 31,500 Lahai 2'.1,UUU U,IOU 2,400 U,700 4b, 2U0 Kwang Choi 54,0U0 700 7,500 7,000 69,2J0 Nong Kaew 28,000 - 200 5,000 33,200 Na Muang 20,000 600 - 1,000 21,00 Total 188,80U 13,400 12, 100 24,800 23i,1 u0 l/ The Desii., Teaim Lowid io publishud statistics on agricultural lurid use at the twntbon Level. Thu above estiliates for tice were basud oii extrapulation of Average household rice plantizng Lepor ted by farinurs in the housuhold survey. Reported data were tuduccd by 25% which was suggested as the ,iormal degree of overestimation by farniurs.' Atea in other crops was ustimaLed primarily from obL;ervation, from calculatioii of survey dLa. ANNEX V-10 Figure V-4 Area (rai) Expected to Be Planted with Modified Cropping Systems by Year 20 Tambon Pattrns Taket Tae Na Na Kwang Nong Na Total Thorn Ngua Chon Kaew Muang 1. Deep water rice - - 2,600 - 3,000 - - 700 6,300 2. Short duration - - 700 - 700 - - 200 1,600 crop betore flooding 3. Improved prodn. 700 30u 1, Uu l,..Uu ,'uO 2,dUO 2,800 600 10,900 of vgeLt."ble/ high value crop 4. Less-care legume 800 500 1,300 1,900 1,700 3,300 2,500 1,500 13,,500 after -rice 5. Hiigh yielding 4,000 2,500 3,400 9,300 4,7u0 16,400 12,600 6,300 59,200 rice varieties 6. Field crop 1,600 1,000 2,600 3,700 3,400 6,500 5,000 2,900 26,700 after rice 7. Short duration - - 900 2,000 2,000 4,200 600 1,000 10,700 field crop before trans planting rice 8. Direct seeded - - 1,900 4,100 4,000 8,400 1,100 2,100 2i,UU rice 9. Drought tolerant - - 1,400 3,000 3,000 6,300 900 1,500 l,l00 rice 10. Double cropping - - 1,300 1,800 3,100 4,400 500 900 12,000 of field crops 11. Monocropping of - - 1,300 1,800 3,100 4,400 500 900 12,000 field crop (peanuts) 12. Intercropping of - - 700 500 2,400 200 - 200 4,000 cassava & legume 13. Improvwd cassava - - 1,000 (100 3,200 JO - 200 5, 300 Improved kenaf/ - - 1,200 200 1,700 5,30k). - 8,400 jute Total 7,100 S=4,300 21,800 30,400 36,700 62,500 26,500 19,000 208 ,300 ANNEX VI Estimates of Incremental Economic Costs & Benefits by Sub-project and Project and Internal Rates of Return (0illion) Project ?roject Cropping Systems Water Resources Farming Systems Year Costs Benefits a/ Costs Benefits Costs Benefits Costs Benefits Project HH Total Net Proj. HE Total Net Proj. HH Total Net Proj. HH Total Net 1 19.78 0.00 0.00 -19.78 3.74 0.04 0,00 -3.78 5.88 0.03 0.00 5.85 29.40 0.07 0.00 -29.47 2 33.19 0.00 0.33 -32.86 17.41 0.51 0.92 -17.00 9.70 4.98 1.37 13.31 60.30 5.49 2.62 3.17 3 26.30 2.01 5.35 -22.96 20.70 1.67 4.23 -18.14 8.20 5.70 4.26 -9.64 55.20 9.38 13.84 -50.74 4 26.78 5.05 13.08 -18.75 9.19 3.53 9.01 -3.71 8.63 6.25 7.46 -7.42 44.60 14.83 29.55 -29.88 5 20.47 8.16 22.00 -6.63 2.60 5.89 14.89 6.40 6.73 6.75 11.36 -2.12 29.80 20.80 48.25 -2.35 6 12.35 11.27 31.58 7.96 1.22 7.44 18.60 9.94 4.43 8.26 14.31 1.62 18.00 26.97 64.49 19.52 7 10.31 14.38 42.30 17.61 1.00 7.89 19.59 10.70 3.89 6.55 17.07 6.63 15.20 28,82 88.96 34.94 8 - 18.42 40.22 21.80 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 7.60 19.37 11.77 - 34.22 39.22 45,00 9 - 22.46 49.01 26.55 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 7.75 20.42 12.67 - 38.41 89.06 50.65 10 - 26.50 57.80 31.30 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 7.90 20.72 12.82 - 42.60 98.15 55.55 11 - 30.54 66.59 36.05 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 8.04 21.02 12.98 - 46.78 107.24 60.46 12 - 34.58 75.38 40.80 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 8.24 21.32 13.08 - 51.02 116.33 65.31 13 - 38.62 84.17 45.55 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 8.24 21.32 13.08 - 55.06 125.12 70.06 14 - 42.66 92.96 50.30 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 8.24 21.32 13.08 - 59.10 133.91 74.81 15 - 46.70 101.75 55.05 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 8.24 21.32 13.08 - 63.14 142.70 79.56 16 - 50.74 110.54 59.80 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 8.24 21.32 13.08 - 67.18 151.49 84.31 17 - 54.78 119.33 64.55 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 8.24 21.32 13.08 - 71.22 160.28 89.06 18 - 58.82 128.12 69.30 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 8.24 21.32 13.08 - 75.26 169.07 93.81 19 - 62.86 136.91 74.05 - 8.20 19.63 11.43 - 8.24 21.32 13.08 - 79.30 177.86 98.56 20 - 64.93 141.51 76.58 -3.80 8.20 19.63 15.23 - 6.07 21.32 19.15 -3.80 67.06 182.46 19.2C IRR 19 18 17 18 a/ Includes estimates cf value of output from extension trials, field experiments and demonstration plots. Project evaluation costs are not included. Econ. Sensitivity AnalysiS for Total Project Case 1 20% ,A,EIRR = 16 not sensitive to the increase in project cost. Case 2 20% A ,,EIRR = 16 .. not sensitive to the increase in farm costs. Case 3 20% I , EIRR = 12 ." is rather sensitive to the decrease in farm productivity. V Annex VI-2 Estimates of Household Incremental Financial Costs & Benefits by Sub-project and for Project and Benefit-cost Ratios* Project Projecta/Cropping Systems Water Resources Farming Systems Total Project Year Costs Benefits Costs Benefits Costs Benefits Costs Benefits Total Net Total Net Total Net Total Net 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 -0.04 0.03 0100 -0.03 t.07 0.00 -0.07 2 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.51 0.92 0.41 4.98 1.37 -3.61 5.49 2.62 -2.87 3 2,01 4.78 2.77 1.67 4.21 2.54 5170 4.26 -1.44 9.38 13,25 3.87 4 5.05 12.12 7.07 3.53 8.95 5.42 6.25 7.46 1.21 14.83 28.53 13.90 5 8.16 19.98 11.82 5.89 14.77 8.88 6.75 11,36 4.61 20.80 46.11 25,31 6 11.27 28.28 17.01 7.44 18.44 11,00 8.26 14.31 6.05 26.97 61,03 34.06 7 14.38 37.22 22.84 7.89 19.42 11.53 6.55 17.07 10.52 28.82 73.71 44.89 8 18.42 36.25 17.83 8.20 19.46 11.26 7.60 19.37 11.77 34.22 75.08 O.M 9 22.46 44.25 21.79 8.20 19.46 11.26 7.75 20,42 12.67 38.41 84.13 45.72 10 26.50 52,26 25.76 8.20 19.46 11.26 7.90 20.72 12.82 42.60 92.44 49.84 11 30.54 60.26 29.72 8.20 19.46 11.26 8.04 21.02 12.98 46.78 100,74 53.96 12 34.58 68726 33.68 8.20 19.46 11.26 8.24 21.32 13.08 51.02 109.04 58.02 13 38.62 76.26 37.64 8.20 19.46 11.26 8.24 21.32 13.08 55.06 1:0.04 61,98 14 42.66 84.26 41.60 8.20 19.46 11.26 8.24 21.32 13.08 59210 125.04 65.94 15 46.70 92.26 45.56 8.20 19.46 11.26 8.24 21.32 13.08 63.14 133.04 69.90 16 50.74 100,26 49.52 8.20 19.46 11.26 8.24 21.32 13.08 67.18 141.04 73,86 17 54.78 108.26 53.48 8.20 19.46 11,26 8.24 21.32 13.08 71.22 149.04 77.82 18 58.82 116.26 57.44 8.20 19.46 11.26 8.24 21.32 13.08 75.26 157.04 81.78 19 62.86 124.26 61.40 8.20 19.46 11.26 8.24 21.32 13.08 79.30 165,04 85.74 20 64.93 128.58 63.65 8.20 19.46 11.26 6.07 21.32 13.08 67.06 169.36 87.99 B/C 2,1 2.4 1.9 2.1 * Cost and income streams discounted at 14% a/ Includes estimated benefits from field experiments, demonstrations and extension trials. Gross output $l,000/rai. Annex VII Social Soundness Analysis See Analysis Supplement Annex VIII Administrative Analysis and Arrangements See Analysis Supplement ANN11 -;X , DETA ILEV, I iANC AI'AIA:E A. Terehical. Ass.starice Budget ix- 2 B. Administxrat. or. ind Techrical Si.ppoxt Eudget IX-5 C Estirnted Bud~get. for 7mpra-.ed C-Lcppif.g SySLeMS D. Other Farmnrig Eystem i~nprvvements Budget tx- 15 E. EstLmated BudgFe. fcz Soil and Land Imprcverkent Demr.s .:->3t :r ; IX- i8 F. Agriculirutal Exters-ori !S-pp.rt G. Othex Agricultufal Suppc.'