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Bsc Chemistry ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Subject COMMERCE Paper No and 1: Management concept and organisational behaviour Title Module No and 19: Content Theories of Motivation Title Module Tag COM_P1_M19 COMMERCE PAPER 1: Management concept and organisational behaviour MODULE No. : 19: Content Theories of Motivation ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction 3. Concept of Motivation 4. Theories of Motivation 4.1 Content theory of motivation 4.2 Process theory of motivation 4.3 Basic Difference between Content theories and Process Theories 5. Content theories 5.1Abraham Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory: based on needs 5.2Clayton Alderfer’s ERG theory: based on needs 5.3 McClellands learned need theory: based on needs 5.4 Fredrick Herzberg’s two factor theory: based on factors 5.5 Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and theory Y: based on personality 5.6 Comparison between different content theories 6. Summary COMMERCE PAPER 1: Management concept and organisational behaviour MODULE No. : 19: Content Theories of Motivation ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this module, we shall be able to Define the content theories of motivation Learn about different content theories of motivation. Apply the understanding of different motivation theories to enhance the contribution of the employees in different work situations COMMERCE PAPER 1: Management concept and organisational behaviour MODULE No. : 19: Content Theories of Motivation ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.1 Content Theories of Motivation Theories that explain human behavior based on their needs are called content theories Following are the content theories of motivation Abraham Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory: based on needs Clayton Alderfer’s ERG theory: based on needs McClellands learned need theory: based on needs Fredrick Herzberg’s two factor theory: based on factors Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and theory Y: based on personality 5.Content Theories 5.1Abraham Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory: based on needs Abraham Maslow developed a general theory of motivation .he developed his theory of motivation based on different needs of human beings. He identified certain set of needs that human desires to have at various point of times. These needs move in a hierarchical mode level by level. These were five different levels and every level has a certain needs. Once that level is achieved, then those set of needs cease to be motivating factor and then we have to fulfill needs at the next level. Also he further explained that these needs must be fulfilled in the correct sequence. One cannot jump to next level without fulfillment of previous level needs i.e, one cannot go to higher level needs without attaining lower level needs. Maslow hierarchy of needs are depicted with the help of pyramid as pyramid of five levels which move from lower level needs to higher level needs up in the pyramid. He further explains that various levels are interdependent and over lapping i.e, each higher level need emerges before the lower need is completely satisfied .these needs as given by Maslow are shown in fig 5 below:- . COMMERCE PAPER 1: Management concept and organisational behaviour MODULE No. : 19: Content Theories of Motivation ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 4: Maslow’s Need Hierarchy 1. Basic Physiological Needs: these needs fall in the very first level of the pyramid .these are biological needs required for survival like food, air, water etc. These are also called basic survival needs. 2. Safety Needs: once physiological needs are reasonably met, next a person looks for is protection from physical dangers and economic security. All these needs fall under safety /security needs. 3. Social Needs: man is a social animal. He needs to interact with people and seeks association with people. Social needs refer to need for belonging, need for love and affection etc. an organization can influence human behavior through supervision, its communication system (formal and informal work groups). 4. Esteem needs; esteem needs can be sub divided into two parts: self –esteem and esteem of others. Self esteem needs cover self respect, self confidence, knowledge and independence. Esteem of others means reputation, status, recognition. 5. Self-actualization Needs- these needs are the needs that are highest order of needs. These needs arise when one person desire to bring out his/her full potential, self development, being creative etc.this need is psychological in nature. Critical appraisal The theory given by maslow is widely applicable in developing countries like India were the basic lower loel needs of workers are not satisfied. Maslow theory seems to be very COMMERCE PAPER 1: Management concept and organisational behaviour MODULE No. : 19: Content Theories of Motivation ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ simple when giving description about complex process of motivation .it is critised on the following grounds:- 1. it is not necessary that the needs given by maslow follow the same sequence. Need recognition and fulfillment do not always the specific sequence or hierarchy as decribed by maslow. 2. neeeds are not the only determinant for influencing human behavior. 3. there is also no particular rule that once a need of particular level is satiffied it will cease to be a motivationg factor for the individual. 4. also same kind of needs may not have same level of motivation on different individuals. 5.it is also wrong to presume that only one need can be satisfied at one time. Human behavior is guided by multiplicity of motives at any given point of time. 5.2 Herzberg’s Two – Factor Theory This theory of motivation is based on factors that operate on work place. In late 50’s Fredrick Herzberg started a study on a sample of approximately 200 engineers and accountants in United States.in this study the persons were asked to describe the factors in there which made them happy and also to list out factors that made them unhappy.thee result of the study led to certain very important findings. It was seen that employees felt good for the factors that were related to specific tasks they performed and they felt bad because of absence of certain background factors at work. This led to a finding that there are two different set factors that operate in a work place. 1. Motivation factors (based on job context) 2. Hygiene factors (based on job content ) Motivation Factors- motivation factors referes to those factors which provide opportunites to emploeees to becoe more expert and handle more demanding assignments. They provide employees opportunites of growth achievement and recognition . the presence of these led to high motivation among employees Hygiene Factors- these factors served to prevent loss of money and efficiency. These factors were more potent to be dissatisfiers. They were also called Maintenece factors.it was seen that the presence of these factors didn’t led to motivation among employees but there absence led to dissatisfaction. So they were to be taken as factors desired to be present in order to support employee mental health. To maintain the employee. But these factors didn’t led to motivation. COMMERCE PAPER 1: Management concept and organisational behaviour MODULE No. : 19: Content Theories of Motivation ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 6 below lists out the various hygeince and motivating factors. Figure 5:-Motivators and Hygiene Factors The basic crux of this theory was that one cannot achieve higher performance solely by giving high wages and having good work conditions. These factors were pointed out to be mere maintenance factors this theory stressed on job enrichment as a source of motivation. This was a significant contribution as it helped mangers to understand human behavior better. Critical appraisal Herzberg’s findings are based on a small sample of 200 engineers and accountants and are not representative of general work force. • His theory cannot be generalized as it failed to produce similar results later. • Though the theory holds good for people working at higher levels, it may not apply to workers at the operative levels. • It is difficult to categorize the factors as satisfiers or dissatisfiers. Also factors that are dissatisfiers for some may be motivators for others. • Many researchers have found results opposite to Herzberg’s findings. They have shown that absence of motivators can be dissatisfying and presence of hygiene factors can motivate the employees to work harder. COMMERCE PAPER 1: Management concept and organisational behaviour MODULE No. : 19: Content Theories of Motivation ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.3 Douglas McGregor Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor was a well know physcologist. He gave two set of contrasting theories .Theory X and Theory y based on certain assumptions of human behavior. Under theory X the basic assumptions were that employees inherently disliked theier work and lacked ambition. They avoided responsibility and need
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