2Fbur 2016 February 22 First Online Published 2016 January 29 Accepted 2016 January 27 Revised 2015 December 20 Received [email protected] Italy; 00139, Rome 127, Gualterio, Antonio via Filippo Clinic, Salaria Villa Surgery, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Plastic Lazzeri, Davide Dr to Correspondence 2 1 Vergata Rome of University Surgery, Reconstructive Italy Rome, Clinic, Salaria Villa Surgery, Aesthetic and Reconstructive eateto lsi and Plastic of Department Plastic of Department Thorax cite: To ’ oe Italy Rome, , 2016; azr ,Ncl F. Nicoli D, Lazzeri 71 :669 ‘ Tor – 670. olwdcek and cheeks hollowed ansukmt afnkdadwaigpoor wearing dirty and habitus, cadaverous naked The half cloths. unkempt, saints included otat,d ieadpce an eoeand resembling ( deformity excavatum chest Saint pectus with depicted Onophrius Ribera Saint further de Men three in portraits, that of observed have Heads we Interestingly, Grotesque The Touch of Allegory Woman Bearded epee nwihaaoia bomlte or abnormalities af anatomical diseases which medical in terpieces etsecvtmi anig yJsp eRibera de Jusepe by (1591 paintings in excavatum Pectus THORAX IN IMAGES aieLazzeri, Davide yJsp eRbr,olo avs(rmteGalleria the (from Italy). canvas Rome, on Pamphilj, oil Doria Ribera, De Jusepe by 1 Figure style tenebristic his classi with as Ribera, de Jusepe painter, in ( ampli lowers was by Mannerism pursued with contrast of intensity The otdi an uiae n gigbodies ageing and outcasts. mutilated societal con- and faces sagging pain, with with adorned saints in tortured in torted of most and scenes dramatic sinister depicted the He painter. becoming life- Spanish his naturalism, of result a like as popularity widespread gained the mastered Ribera h ra els fd ieai hw nmas- in shown is Ribera de of realism great The azr ,Ncl F. Nicoli D, Lazzeri “ fi db h al biographers. early the by ed tJrm n h rme fDoom of Trumpet the and Jerome St h Clubfoot The – 1652) 1 edciooia disease), (endocrinological bides n h rwnsof drawings the and (blindness) fl fi ai Nicoli Fabio Thorax 1 aaegsu Caraveggesque ce h itr.Sc works Such sitters. the icted ” ue 1 gures ;teeicue h Spanish the included these ); fl s,gusm martyrdoms gruesome esh, fl s agn rmtheir from sagging esh 2016; (arthrogryposis), – 3 71 .H edrdthe rendered He ). :669 tyodgoitre). (thyroid 1,2 – fi 7.doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208236 670. db i fol- his by ed 1 ned de Indeed, fi ngernails, fl (1637), uential The The and in,eetdagetda fin of deal great a exerted tions, yShnkadBui tteedo h 16th the Ribera of de end before the decades at few Bauhin a provided century, and consequences Schenck physiological by its and tum il n r otyo icsin tsesunlikely seems It the discussion. that of worthy are and tiple realis- portraits. dramatically tic the completes frames emaciated sda yblcclbaino atr nthe in martyrs of saints. celebration some of was symbolic cult deformity a physical as of used depiction the onwards, seilya uhmsae ol aebeen have would mistakes condition, the such in abnormal adjusted as underlying while the especially deformity of chest artists unaware the his the that depicted of unrealistic inadvertently seems because leaving it therefore, printmaker, reputation, high drawings; and of draftsman hundreds skilled a was i ncna fo h uemo ieAt,Boston, Arts, Fine of Museum USA). the Massachusetts, (from canvas on oil 2 Figure iia ahlg,adas eas ete Saint neither a because half-length reveal also not several unlikely did and portrayed pathology, the he is similar that of of saints This of feelings analyses images piety. of elicit the and inclusion to because the order humility with in empathy, saints excavatum both pectus the of and may martyrdom sufferance the and highlight tendency to this attempted have embraced have may Ribera h esn o uhdpcin ol emul- be could depictions such for reasons The fi s eia ecito fpcu excava- pectus of description medical rst an Onophrius Saint fi a ic.Fo h 4hcentury 14th the From piece. nal 3 oen ol ru htde that argue could Someone 14) yJsp eRibera, De Jusepe by (1642), fl uence. hs clinic Chest 2 eRibera De ’ depic- s

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on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected by copyright. by Protected guest. by 2021 27, September on Chest clinic Chest clinic avs(rmteNtoa alr,Dbi,Ireland). Dublin, Gallery, National the (from canvas 3 Figure 670 Leonardo of the aware that claim been the have reject their might entirely during cannot artist martyrdom we endured Furthermore, Onophrius life. Saint nor Jerome rwnso etsexcavatum. pectus of drawings hs clinic Chest an Onophrius Saint (1625– 69,b ueeD iea i on oil Ribera, De Jusepe by 1629), 2 ti esnbet debate to reasonable is It ’ s fi s anatomical rst iaino eRbr nteanra n aar n nthe in and dark. and macabre light and between abnormal contrasts tenebristic the strong fas- in of the use Ribera underlines de explanation actually of both were cination but models speculative, the is or artist affected the by introduced deliberately our strengthen may Ribera de by abnor- diseases hypothesis. anatomical medical of and depictions malities dramatic Previous during period. developed knowledge that and accuracy anatomical increased n hd ntecetwl.D ieacudcmiehis re which combine sitters, could the of Ribera representation De the wall. in realism chest light the of chiaroscuro contrast on the chest depict shade mild to had and painter and the emaciated enabled and that elderly deformity were who models out ennflaotteitnino eRbr oicuesuch include to ( Ribera investigation this de of is portraits of the This intention in deformity. deformity chest the and of about clear sign Paul) a meaningful without with but portraits and further habitus Bartholomew in cadaverous Onophrius (Andrew, and Jerome saints depicted por- Ribera further de excavatum However, trayed pectus physiques. cadaverous true rather had simply referenced or herein saints the whether rvnneadpe review peer and Provenance interests Competing Ashra 2 N. Spinosa AE, Sànchez Pérez 1 REFERENCES oeC lapee n h eurmnso arn.I:Vro ,HnesnJ eds. J, Henderson T, Verdon In: patrons. of requirements the and Altarpieces C. Hope 3 azr ,Ncl F. Nicoli D, Lazzeri ncnlso,wehrteeeta hs eomt was deformity chest eventual the whether conclusion, In h otsial hoyi htteSaihpitrsought painter Spanish the that is theory suitable most The e ok basN,Ic,1992:12 Inc., NH, Abrams York: New hitaiyadteRnisne mg n eiiu mgnto nthe in Imagination Religious and Quattrocento Image Renaissance: the and Christianity 2013;68:1081. fi nH enrod ic n the and Vinci da Leonardo H. an eersi tl ihtetnec oad great a towards tendency the with style tenebristic yaue Y yaueUiest rs,1990:535 Press, University Syracuse NY: Syracuse, . Thorax oedeclared. None 2016; ueeD iea h erpltnMsu fArt of Museum Metropolitan The Ribera. De Jusepe o omsind xenlype reviewed. peer externally commissioned; Not 71:669 – 5. – fi 7.doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208236 670. s otaa fpcu excavatum. pectus of portrayal rst fi ue 1 gures – 1(.554). (p. 71 fl ce the ected – 3 Thorax ).

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Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208236 on 22 February 2016. Downloaded from from Downloaded 2016. February 22 on 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208236 as published first Thorax: http://thorax.bmj.com/ on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected by copyright. by Protected guest. by 2021 27, September on