-t 26 2X H. Illustrative ScbeduTle an~d C~sfcc Wate, ReSource Modif -ca, ,zr.s iX- 28 9 I. Demonstrax.ion ard ReseazA Budget 2 J. Economiuc Stud~es Support K. Evaluation/Mon.t'r.rng (3 ANNEX IX-2 A. Technical Assistance Budget NERAD Project Expatriate Long Term 14.8 years Chief of Party 4.8 years Agronomist 4.0 years Training Specialist 2,0 years Agricultural Economist 4.0 years Short Term 43 months Training Specialist 6 months Soils 6 months Minimum Tillage 6 months Forage Prod./Util. 6 months Fisheries 3 months Animal Nutrition 4 months Plant Protection 6 months Animal Disease 3 months Forestry 3 months Local 124 months Administration & Mgt, 6 months Finance 8 months Agricultural Engineering 30 months Cropping Systems 14 months Training (non-formal) 18 months Socini Sci.entist 48 months Expatriate Team (Short-Term) Cost estimate per person month (short-term),estimates based on average 2 month tour Grant Salary $3,500 Fringe 17% 600 Workmen's comp. 8.75% 320 Post differential 20% 2 weeks/2 180 Sub-total 4,600 Overhead 18% 830 Total - grant 5,430 - use $5,400 ANNEX IX-3 7 rt Travel international 2$1,350 2 Travel in-country $500x4 100 Per diem in-country 2,620 Total -.Support $4,070 - use $4,100 Expatriate Team (Long-Term) Cost estimate per person year (long-term) Grant Salary $42,000 Fringe 17% 7,140 Post differential 20% 8,400 Workmen's Comp, 8.75% 4,410 Transportation 3,800 Household effects 1,900 1,000 Auto 2,0002 Storage household effects 900 Sub-total 65,750 Overhead 18% 11,840 Total - grant $77,590 - use $78,000 Educational allowance $6,000 Travel 4@2,700 5,400 2 2700 Educational travel 1@2-70 1,350 4@ 300 2 600 2 Housing $18,000 pm 10,800 Temp. p.d (l0x$73+20x$29)x442 2,620 In-country transportation 20x500 500 In-country p.d, (30L 73)*(60x$29) 5,240 International travel 2x1000 2,000 International per diem 20x75 1,500 Language training 2,000 Total - Support $36,210 - use $36,000 Local Hire Liaison Officers (ex i'CVs) (8 person years) Grant Salary, International Travel, Workmen's Compensation (per year) $25,000 Support Housing, Per Diem, Local Travel, local secretary $15,000 ANNEX IX-4 Technical Assistance Support Equipment Office Typewriter 3 @1,000 $ 3,000 Copier 1 @5,000 5,000 Calculator 5 @200 1,000 Household Refrigerator 4@800 3,200 Dryer 4@800 3,200 Stove 4@700 2,800 Air-conditioner 12@600 7,200 Worker 4@700 2,800 Driver 4@700 2,800 Total $71,000 On-Campus Expenses Salaries Campus coordinator $20.000 Secretary/booker 6,000 Fringe 4,420 Communications 1,200 Supplies and printing 3,000 Travel, U.S. 600 Per diem, U.S. 800 Travel, international 2,600 Per diem, international 1,500 Recruitment, medical, visa, etc. 2,500 Minor procurement of commodities 1,000 Overhead 25% 10,605 Total $53.010 Technical Assistance - In-country Support %Expatriate team & local experts) Personnel Peronnl 000 Y1000 Cost Secretary 2@$8,000/mo ".6 192 Driver 3@$4,000/mo.. 7.2 144 Translator-interpreter 2@310,000/mo. 12.0 240 Total 28.0 576 ANNEX IX-5 B. Administration and Technical Support Budget Personnel Costs ($'000 at 1:20) Year Total Descriptions Desci]I- 2 3 4 5 G 7 Salaries 1. Project Director, C-7 official, @ $9,500/month 4.3 5.7 5.7 5.7 5°7 5.7 5.7 38t5 2, Associate Project Director, C-6 or C-7 official, @ $8,000/month 3,6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 32.4 3. Field Managers (four persons), C-6 officials, @ $7,000/month 8.4 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16,8 109.2 4. Assistant Field Managers (four persons), *C-5 officials, @ $6,000/month 7.2 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.,4 14.4 14.4 93,6 5. Technical Back-Stop Specialists (eight), C-6 officials, @ 07,000/ month, average 1/3 t4me first year, 2/3 time 2, 3, 4 years, and 1/2 time 5, 6 and 7 years 11.2 22.4 22.4 22.4 16.8 16..8 16.8 128.8 6. Technical Back-Stop Specialists (eight), C-5 officials, @ $6,000/ month, average 1/3 time first year, 2/3 time 2, 3, 4 years, and 1/2 time 5, 6 and 7 years 9.6 19.2 19.2 19.2 14.4 14.4 14.4 110.4 7. Administrative Officer, C-4, @ $5,000/month 2.25 3.0 3.0 3.0 3°0 3.0 3.0 20).25 8. Finance Officer/ Accountant, C-4, @ $4,500/month 2.05 2.7 2.7 2.7 2,7 2.7 2.7 18,25 9. Publicity Officer, C-4 officer, @ $4,500/month 1.35 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 17,55 10, Typists (six persons), C-3, @ $3,000/month 5.4 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10-.8 10.8 70 2 11. Drivers (threL persons) at Ti Phra, @ Q2,500/ month 2.25 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 29,25 12. Drivers at the field level (four persons), @ 02,000/month 24 4.8 4.8 4,8 4.8 4.8 4,8 31.2 Sub-Total 1u-oa6O.60.0 111.8I 111.8- I 111.8 L1.8101,4 101.4 101.4 699.6 ANNEX IX-6 ($'000 at 1:20) L)O11c) lilt Year7 To a DOIR) II I.." 1 2 3 4 5 6Total Meeting Allowance 1. NERAD working group Bangkok, 80 meetings/ man @ 150/man 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 4.2 2. Project Director's working groups, -SC [nee. LlgE,'man @ .lU50,man 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 9.45 3. Provincial sub-committees, (four provinces) 180 eetings/man per province, @ 0150/man 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 37,8 4. Other working groups at provincial level (four provinces), 150 meetings/ man @ 0150/man 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 31.5 5. Chairman of all the meetings, 100 meetings @ 0187.50 per meeting 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 6.65 Sub-Total 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 89.6 Grand Total 72.8 1246 124.6 12f. 114.2 114.2 114.2 789.2 •*The salaries of the Assistant Field Managers are on the payrolls of the respective provincial agricultural extension offices. ANNEX IX-7 Administration and Technical Support Budget Per Diem, lodging and Housing Allowance ($'OOO at 1:14201 Yedr 7 Total Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 L Project Director and Associate Project Director @ $300/day for 120 days/ 1.8 18 117 year 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1,8 2, Subject matter specialists @ $250/day for 800 days/' 10.0 1010 65,0 year 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 3, Field managers, four persons @ 0250/day for 9.0 9.0 58.5 180 days/year 4.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4. Assistant field managers, four persons @ $250/day 6.0 6.0 39,0 for 120 days 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5,. Committee members 1.5 1.5 10,5 @ $250/day for 120 days 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1,5 6., Drivers @ $150/day for 6.0 6,0 39.0 800 days 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 1 2 1.2 - 9,6 7,, International travel 1,2 2.4 2.4 1.2 8. Housing Allowance - Field Managers, C-6 officials (four persons) 3.6 3.6 23 4 @ 9I,500/montht 1.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 39.1 39,1 37.9 256,7 Total 20.9 40.3 40.3 39,1 director, associate project * Housing facilities will be provided for project 3unior director, and Thai subject-matter specialists at Tha Phra, while locally, officers (including assistant field managers) will be recruited and thus are not entitled to housing allowance from the government,. ANNEX IX-8 Administuation and Techni-al Support Budget Transportation ($'000 at 1:920' Year Description 2 4 5 6 7 Tota1 In Country Air, train and bus fares 10.0 15.0 20.0 15..0 15,0 15.0 15.0 105-.0 -Pransporta'.ionof thingS 2.5 5,0 10.0 10.0 10.0 L0o0 10.0 57.,5 Sub-Total 12o5 20.0 30.0 25,0 25.0 25.0 25.0 162,5 in,.ernational Air fares for regional seminars, etc. 1.6 3.2 3.2 1 6 1.6 1.6 - 12.8 Total 14.1 23.2 33-.2 26.,6 26..6 26.6 25,0 175.3 ANNEX IX-9 Administration and Technical Support Budget Operating Expenditures ($'000 at 1:920) Year Total Descriptions - .- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Expendable office supplies 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5,0 5.0 35,0 2 Supplementary water, electricity and other zharges at Tha Phra Office @ $250/month 1.5 3.0 3,0 3.0 3 0 3.0 3.0 19.5 3. Supplementary water, electricity and other charges at each field manager office (four) @ $50/month 1,2 2.4 2.4 2.4 24 2.4 2.4 15.,6 4. Gasoline, lubrication and oil for 20 project vehicles, estimated at 320 litres/month/vehicle @ $0.5/litre 19,2 38,4 384 38.4 38.4 384 384 249,6 5.,Maintenance, repair and parts, estimated at $40/month/vehicle for yc.zra 7-4 and $80/month for years 5-7 9,6 9.6 9.6 19 2 19.2 19..2 86.4 6. Maintenance and repairs of office and equipment - 2 5 2.5 2,5 2 5 2 5 2.5 15,0 7. Lab supplies 3.75 5.0 10.0 7.5 7,5 5,0 5°,0 43.75 Total 30.65 65,9 70 9 68.4 78.0 75,5 75.5 46485 ANNEX IX-10 Administration and Technical Support Budget Culi!I.1 ULt Ion - OllJ1co lQul Idina ($'000 at 1:B20) Year Total Description - - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1, Cost rcf construction of one office building at .---00 Tna Phra NEROA --- 100 2o Cost of furnishing the above building ...... 2.5 25 Total 100 25 --- 125 ANNEX X- 1 Administration and Technical Support Budget Equipment ($'000 at 1:020, Year Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total Vehicle Four Jeeps @ $10,000 40 ------40 15-Seat Microbus, one @ $13,000 13 - - - 13 Pick-ups, 15, 1,500-1,600 :c. @ $7,500 112 - - - 112 Sub-Total 165 - - - 165 Office Typewriter, English/Thai, 1 electric, 'three @ $1,730 -5.19 5,19 Typewriter, Thai, ordi nary, five @ $825 4-125 - - - 4.125 Stenc2l machine, five @ $1,250 6.25 ------6 25 Calculator, machine, five @ $100 0.5 ------0.5 Desks and chairs, 20 sets @$100 2 ------2 Filing cabinets, 20 sets @ $75 1.5 ------1 5 Electric Fans, 20 sets @ $62.5 1.25 ------. 25 Radio-transmitter sets stationed at project manager's and field managers' offices (5 stations) 10 ..... ;0 Safe, one @ $500 0.5 .. . . . 0.5 Copler @ $3,900 3.9 - - - - 3 9 Resear ch equipment 25 50 10 - 10 5 - 1GO*J Sub-Total 60.125 50 10 - 10 5 115 2 L- Others - 2.5 - - - 2.5 Sub-Total - 2.5 - - 2.-5 Grand Total 225.2 52-5 10 I0 3C2,' ANNEX IX-12 C. 1,stimattcd Budgvti fur Inprovt'( Cr'PvI.u!-YS..L!ns ($_,,'000 a 1J20) A . i Total I . ,pcciaList Lrmers 1.9 'TEA . ', .4', .4') .45 - 20.10 1.1 Tr i i i n - 1.0.05 10.0') - 1.2 Field Excursion 1 1 S.F. -. I.1') 1.75 .. 97 7 L.3 Trians;portVa Lo01 19.25 Within Tambon - 1.75 3. 3.1) 3.5 3.5 1.4 Wages - 15.1 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 166.10 1.5 Farm Tools Cost - 5. 1.8 - - - - 11.60 Maintenance - .0 .0 .0 .6 .6 3.3 69.60 1.6 Storage Room - 34.8 16. - - - - Total - [4.'),B/6.95 36.60 36.50 36.50 36.50 298.85 2. Technical Assistance .5 2.1 Training . - - 2.L 2.2 Field Excursion .7 - .7 - .7 - 2.3 Travel and Per Diem 2.4 / .h 1.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 49.20 Salary 9.6 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 9.6 1].5.2 Total Y3.202/ 2/.70 21.0 27.70 27 17.40 167.0 3. Tambon 'lra I n I ph Prog ramhs 41 Total "" .7.4 L. 1.6 4. Resetarch FLuid I -:XI~ri - 7 ments 4.1 Travel and Per Diem for Technhkal and j Personnel.Expert b.| 21.15 21 . 5 L8.5 [ 5. 35 13.2 - 95.15 ANNEX IX-13 G' n tryijIe'd I_utior . iit !y-iL411 ($'000 at 1:$20) . Total ,o Act1.vIty Actl~~~~~..,,...... __ __r.Y~r6...... :...... ,- , ...... 7 /4.2 Graduate Assistatnt 4.2.1 Travel and Per Diem - - . 1.7 1.7 - 5.10 4.2.2 Allowance - . .6 3. 0 10.80 4.2.3 The sis Pre - -. .80 Ip rdt lU -I - .L .I .o " 9 . 30 .0 1 .1 I,a nd I ilut . 1 /1. , , )..2 4.4 Farm 'ools Cos t - 9.6 - - 9.6 ali|tenance - .) .5 .5 .5 2.5 4.5 Fencing - 19.95 - - - 19.95 4.6 Production Inputs 4.6.1 Labor - 1.2.9 11.05 8.4 8.15 5.95 46.45 4.6.2 ChlemLcals & Supplies - 8.05 7.I 1)./ 5.2 3.9 29.05 Total 5 .3 80.4') 'W.1') 44.2 40.8 27.1) - 2r1 .O0 5. Demonstratiu' Trials 5.1 Production Inputs 5.1.1 Labor ',.t 11.21- 1.1.2 8.5 8.5 415.0 5.1.2 Chemicals & Supplies - - 5.35 10.7 10.7 8 8 42.75 5.2 Fencing - - 17.8 17.8 - - - 35.60 123.35 Total - 87')1 . 19.7y 21.9 16.5 16.5 6. Ext ens Ioti Trialt; 6.1 Farm Tools Cost .... II 7.6 12.6 1.6.2 47.40 .0 '1.4 5.50 tl lntunan ' -.. . '/, .9) I 6.2 Rewards - - .8 1.6 2.4 4 8.tO 6.3 Production inpluLs 3.4) 13.55 22.8 34 78.80 Total - - 20.8 23.7 39.4 56.6 Ii0.50 ...... -...- 3 ANNEX IX-L4 (:. Fst Iiwt 'd IIucd tL Ior Iiilrov *d (:rj, ~, Sy;V!.Lm ($'000 at 1:A20) .. Y a r AclviLy . 2 6 7 TotalI 7. Sed I'coduction 7.] PCr hLiclLon 1,ll)Ut: - - 1.7 .- - 7.7 o't.)t, - - - -... 7.7 GRAND TOTAL (BAW1T) 310 3, 'o05 4,037 3,441 3, 161 :3,162 2,912 20,5L38 GRAND TOTAL ($000) .I) .75 '02 172 158 I5 147 1,029 ANNEX IX-15 D. Other Far:ming System Improvements Budget ($1000 at 1:920) Year Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Native Chicken 5.6 10.15 13.4 12.2 5 3 1.75 51,1 Large Animal Improvement - 23.25 30.5 40.75 54.15 61.35 61.35 271.35 Fish Production 11.1 21.2 33.7 33.7 29.4 29.4 29.4 187.9 68.8 Sericulture - 5.3 18.25 18.25 9 9 9 Fruit and Tree Nursery - 3.2 6.2 3.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 16.2 Total 16.7 63.1 102.05 108.1 98.75 103.95 102.7 595.35 I _ _ _ - - -- Native Chicken Budget ($,000 at 1:$20) Year Description 1 2 4 5 6 7 Total *Farmer Specialist Training (101 persons) 1 2.4 1.2 1.25 - - 5.85 Supplies (vaccines needles & cooler) 2.5 2.5 5 5 2.5 2.5 1.25 21,25 Educational Materials 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 - - - 10 Male Birds 7.5 (5000 birds) - 2.25 2.25 2.25 .75 - - Village Meetings #260 @ 500 baht .6 1.9 1.25 1.25 .5 .5 .5 6.5 Total 5.6 10.15 13.4 12.2 5 3 1.75 51.1 *Village Volunteers, no wages ANNEX IX-16 Fruit and Tree Nursery Budget: (.$'000 at 1:020) Year Description1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Farmer Specialist Training - 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 7.2 Supplies (seedlings & Equip.) 2 5 2 - - - 9 Total 3.2 6.2 3.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 16.2 Sericulture Budget ($'000 at 1:020) Year Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Farmer Specialist, Training (74 villagers) - - 4.45 4.45 - - - 8.9 Rearing Rooris - - 1.85 1.85 - - - 3.7 Supplies - - 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 i8.5 Mulberry Plants - - 2.95 2.95 - - - 5,9 Salary for one technician - 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 15 Travel for one technician - 1 1 1 1 L 1 6 Per dem for one I technician - .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 4.8 Village Meetings - I 1 1 1. 1 1 6 Total - 5.3 18.25 18.25 9 9 9 68.8 ANNEX IX-17 Large Animal Improvement Budget $'O00 at 1:020) Year -ToL61 - * - Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6.05 Facmer Specialist - 3 3,05 Training Supplies, Vaccines 205 20.5 30,75 41 51.25 51.25 and Medicine - 10.25 22,5 3.75 3,75 3.75 3.75 3.75 Seed (forage) - 3.75 Wages, Farmer Specialists for assisting in 37.8 6.25 6.25 6.35 6.35 6.35 activities - 6.25 (hourly wage) - - - - - Total 23.25 30.5 40.75 54.15 61.35 61.35 271.35 Fish Production Budget %$'000 at 1:920) -1 Year - --- Total Description - - 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 5 Salaries for three 9 9 9 9 5515 technicians 1.5 9 9 Wages for farmer 19.5 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3,9 specialists - - Supplies (fry 10 7.5 7.5 7.5 50 & manure) - 7.5 10 5 5 5 5 5 28 Per Diem 1 2 22 4 4 4 4 4 Travel .5 1.5 Farmer Specialist 1.8 1 8 -4.8 Training - 1.2 - - .- 3.1 Equipment 8.1 33.7 29.4 29.4 29.4 187,9 Total 11.1 21.2 33.7 8-, - --- ANNEX iX-:8 E. Estimated Budget for Soil and Land improvement Demonstrations 1. Land Shaping (US$1 - 920) Area Per Year (Rai) 1 3 4 5 6 T 7 Total Tambon Lahan - 100 - 100 100 100 100 500 Kwang Chon - 100 100 100 100 100 100 600 Nong Kxew 100 100 100 100 100 100 600 Na Muang - 100 100 100 100 100 100 600 Na Tho -- " - Na Ngua ------Takot - 100 100 100 100 100 100 600 Tae - 100 100 100 100 100 100 600 600 500 600 600 600 600 3,500 Cost Per Year (US$) Equipment - I Farm Tractors - 82,500 82,500 - 1 Pick-up Truck - 7,500 7,.00 Salary - IC Supervisor C3 - 1,551 1,551 1,551 1,551 1,551 1,551 9,306 - 3C Drivers 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 2,637 15,822 Per Diem and Lodging - Supervisor C3 (130 /day x 240 days/year) - 1,690 1,690 1,690 1,690 1,690 1,690 10,140 - 3C Drivers (3x90x240) - 3,240 3,240 3,240 3,240 3,240 3,240 19,440 ANNEX "X-19 Land Shaping Budget (Continued) (US$1 - B20) CoSt Per Year _ 2: 3 4 5 6 7 Total *POL - IC Pick-up Truck (25 litre/day x 15 B/ litre x 240 days/litre) - 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 27,000 - 3C Farm Tractor - 23,040 23,040 23,040 23,040 23,040 23,040 138,240i Others I - Materials - Miscellaneous - 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 6,000 - Travelling Allowance TOTAL -'3.27.658 37,658 37,658 37,658 37,658 37,658 315,948 ANNEX !X-20 2, Land Terracing ______(US$1 'Bk20) L) ______0 Area P e r Year (Ra 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Tambon Lahan - 30 20 . . . . 50 Kwang Chon - -... . . Nong Kdew - - -... Na Muang - 30 - . . . 30 Na Thom - - 10 20 25 - - 55 Na Ngua - - 1.0 20 20 20 - 70 Takot - - -... Tae - - - - 60 40 40 45 20 - 205 Cost Per Year (US$) Equipment I C Farm Tractor - !27,500 .- 27,500 Salary - C Driver 879 879 879 879 879 - 4,395 Per Diem and Lodging - IC Driver (90 41day x 240 days/ year) 1,080 1,080 1,080 1,080 1,080 - 5,400 POL - Farm Trrtor 7,680 7,680 7,680 7,680 7,680 - 38,400 Others - Miscellaneous 2 - Travelling Allowancel 250 250 250 250 250 - 1,250 TOTAL - 37,389 9,889 918899z889 9,889 - 76,945 ANNEX IX-21 3. Compost Demonstration (US$1 - B20) Year 2 '3 4 5 6 7 Total Compost Subsidy - Collection residual material @ 5l00/ton. 4 4 4 20 - Material (manure and fertilizer) @ Bl00i ton. 44 20 8 8 8 40 TOTAL - 8 ANNEX IX-22 I . lr;T La 1 .,. I i.Ili_l , I.1 I "' A Sub~je c L Tr tiiLLn ill._U $ 320 $23,040 1..L.. Trainer's; per diem . I:'/yr 455 32,760 1.1.2 TEA per d .,/Y 1* .. ] .3 'I ranslpor I?/yr 1.00 7,200 7 _2J.0 " 1.1.4 SuppL1I'/yr 100 $70,200 ro La.I .1.2 T1A Induction TLr {Lnlhiz !5,400 1.2.1 Trainers per diem I courses 1,800 2,200 6,600 per diem "Ivoillseu 1.2.2 THA 630 1.2.3 Travel 'Iioiir e 121.0 I00 300 1.2.4 Supplies " .ourses 'TitLI $12,930 1.3 Amphoe Officer TraLnlni 340 3,360 1.3.1 Trainer per diem 4 courses 1,345 5,380 1.3.2 Amphoe Officer pt.r diem 4 courses 4 courses 115 460 1.3.3 fransportation 400 1.3.4 Supplies 4 'ii$(, 100 9,600 'Tot: I .$ 1.4 Other Training (SMS & Ile:d MiHlu[OyrH) 840 3,360 1.4.1 Trainer per divi ' 4 coiirses 2,(015 8,606 1.4.2 Trainer pLtr d lem /I couiflS 1.70 680 1.4.3 tra nslport 4 courses courses 125 500 L.4.4 Suppl Les 4 Total $12,600 $ 3 4 . . ANNEX IX-23 ":. " " LAr i .i . . I ..l "'x1..1.:., i; m l ';I I 11 1 ~ii. I, 11pIE .1 Total1 Mum,, t Iry, .,) (US$) 2. Frmiur ,'duCUr I on 2.1 T'. oIoll1481i . ,,i liad ; $ 25,00 $200,000 I l i 1 n) 2. L .1 UIiid and t v O"1Silt,it(b I A Ii lI 2.1 .2 Annual Maintenan1.eW ()f ii IdlnR 42,000 2.1..3 Furnishinl, rheL u. ldlnuIgI .1 0,(000 1 00522.0. $252,000 2.2 Personnel+ 2.2.1 TEA Salary 140,00 2.2.2. I.u.I puttuL Specia I, IL .9,750 2.2.3 ^,.,is,t]?0 $159,500 2.3 EJUL.pmunt Cost 2.3.1 MotorcycLes for TIhA 14 :I.LS 1,000 14,000 2.3.2 Equipment in Each Taml,|m 2.3.2.1 Viewing Sere,, II sets 125 1,375 2.3.2.2 35 mm Camra j suts 625 5,625 2.3.2.3 SI ide Project.ior Ss:LS0 625 5,625 2.3.2.4 GeneraLor 10 HeLs 9 17.5 9,375 2.3.2.5 Overhemd I' rta ]'v or 9 s 500 1 500 2.3.2.6 Dusks and Ciw , 14 sets 75 1,050 2.3.2.7 Chai.rs (Vi;iitior) i4 SeLs 75 1,050, 2.3.2.8 SnmlL Spraye'r 1.0 sets 50 _ 500 $29, 10 2.3.3 I'quipmentl for PI id Nallalet 2.3. 3.1 Ii.:;k,:i4(fii' 1id iiig chi Ir-) 4 st': 118.75 475 2.3.3.2 lIu (:;l hinmIs 8 ,s.,; 81.25 650 2.3.3.3 UIJf Lct. Cha Irs 8 sets 25 .200 2.3.4 guLpImenL I'.nr Itii q r i * 2.3.4.1 Ounli-)lil'(W ion0ll Micro 11(u2 v's .5 0S 300 2.3.4 .2 1liii-l)1 roc t in MIrtn 300 ill utl .2 erS 150 2.3.4.'.1 MlcrI huaL, Stinds 2 . ets 2.! 50 2.3.4 .4 (,,u t t . Tap .' I(k , I e, 500 . 500 1.4 .'I lieui I. Riu Iii.euu T [''l lRt4I rd'r - 2 .. " 750 1,500( 2.3.4.6 uiurii "id o I'h1 300 ANNEX ]X-24 p (" '1'o t;I I. II,'a ii.I I.Iy_._ (IJS.$) (U.S $) 2.3.4 . 7 IsSolULI 'I'.1lW Ri',')rd('i"rL .' .; $ 150 $ 300 2.3.4.8 AM/IM l'orlabitl' I ullio IlI: I ud I ng t.iLpt rt.rd* r . I t; 00 200 ; 3 ./i 1 11l, 1011 l;l i lll ,, IM))ll( 2 .3.4.1 1i'r-AmpI I I ilo M ixoi" (C. lo-) I 0'! 1 :;t, 1,500 .1, 500 2.3.4.1.2 'l'ypt.wr LLor I SL 4, 000 4,000 2.3.4.1.3 I.Lti.ri i , 2 S VLS 1.50 300 2.3.4.1.4 lsk for S -crol iry (liclude.., cli lr) ? VLS 75 150 $10, 000 2.3.5 Equipment for Nubilu Lt 2.3.5.1 (4k'II.L'tor I ,.I , 750 750 2.3.5.2 C L..I,I ' V1 1/6V i,I I r I :-1- .1"/5 1.75 2.3.5.3 !lLidt li'llo "I l I :oil, 500 500 2.3.5.4 Ampi lil.t I1350 ;I 150 2.3..'1). Uliadlo API/IM/.W I I'%O150 3.I 2.3.5.6 MI e ruljhoi .; 2 t t s 75 .150 2.3.5.7 llurn SIwiikrHs 2 s:Ls 125 250 2.3.5.8 ;(,L o1 i.i):; 1 I SO 100 1.00 2.3. .9 C.1lt ; C(i Ii' im .14I. I teL 200 200 2.3.5.10 I'ruj.iLt i MI I s 100 1 2.3.5.11[ I'ro l l lon(l);iyl i ghz ) I s L 10000 2.3.5.12 C°iasstI Lvs 15 sets 16 .665 250 2.3.5.13 'I'uoL h'.l I, se 50 50 2.3.5.14 SL Slaiv I'ir I SLt 50 lb10 2. 3.5. 1.5Ilroj],.ion 'ihl L suet 150 150 2.3.5.16 I'added (albliil-t LI -' 250 250 2.3.5.17 Mluvit, Ca(TIIr (I 11111) 1 ,u- L 400 400 2.3. 5.18 Muvi,. PioliiH* Cr ( IIu) :wL'CL 750 750 2.3.5.19 T i . I:Illl* l', I vI; L)00 500 2.4 (ost o1'lf i ild '-l iiiio't 2.4.1 TEA $ 7 .. IO0O 2.4.2 Otlr 7 ]777 g:!{ ' . ; ;<{:<~ D; ,. 5 ,7] :; .. { , , : D + i t , ; :., <:; -;!7 s, 7 7 ANNEX !X-25 (I,,:,,III... (U,,$) (US$) 2.4 .2.1 Supp1i[L $ 21,000 2.4.2.1 Suppl iL S $ 21,000 2.4.2.3 Radio Programn g 83,54 1 2.4.2.4 Mubile UniL Vchicl. 12.000 $1 T7 i7i - 2.5 Cost of 'Travti 2. '. I TEA (in tamboil) ($I,1'/.,,,/TI:A) 122, 700 2 .5j.2. I-;idio Proit'*mli,.r (I11-1 di,.m1)2,4 ) 2. 5.3 Mublle Ulni t Iorsotunt.I jt'wr dim .9,360 $134,460 TOTAL $796,961 l ~ t ANS"'U.< i - '% G. Other Agricultural Support - So-iai Sa.p!" Se-vies k$'000 at i:B2C Per Year Description QUantlty 2 - -5 - Total i. Regular meetings between civil officials, Per diem for 3 cf*iciaU: merchants, and farmers $2.5r for ene ::e-_.ng OffLcial - Der diem 15 meeting, $2,51 per :;,phut. for 3 7 amphur .eet:.: , .C5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 50 Member - per 4iem 50 persons x $5/_erson and travelling x 8 Tambons x 15 m.eetings expenses 30 6 4 4 4 4 4 30 Met chant member per diem and travelling -0 persons x $2.5.person expenses 1.2 .8- .S .8 .8 .8 .8 6 x 8 Tambons x 30 meetings Supplies .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .7 Total 8.35 5.6 5,6 5,6 5.6 5.6 5,6 41.95 I 2, Circulation of Newsletter i0,000 persons :. Newsletters 840,000 .25 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 210 x -2 months x 7 %. js Stamps 840,000 .01 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 8.4 L0,000 persons x S.01/perso I__II x 12 months x 7 years Total 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 218.4 Grand Total 39.55 36.8 36.8 36.8 36.8 36.8 36.8 260.35 ANNEX IX-27 G. Other Agricultural Support - Resource Inventory ($'000 at 1:120) Year Total Description .1 2 3 4 567 Weather Data 49.075 4.2 5.875 5.85 5.8 5.8 5.8 82.4 iI Survey and Land Use 72.45 PLanning 72.45 ...... Soil Testing 3.275 3.55 3.925 2.9 3.45 3.65 4.2 24.95 Total 124.8 7.75 9.8 8.75 9.25 9.45 10.0 179.8 yA r0A I) N4 IA. 0 0 IA E4 u C, a. 0 f i (d O ~ .a)S (74 0 ijl 4.1* CQ .I. I I u . 0 I 1 Is III.. - ...... - u :j .14 1-11 .41 o''~9 I*4 41 'II -is 0 to o - - '' L. I W. 08. * 0 4 44 ,*.* I 4J .11 I I I . : ¢'J . 0 4, ,.1 . lot 0Om V ALI u I ° IL 0,1 . -i w. .I 'I) I I ' I I I L 4.1. 4 . *.11 nI 1 "I 14 (. L4 t4 (I 64eLl U) soO 0 t 'I -.. I. 1,I11r. ,-- I 4I*I* .1 10 rI *..1 I.4 I I 0- 0of. to1. ,1.' ~A.1 41I~ I 419l:t El l 4 al 01 MI 4), 0 ( 40 0 IA l b'4 e.-28 ii 11 Wit 41L i*,ti ,. I so A Ai t .9 . 1 i 0~~I 'C I ce o LI i 41 41 I I 0 -. 4 411400 a1 ) us 00 41 1I ""(is i N w' * 04'-N ' H4 I 14 -7:-----*IT--- " * 41 . .NO (a in rI *4 ' 141 1 at Is 113 I 1 ""l I1.1 . 1 It l llre I I1.1 -. in w 1 41I ... ' . 4 1 ' ...... -" $ " I i ( I 1 I I o~~~~~f to ...... v4 r I l.'l Ill it It i t Itsi*0 41 14 4 .1 11 1 .U 11 10) .11 I n Us2to H -1 12* I W II .I I) .iI eU I 1 ' 4 1 4l II I41~ . 1 ' .. I I I Us20' l 4) I1 ('134 00 4J 2~I'I ~ N .. 4'- 4I?11.21 " i1 U .. 1 r I V I I U4 I I: t * 1 4, . 1, 4A is, 410. 41 u. () 0 ,0414 1 l u' ill Uu) i' UUN if U 0 wo . S1 011 U l I n wI kI .1to u ) 4. 41 I1H i $1 1441 I 1ilis l ilo) rjl Inla I I. e 1 Wl8' 10 11'a 0 - 4. C',~~~~~ L4(1 n J .1u A 0V It I I 0 ul;14 I I2 41 "I .I 49 ,i1 Ul 'UI u) C') to, W t ; 1 I' I r: ANNEX !X-?9 1. Demonstration and Research Budget ($'000 a.1:B20) -- Year ptin1 HTci 2 3 4'-. 5 6 7 Total i.Iar .s ior Supervilors and x,.:-jecr. Specialists 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 13.0 Scil Ferti .y Field Evalua- 1 r or 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 19.0 )nailcu-Weli Improvement I - 5.5 4.5 - - - 10.0 Min:.mum Tillage , - - 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 Sdl Ae Soil Ameliorarion - 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 35.0 Ptibli, Land Use Demonstra- I I .on 1.5 10.3 9.5 7.85, 7.0 7.85, 45.0 Parming Systems Research* -1,- - - I t,ciiicns,,*' and Land Demonstra- I TOTAL 5 22 30 23L 2 2 22 25 *Bucr7eted int Administiation and Technical Support. k*BuagetA in Soil ar" Land Annex. ANNEX IX-30 J. Economic SLudie. Support $ 000 at 1:)20 _Year 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total SaIariet 7 7 7 8 8 8 45 2 PC 3, 2 PC 5-6 Farmer Record eepin Fees 16 16 16 16 16 16 96 B LO/mo Supplies/Materials Printing 4 4 4 4 4 4 24 Studies - 20 20 20 20 20 100 Total 27 47 47 48 48 48 265 ANNEX IX-31 K. Evaluation/MonI tor ing $ 000 Jt 1:B2O Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Evaluation Mini Evaluations (4 studies yr, 10 10 50 x $2,500) 10 10 10 In Depth Evaluation 100 (10 persUn months) 100 Consultant 50 Support 50 10 200 Sub-Total 10 10 10 150 10 Monitoring 20 20 135 Wages 15 20 20 20 20 18 18 18 108 Travel - Per Diem 5 13 18 18 2 2 2 17 Equipment/Supplies 5 2 2 2 40 40 40 260 Sub-Total 25 35 40 40 50 40 460 Total 35 45 50 190 50 ANNEX X-1 - -CHC:irT~'i OV~-STAITrolY-:I ITIE rA- ( 1N1l{' (,III-,CKI,I.S[ A. CRITE:NRJ.CRiTI, IA OR C.UNTIUY A. (,iIRAT, CR I.TR[A FOR COMIITRY 1. FA See. 116. Can It be This project is designed specifically demonstrated that contenm- to benefit the farmers of plated assistance will Northeast Thailand. directly benefit the needy? I not , h::q the • l~epartmeun of Stay"' d,,tr. mlnlecd that" this 'nVoi ,tlli;nt :ions oll u ltl)llai y11 .L'C1)IvaIg?.LI hMlhan ri ght s;? *. 2. I"A, S. 48i1. Il I hv1I Th (Aovrnment: IWltaking Sno' :lup; iiment of rovip'v'l.nt couil ry =,' .... bas ra il,,d to) t.,k,, .o,1,.il ito, srtep.; tLo 'p i'Viltl ,(ont I IIsld <-'. .Ile Cit, *II,I g 4 Dri', Abcue Pri-Vo'.io -Ic111d1((I trot. Avr ol 1910) pri',chi..d or proe.,ml.d, 1" Wil or in uJ ' L , ini:110 1 lliint ryI ok: t r.inspo)iot throu. gh SnvIac coun r;ry , 11-6111i Ilii ll !-,ol'ad ilte ::ilI .1hii tibll- i l:;- diiction I :;iulc vlcitlI'ry t ...I U .~;.! ({'lov lllllaail]|.pa' rF;oclln' I I" * ur t i i r d,'l m'ihlt , is1 I rmiu ' ' F ( itur. ilIll-,I Il,' 11 ., . .l .1 ,14ill IV'? "~ i 3. I"AA .S;vi 62h.)) II n!:,!;Is ta n, 1 ,, , -Yes. is'c'lLi .c I i*' l *"IIIII li t l l I 4. "AA ' . 'I)(a") II :::i Ialwo; i'; la II'l.*l . * RTG not so liable. ". ut ol.,, o i,'," t l i ll,'.1 d 'li.( r l i.'llt I Ia qiI.a S dIL'Ir I 1-1,ori, .ilYI I'bg(b) I ~~~I ; .li . .* i, *, h , l i: n i, I! . iod (W i -M. '!a'I 1 I.y ltla I ali' l r ''mii,I Ltd b y :t,,,Ii r,,VL I,,,L,,., '1.i •. : (:: i ii~i4 ANNEX X?-2 taince is to a gov'rnircnrt , k113 it (InI Lid Inj pov' rnminot igeti c.LCs or subd iv[isi.onsU) t;1kc-n ainy actionl whichi has: t he. ef1- Fect of nat ionaLiv'ing, expro priacting, or otherw is:! !,eiz ing owilan.11iLI) orVcon!;Vol of property of U.S. c'it b'.cns or by vilt~m w11mii)si:I i;InL*ps Lo d!Li.:; VtIN g I iTl1-;lt Iow; 1)Ap . Ac. c(t .108, 1~ No). 600 J. roc4 ii) I I'la c'o4tiiI( r i~oSocial b;t Repioh]it! of L t Cubai, UMoz.k , Im.ib 01 lie or Angola? 7 .1-A.A .260(LA. 1fn riLnl- MILi COMLTY, . ill anly illy No. . voivvud ill (a) s';nhvcr-sifil of, IaIU;L , t:I Q Ilin Led St.ai~os or v riny COLntry ru!t'olI iil" I.. :I;:s S :a iv. , or (1) 111 p tazi-1 nig of ,;z'I lbor:;!,oil or aggressioil? 8. 'FAA S11t: 602 j 1I.- I I v .gu 0tL l 17Y Jr'I)'illit ('41d, o '.fI i Lcd( No. to takIc, ad-I-qzia to 1Oi4I;t'O4 to pruv.zt. , t~er~mw~ . o~r det IrueWLti , by mnob ;WieI io of U.*S . prope rLy? 9.' FAA Sec. 020(j). 1 1* the The inlVQStmnlt guaranty prOgram coL1ntry hat:; 1*,i I I (-d t:o I n- is ill effect. %:Altutc Owi h1Ve'!;.Vi-nL & )'iza ratity m')iil It)tm I,1) S'Ip-C i i!;k Of .~sip* IlLionIi, hilooivvrt Ibillt.V , or con1fiSCation, h,-IS [lIt A LD Administrator wvithin the Past Yca cop.-;idorod~tI't Idcny7 lug aIss iS::Iu~cc to Mill governmnhtn for Obtis rea:;on?' ANNEX X-. t0. FA Sue. 620(o): isher- MOW Pro'.rtlIe Act of N/A ...... _ -...... :If1967, i'o t~a ry:a..un hay 'nd.d ;,Lzvtl, , Soc. o5.r.. . .. ":Jmp',w,: u r any poim l.'y or: sanction :iga tn:;L ,: Imy U.S. NSI1htf.Up aWt [viLtio. [n in ternat Lonal, waters, : .:.. a. has ally dtedtl~irch n re.- Protcciv: ACL bV ln mado? b. h:!; Cnmj111ltL, ohkitll cons didIr(!I hv ALI) Adill i i:;t rac ol? 11. FAA S.'c. 021)(q) IC1 /9 a . b;t ho of'hIII No. 1 r:'VIp i iul t',)uliLry ! , in dit.',fal tlt I'1r lmlllcl liall !: .=,;:: J:mt. iiciih l[I; cli II czL'4Iui,. l :: ..".'::-M#;':'%'pricicipail c 1 iiy All) lo'an t.0 theh, 'oillit y? ,. T:I c tiI l '. ill ,h'liii No. .:•~~~~~~~~"(0i'- .×' i ' 11"1: , 11i111 Yo' onii~ * 011L[i l . . I i.I ll,r pr&. o lll~' p ~ I , Illlld ! )14 : g, roit cIiIf wi i ll App . At'L ' d :.- 12. FAA Stc. , I ,'t)I II ' . p-.at od ,:;I " i' IYes, as reported in annual Oplllolt. Io0.i litr report on implemertation Stippor. I' "miu , w.-,: liI,,AIiii "* of Sec.620(s). - y lililli* . I: I lp 1li ' pg i I IH caIL :i: . lspta 111 . iro r ld m,'il,,foils l-lil-.Ill'-i)II ii i, lilhultw :.::: .. {. : arnd Ill( , lir lt :r, l o r 14 "tlie pilr'eir:I t ::;I .liI :t - " Cate d w; l:,-,,' :,. (Ali affiC rii:ii ,ai ;IIu:, wiuiv r.f'or to z.l i wmi' I%C.I ho L mm L M1l10 :;) I"pl i t oil 1.0 tion ol, Sec'. * h is)~ ANNEX X-/# ru!pn-rt k pco-paIrad at. UL1111of LaJppL.WIl b clWtii Opora.itLual Y'enr Buidget afid cau be the bais for a n ICf Lrm i Lve ;uI swe r dur ing t.he f ~aLyear L11 c Lrcuus ancc's oectir. ) comit ry !;pvc r'c 4111 I):It1p it., No. I haciioii; w i I t I ht I Ul I t( S I.;r~qI IC!"1 1r S , 1:v bonrt;iiiiuvId haivce nw h)ilI-LvCI I uo;: I :L~ttco( apyc iinto I:;IInto !'I i a L(11 5ch 106 lII(111 ,:~I w, W'~I)Llw Not in arreasi counry :4 U. N. til I i)gat' h ill:;? If I I,: fun.lV I ll ar 'a Inftoj ;w'otIit hy I ho? All) r Am Ini ~ I .11),m ii ie' i.ii I ii I ii- CAiii ront All) OpL rnt ioi L Yeo; r Bl ldgift ? .1.5. MAA So. 20A: FY 79 App .' coLIlIt ry grI'IIo s;an1 t:uu1u ry No. rm priu;c'ulI I'i I oi .11W &r- i till LVv iliimi I ol'Igilp 1111 IA I iii 16. VAIA-Soi'. .661.). I)''s the fl co m it ry o) , , ()I1 1).Is eo I' No. pr 'onco :mI'i oi I iua I 01'r c11hip y O.. () CI* 1 - IJ,. S. thl'-tI L o , 4111lll '14i,01111i1u 17. FA Ii' A? iu~ii.uA: ~e.INo.uv , ii I chluolmi'y , wI t Ilml I !.pk-( kC i ANNUtEX X-5 fl- t tivLona~od ;I lIuci.tI;tL No. deie;fe 1.9,77, al though not a ''nuw~ car wenpon state" uinde~r the rnnn-piri.lferati nit rea I:y? T.F'UNDING(: CIIR fIA FO)RCOIINTRY vyrLWNG RTERA FOR OUNTRY I l*VCr11 I 0i 1) I~lL~ tL~I. ' Yus, See FY 1981 CUSS. LotI.on tii l l)ii imtmiluiL: 4) -lildp l ) I..: c u: II y' ill offl. , i'll'.Iy W iv vi i aI hi Iin !mimlli -fovrm I iio tI"- 1- w*i~;Ivi *igi i ill ure (2!) Iim(''m iii '.1it) - Patit d 111 y , (I ) cnM~Itr). ('o pm,mi,; hi i~ncomwi m di'ii) A ntllliII (1)iire-n i , te l~ I VI* 11,,1l ''1,' ~ ~*rh **This . activity is not specifically ve t I it;I[it .. 1: t/i dim- designed to address these issiius. I Ii r iill , Imm-;II I r :l 11I ~ci oi illi pn ' itm :iim It o!; c. l.ti' s.Il i ml ,lii wdI ( li, of~ i * L'l~;..' mmi I mii , ~iat trnn I. ,ii :L'i , wiIi.-iI I Itr r (11-l it ' mll , Iill .1* Ii mlvl opi - ilmit idi .1 1 tmCL to AN4NEX X-6 urban poor-? Arec prob-I popLulatloa grOWL11 ad--2 dressed by coordinaite'd nisslstallce? 2. Ecj llnniic IppoT Ftd CoL1tryCitori a.FAA Ssc 5W/It. Hais N/A ii2 coll'; I l 2il pat.- LetrSI ot r 2:; 141i t i(jj 102) ' lLri: ;I)l rignhts? ' b. A 511 (it) . ,W1J -I! i.s ralcl-', itiidor the N/A SouLtIV' ni Afrien~ pro )"L-all t bv il-nfil.d TIaiii.ani ak,or zI1jII2 Ia? I~r';~) hat(-u Iin-- rvC.rFA d. o Lilt-I C lN/ II I i':.i rt ) r r.:., t~ avi zy'p. ll , C. .FAA 21 0I) . I I y L1.- mo I 1' re1 I he~~)2.C1 Lii t I,i i- lit 1) ent''i iIoun tI~nr1-y thev..iI vo- VithI lt I1:1Ill' I Of iluiitai it diw-IyO -011jl I * 00V r1 ANNEX X-7 . FAA Sec. 62011. WL.I security t;il'portiig as s;istance be fi'uL;hed to ArgentiL a after September 30, 1978? ANEX X-8 (:Il*:(, :;T OV STA'tU'RY CIrR IA PJEWT.jjl'tcI:€KK, ST A. G CRTFra FOR PROJE A. CI:NIEAI. CRITRIA FOR PROJECT I. FY 79 App. Uiinhered; FEAA Sac. 6,53 (1)LSc. 63/A. (a) Describe how Clil m ii tto; on AplwIioIlhi- ProWect listed in Congress ioml&& at Ion o" Sof' ti :111d Presentation 11t0t;c haw, bwt iior WCi II ll l 114tI r I )-l C01tCnli'l~ll),Ole p ro * " : ject;... " (b) J:; ass stalnco with in '- (Opor Lionai l Y,;l C.iud- Yes. 1,(-t ) c~lIzitY My i ni rna- I lOfld] 4)&t'd;IlliI.i ion al 1ocatioll rlorl,id to Cong ross (ol" ilt iliore 01lai1 $1 111i I I iolnover that firpure)? ... 2. FAA ..1 ( Ij to ob3lg i ) inll . Illustrative plans and " $100,000, will engnee rO 1011. bo. ()reasonably firm cost estimaLes i. , fi 1.'aij.. i .%,d are contained in the other p1,an1in,1'%.-,;t iV to carry Project Paper' Omit the ,iasskt;il; illii,.li,(6) a reasOlnll)Ly iii,, Ii--. i Li., of ' the cost Lo 1.1h, Inilt-d States of the at; i.%t ltic ". , 3; FAAAer. See. lA flll ,'i(&)(') I G r ,,.i n*.- No further legislative action require.'d VA wth ivilii lli required. Country, tl ".gti [ J llor- Slch ,I(.tiu i ill I I ,,,,i- p)lCted ill l hi.' t,' lit i o'dor!ly ;wcipl I 'hrui inl of -purpose or t aiw ;i~I*ie' 4. IMA St-e_ 4A, :, I y / Ai,Alp ArwIe._ All appropriate standards and 101.. If ,, wler criteria have been met. Iur W Iter- rc I~l t'd Lilllu Ict- sour e t oil:;{ IU lll,Iu* .. Lhe project mL tii .ill.h dthrds .nd cr1ilc'r., ;i: put. the Prin' iplt',;iild ii dards for I laniilng Water ANNEX X-9 . i tdRel 1,;lI d RIe l lrel.: S doted October 25, L973? The project is not a capital assistance (L!. c nr; t ite tcLonitin FM iScflp htJI(0 P':0J project. S nil U.S. asi:3Luane for it will exceed $1 mill Ioln, has Mi:sion Dirc(tor cor. t'i.fied and IRogional An t~ake.n itltCO ~ l)m;tdoratl ion ll0 Oill1 yl.'YS I I Ly ...... t~r(t'JLv Ly tu tiliilila iln aNll1JtLl. 010te projec't? +. 6. FAA Se:. 209. 1 prI)oi'. represv ts . LI IL,'':1.) oftP)l .'I-.ltrio. No. However, Proj)ec:t encourage i pairt of .trljOlll11 or new approach which may replication in li iLlL'l/lL1, pL',>jcL? multilateral It:Soc why i':lproi tJl.not the future. ! O 11X):I+.lI i'd? 1 f llal;tri hill I 'eIon I - w.,I lltll l l . p,rnms . 7. FAA Sec. (60 1 (:1). rif0 irl - expected. t ion. nd coict;ioiw.....l.l. No significant effect project: will I.,ll-coi rg e-u I'o: . ~(+,)firtsmc:,l.'e~l;:,: of OhL rotili/ry'lha im ,,r,1W itcrnat'ionwil I:ih,; (fl) o L;/ I'.V i ( r ttlicm i () i Vo uIe'O L(t iv,~it, iiVH i.ii it . I i'~I dtor' avndloill m iand*i :111 co,11II Iv i o i v It-a:t . I:lulc i ()y illlli l h lii . mt.8i= FlAAlSec. t:Oll'(;.ll.inr " ,'i 1-rcal o'fIuii o~i cloyt o ill n' litiyi 1:.1IIJOlqon and rnw: I~l,n :lliwNos esge. rictLq ilt i'ro, :liid it ' " :,ii'i.(f)l' IIrtiilopS l' lLlllh. l i.In' ':it'll ]InhOrprt Iv uinions. " 8. FAA Stec. 001) ltl . I IIto lmu .. . o. o.,...... Nos.d s gn d 00 iMld o~ll!fi;iill howdN odeind p r oJ OIeL] wil 1 l l.u r :, . . pl'i.vall~o t~ridt. i- iiid +' ll'll ,.b r oad :i,ini hi t,; w i t ii I it.,:.. + . . . - l ilLo in firoVi!1... ii 'l . . . o. l .! ..L rr o ...... uLs at'l:llid tlit il,!o'lI ' - r , ' . . L i L : .. . • . S: <+I'JV.. . C. - l-p r is o , :. ANNEX X-1O 9. FAA S. . 6.1.(12,h(. See 60] ...... 1s t Lo s S'e -.T.. Slice th.IL, to Ohe lirx imcm contribution will exceed 25%. extent possih1.e, Lhe coun try is contributitig local currec:iLes rto meeL the cost of contractuaL ind other servLees, and [,iiregtn cur re re.s owne-d by the Ungiilted Suites are tll1.Iz.,,l to moet rtll r'(14t o r c:'n(l rai:LttlaL and * other :..rv 4 s.. i0. FAA .S '. 6'I: (d) . I)o,,s .he " ltiii i~tei Stat .; o,,u e*::re:' " x There are no US owned local fori',.i ( tImir y .1,1d, I "currencie s available for thi's j :(I-, %1h.11 ;11i ,,.-.,,.,iog :; hav Project. I (]., .Ct;l . l ,€ ( ,, tl i I I t. +tilt. ; l'cui l; atl l'lliL r.h~L'i , n.. -. . (Xcoept wh.'ro .il)l)ti,.ihu , - prociri'vgiiiit, I'llit:; i low o Lh .rti i: i'? 12. FY / A'p . A 'i :'L.,,. (08., p roduc t itn ofI oily ,.'mutlo - N/A' " iLV 1eu1 I , I i:;IheIL c ollilllio I I I I if.I ly It, he iI ;ti r p ] ,, til, w,, Idl Il ,, ' :1;. u i'r.ll h , ill-'.iI , i'l'; Il l lit,! spi-:;tant i ii i ..; ii iL.S lr i .1111-0 I 1 0 l1, 1:Itlll.-Oq l;. ir o r . IL . . B. IUNT 1NI C I.1i '(I A I'(l IT'ic. I.:CT FIJNI)IN: CRITI.IRfA lOk IORo.IhJECT a*FAA '.i L ) II . : ':,n l.,. rn Project is aimed at meeting felt . whi . i Ivit %t.i il: (i) * needs of rural poor and will ('f'r,,t iv.,,,i the utiLize the servc's of a poo,I' ill .,,'. , , -hy TitJe XiL . f: .. ; " ; i . e x t o !Id i ll ; .1l1 ' t ;: i 'lo il inStitut'ion.. . l oi iy 1: . i I1te .i. I I,"vi ,l, il - F S"' " a5 ' - k, '<. . - . 's~ F ' " + , % ' ' %+ ANNEX X-11 production and tle use r :" b logy ,n pirond [.tg Lnvest'-; - ni+--- nt-,o u t-. roniic iti -to : .....----- ...... -:...... -.... sniall towns and ruralI. areas, and insuring wide participation of ihe poor in the 01)nMs de'velVop- Sment on a stisItained basis, using bt/e ZlpprOprialo U.S. institutionis; (ii) help .Benefits are expected to be self develop coopuratlves, es- sustaining once .improved technologies pecially by tochnl,:al as- , are adopted by beneficiaries. sistance, to assist rural Farmer groups/cooperatives will and urban poor to he(lp be utilized to help manage local thumselves townird a better . aspects of project. life, and othc rwi:;o "n c'ourage Ceor;iti Crai i prL.vat• and < " .sr ituriolls;local govr,imiri (tii) s'lipport ai in the ,;etf-hclp e'ffort:; of .. dovelopig count:r{;; (iv) promote tho part icipatlon of womn*I in the nlinl-Aonal -conlomics of duwv; loping countr"us and tle improvq, -. inent Of women's ;ti:IS; Ind (V) ut[LliJzeand *2ncoirnge regional rooperation by b I-., S c: 0. ]0 A, 104, 1 5 .106? 107. Is assi.tance being made avai table: (include only ' - " applicable paragraph: e.g.,, 2, which ttC.t:orresponds to soire of fund;s~io . IC lmo re an Otono ftind :wmlre is USt'i " for projct , inil I rolti iant. S:pa riagraplh I or , iuli hind source). (I)(I0) For aoriciill'tlro, rural The Project purpose is to delult-~i,,.,h it ,,r lit 'ii:lon; il SO establish a program to increase extent U, wliili ;il Ivity is farm productivity and incomes SPecificie ilv dt'si).uncd to In- among low income farmers. crease iproilti t ivi t.y and [ncome of l'irai iilp ; ( '101A)i.17 for ', .'i 'a..... acinulturi ' Caut ia l r .;,i ,l , ofi;*.uiIsCtIl.i f l s IecI I f -I I I st 1 o S i:(2)(10/0 rrIpoul .tIil planning undor 104(b) o1 hal iili un l/aI 101(c); -N/A s, extentL to WhiIl ac t Lvi ty me, 1' ;Iow-vo.,)l I, in tegrate(d dt.Livory sy'L; ro A~i;EX X-12 p to with pnirt.lcu.u :wriI trit o young chil dren , Z10u ~ri med ical nad auxil1ia~ry meindcal po rsorncl., e.lics, anid health posts, coimorcil d is rAbutton systems anud other :nodon of commnunity reseanrch; (1)(M.3) for oduvat iou, publi~c M'iInist ration, nr hiuman re- N/A nou rccs IILvrlncpinci 1.; ii. so,,x LentL to whic h incttL.y sI ru.ngth cns nonforma I adcr~ion, make's 0 fo rm~al vdinientio" more10 rc'luvait , Vtipc'c ia ly [*or rVaoil 1I ;lI1uL.0s -Ind orb.11it poort, or i- ri~.~ci 0)(106)~; ',uhIC r ci hic pror:. ; Is' c sLriic t( ioi ;ii s,rs*: Io:ir Ii do NA uivv' IopilloniCp1 rob)I --. ; ; iI s;o t'xLvnt. activity is: (i) LL-ChiIIi"'i C00juz:uLltl 0~ "Ind devo Iopvui~it , os~pow i ly with U.S. private~ id vokin ta ry )r voijoil .11rd i tite(r r11 i ioll. I cli2VC19j11'I Piiii i~~it-x zaL ionm 15 (ii)f olie p ! V ozt.ne rgy prolem~i; (i i ) . ch;gIin: o , lild Oval ;ILIOIIo , ot-ol 'illdI- l.pn lt (v) itri r rilw m wLI'livr naLn * (v.a or imIgiititt iha o (labo ('0 wc;'.'l ed-t rprI 'slos 1) robIt m i ii~ d (. og0 '~11 1 . 1! )r pe it /..t iolllIt i -Ir ior U.S.01t 11011)inoi haiirewr i.ilI~%,:i I 1L( i~UI1U)r *'ilinst. i illiow tlol (5)(107) Is appropria etf~ort N/A ANNL. x-13 " provide ait Least 25% of I the costs of the progr-m, project, nr activlty with respect to wh ich thc iss iY-' . *, ' tance is .t:o e Itrtiislod (or has the Iattur c.:..:. sharilng rquirmoiot beoe , Jwaived tirier . 12./(ii for a rie I.i r Ivo I y lo:-:; :h-d(-v.! Ioiled" corral: ry) ? d. !"....I .--,). Wi I rnl: N/A i'ap ita I :n:;i i.,Lance hi, gill,- hursed fo r pru).oc:u over mo111re thani 3 years? If so, his .jUSti fict iol ;;It [i.slIact:61ry to Congress bt'c'll made., aild efforts for other fhincing or is r0([I'ililt cO1untrJly 1'rol.atively 1i;,1St devvtlopied?" e. FAA See. 281 (1)). 1)esc:ri.b The Project is consistent with Lic ox t-r-rit.L0. wh I.'ch proprim RTG's own development plans and recogiiLzvs the part[e:.ilar is based on satisfying folt nL3Is, dh,.'~rcs, antl Ciajmc- needs of the rural poor. itLies of the leople of 1:11 country; lit. i I.1es Lh c til try's intell1tALal. dl.'v0lop iet ; aid SilpfpOrts ivtc educalLoii aid t.1" niiiingi ii skills retqui.rod for i'ffec tive part icipation IlN governmontal .iiil pal itical procussos o'ssv.itial- [o self"-g'vernmtL. t 'f. FAA Sec-. 0I ). I)i,!; wir u 'activity give re :uun h Yes, agricultural produ i vity . r~flhsc ,if coc.0,tiilulii ,IiP shouLd be improved. -* the (level pIln nill 1 i'ri nomiL . ,~~ r SOLIIe'vM., orl it o i ilrilol 2. Dcvelomtc A" ...... Repayment prospects are ext Criteria (Lo" s Only") (a)anFAA Sec 1220...... .nd concl u ii oinnl 1I),. c icy 4 t77;*, ANNEx x-14 of, the Coulry Lo relpy lie.,-oan ,-A tc to i g reasonableness of riopaiy ment pror;pects. (b) FAA Sec. 620(d). If Wu; ------~ s-,. arny pro.- . duct!Vl ent:rpt'Ise whch will comepote ill tlw U.S. with U.S;. r;i, Lsrp tlL'ri :i l . ag 'u niut by 0h 0 rLcIpiunt oI1ult V Lo...., I)1- of 11.11th n 207. oI Iit. imL erpr i ,'; linlu.i I ro . dur.. ion durinlg the. I I. . ofth ,t 3.l pru I l' ! ,I I ,'aIh Ii ii r Ih~liiunl i'blil (it' ~IOIl ~ I II- FAA Se 713. ((b) I /i L a;H I:,t ;,',, I.iiul'l thii N/A -, - (ilitis, i ui i e r or;.e To t Ill vl ' i; i, |I (Im... It tw (y l w -th w;il I ANNEX X-15 LIICI-XK1.TST OI1SALUT(.)Y CRITERIA * 1 . | •.. A. IOCUREMENT A. PROCUIUMENT 1. FAA Sec. 602. A,'(! .Ihr' arrnngo- Yes. nmonts to porittLt U.S. smal bushios., to partklcpa.oe equiLably in rie. furnishing of goods *nd ,orvcoks 2. FAA S-.-. ) 4 (,). W I I ) II cuno - Yes. dit y prociii'lrti t I ii;jiieyd btc i rom . the U.S. 'xc'pI a;. 11i alrwi;f! dc ~1." z.'.tcraui d 'my tIh ' Ill '..i ldoa or tidlr ...... ; deulegit ioas Irom him? 3. _"A:A.S-. 004(.1). II o plo,4'i r.- Ys , ':'-~ .~S . iII}lll I'~i:,-'Ir iIii o ,lo,,;iIl I lio 1'| ' , Wi I ,;I.m'IiIIII aI'mlli ro I hall. i la. . iI 1'.1i IWI 1) 1 Ii' ll 1aI1I lkh' II.S . on - * . coalaaaotliC.ji', I in.a1 11"t1 4 * FAA Se(. 06/(o' ). I I ol I:I r , pro- CLuromentl olI ,ir c:-i i.trI.l I cotimio dl1y N/A * or protd' ki:; to I liI :iauced , is thaere provi.,ion a| ' I t;.r uch pro c II tr'alll(aac't wIlaL IIh cId c'l.i c prIC 1? ()I !.mhiIt ck-1 dilI,,:;. I.ht;l pa riLty? 008 ) . I I I II.S. Coy - 5. FAArm .Sc.c. I ,x ,, ., ,,, , ,,i lr, por't.y Yes. " b ' Liali Zv d wl,,,ma'v,' I I 'rL ICL ) 1e" ill IIi UlI t it- I lI llik'lit 01 aie : i tcns? 0. FAA Set,. t0)i. t.' I aiao wl.lh re will contain Sqair1. avaatt : ')(IU. (i) of Ileh. Agreement MI-c'hi.lil 11.11 I.' A. a ,I IUI)), ;I:; such provision. iiii'li' iI , , Ih,alI I ,,,,1 () ic'r c:a'ai tlll)0fI hiI' 'i', m'aall;l'-Lt cItpm ( iii1n .. dlit Is k ompitedt c ! 'lirt ellCy [oi dry b ti1k (-.m iial, ., dlry ,,irno I[ t11-t', * I raaa:Iaaa1t'm m i av.a I,' y fltmal 11* Il.oge I I, : ,I I . ... Ie, ,Iro , lie I .. . . I I I I I". I Iv L ,I ible , . •...... r**.* - . ANNEX X-16 7. FAASvc. L621. II tLchnic.al a st a flci i s ~I I U3 ntcI, l. utji'if U incu obe ur~n ishedc Lo I~c f tr,S t ext cnt pra t icabihl a! )";oII and Yes professional and olh,,r services Yes. from private i,'lrpriSo O,, . Co" tract hisi? It tli' fa.ilitliuS of other Foderail aigLWi(e s will be Ut Ilized , a1° h'y ,a r t, Cn.{i a r 1y "suitable; not COllpt.- iti~vO wiLhi pri- " N/A vate enterpr'iso, and made aivailable withou undue inrvrf'rence w1LIh j domLSti progra:si? 8. 1inr .rn.it i l Al 'r i.yt orL . Fair . ;i"- "Coriip:" r.I LI vVL 'rae't. c'.,: AcI,._.9/4t * IC '., air LranspoVLat ion of pchriots or prup)l'Ly i; 1[i.-i ced on .ranl hbasi., Yes. wil1. pruvin~ioaa ho0 iiiai Lhat U1.S. .i1;I, c reltsIO ,, w iI, (l t i '4,d L * lho (xl.oaat; :;aaeha. rv EUQ 1. ; vai I llb! .? 'I * 9. FY 7A a 5 , . l.) . I~o,: .h- -+ :onL r ac . I( or 1),r0,:11,01,oItll, . (o it a i it .1 provi;io,. m horiziin rho r, rmifn Yes. .ion of suLh :,ol.rart for Iu1: con vernitelc. ol t:heo Uninod -Late:? B. CONSTRUCTION B. C:ON;TI'ICTIN 1. :AA :vc-:. 00,)I( ). If a ,apial vicesengin,.ivtilg o .S. andl I i rill!;pI)ot v:a:a o~air l sv r Not a capital project. }i.!: + vices of: If.I-. i rii; illll their ;af-... i+(+.',exte:t Ii.liIl' wrn:iito bei,,Ll " wit.h.edI theh,'P national-+,ixiiil.'cit.cun;.', .LOxtit .r I. . i La)L('.... ?...... 2. FAA :w 0:.. I ( 1(1II 1). I, la . I or (' li r rillr I io ll . I' I l ,l. I i iilu i'd, - wi I I ., ioy h ' Ia*I' ln "e 1 e11 '- it ire Yes.Ii,.I ba ,1i. IMXue.'IAeaM e'XLeVe [plat I Qea~UM? 3. F'AA Soeh . 21( k). Ii ,11en:e'ari t. - r. ion7 ";f pr di i I i . ,,. 1iprif ., I wi L N/A , 1 1 va IIl , 1 A .1i(e. Lo be u,,( ,iu v"1I , ,ykuIi,,?1) .0 Ut1.0 e l. 0 m."i l ln? ANNEX X-17 C l;* ,IR II ' IONS C. '---R-ES RI CT IONS-" . . 1l-.t AA Sc. 122(e). [f d'(evetopinnt Loan, isii nterc:t. rat.e atl lenst Yes. 2% per annum dut 'i gi'acc period T- and at least. 3% pur anmum there after? 2. FAA ,Sec. 301(d). It fiud is .etalis d- solely by I.S. contri but ions aind +adini ni.i.,orel by ani/A io L'roaL julI;IL odglii..itIon, d"es Coiplt rol to r (;.ie ,': Ilh;iV(! M ii; rights, 3. t'AA stc. 620(h). )o :irrpjige I Il' I it0i' 11 i. i (1 1)o Y4 - ihi, , i iIi I v i i .ii 1 i t l i i.- -- 1,i. I ' , I i l(1 I ',:lila Llliii lil-- ' .6 1 ( 'o. r .. 'i - . t :+." ' ... -""ile .4 . . 'AA i aiiuf.l r i 't iuiill '.y I d O o * IIIU.+"...." I"w't 'i ' ,, . ,,i tI'', 1 . w .itiv i It (Ir lll Li lia'.II(?' , o p 0flor Yes. hor l iiii if ytl 1;1i -iic lIh ! "~a +.<@pro a1cte ww7i p leIJhii 1;;lu it 'I Iu-r,t ol i 1i tho~i Cm. %At. _. H"or. O-I. ;rvIo - nuti,:ini at lii " iv'' i i y r to Z It , ,oil, i Lo ,iio i ,i o r Ode . [i.i .. ,']]'+ ~a r pay fl Yes. .. FAA " 'in 1.o it I ) . Ai* ' o iwi eY s olll- ~l ' Il t Iill, iII i ll,,l'Ii~1.t~on ,ic ptI 'tr1 1)1if ?,c (I lv Ilt lr ; v OhO Tolii~°}iIi II2 Inop I,,1ccll ?:.l, ~~VA+ 111*L)aIi.s FAAn I;;-ti.m ~ihili(,) h1'e'liv r I ormly. perotonilc i r. Yes.l' .1!1', ; lom , 'N*Ll'(,li lIlor. ii,ict, I~l~ l[ e Yes p" ogroiws.? ij - ______r"__r >2~IX~ ~'~V AN4NEX X-18 0 FAA Sec. 662. For CL1As. 'activities? To pay penliiol;' , tc *,. ffur Yes. military persoiml? f. FY79 Si -W6A~. Yes. TO pay UN ncnit; VY7~)p.AcSoc. .107. To corry mit. Iprovl!.i .; ()ImFAA So c 20~9(d) andi 25100i? ('ITraiis- *Yes. 1*(!mLLtFr t o y mu p11I. 1 ir t r.r i o r (to-.. i1?,1 4, 4.)td)Iis1) V he ~FJY To2I.~K~ Yes. F (I4ju11)mne..nt: ui or to~chio Igy or to Lrnin forn' ('ii , ;uc,iuFY io'nml i07q'AIp., IN mr f icI(i?"';.,_. 'r :;;,,- 2c,. ,:. .; :: ' . ,),;..;'" ._ -7_ .., ^ .. _ , . " S.,c )7 2t,9((I'i'r ns-Ye4 aml251( LtIt((Id tor pubIi Luicy u'oI-' p ~~opo''da Ys pmI.7s within U.S., not: l'.£ :udii.zod by Congress? at riO n~l.o ';,~ i~a;i )l Mi j.*• F F ,. .. V>,.*') h, ["Y} AII,. AC._ _' .- . . L1''%.. " \ ''Vu inu lu.V';l, 'F th4lo y oF.' toFP"V. rrai 81.O|t: .'F'Ft iVFFlt In F ,. OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATIVES MINISTRY Ave., Bangkok Rajadamnern E THAIL &IBUTON ACTFD F10/FiN, 0,PPD 1981 /'ESTHUD -_ No. AC 0205/.3,, June 11, No. AC 2O5'3 V 0/RND Director Mr. Donald D. Cohen, ' O,, for International Development 0 1 U.S. Agency 1004 2948 Soi Somprasong 3 Bangk ok Mr. Cohen: Dear of the Mm sy For more than a year officers of the Departments teams and USAID closely with consultant have worked in Northeast Agriculture and Cooperatives of rainfed farming concerned with improvement to prepare a project Thailand. a development project collaborative effort, As a result of this prepared. As you Development" has been Rainfed Agricultural farmers by carrying titled "Northeast the income of poor is aimed at increasing Components of know, this project systems in 8 tamboons. of farming of improved farming out a program of intensification and extension the refinement, demonstration animal husbandry, the project include and integration of soil and water management; the expressed practices; improved It is planned to meet into farming systems. fishery and forestry for MOAC services. needs of farmers review, we are project technical the joint in Having recently completed this project assistance to support provide concessional grant funds and that USAID US$ 3.7 million in requesting Of this amount project cost amount of US$ 10 million. required. The total the estimated to be including in loan funds are foreign exchange US$ 6.3 million local currency and US$ 16 million in is estimated to be of US$ 6 million. RTG contribution an agreements, into any grant or loan aware, before entering upon As you are approval by the Cabinet must receive final and its financing Board and the the project and Social Development in the National Economic issues raised recommendation of Also, several and Economic Cooperation. are currently Department of Technical understand my colleagues be resolved and I technical review must the in mind. with yours with this meeting processes project approval USAID's and the RTG's year. We trust that both the end of this fiscal agreements before in time to sign the will be completed bXt0I . Sincerely yours, DUE DATE: Iwacrg Tha ong - Nawasawat or State I~iI~AL: Uder -rclary for Agrictilturc and Cooperafives -.