NAMING AND NECESSITY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Saul A. Kripke | 184 pages | 01 Mar 2003 | John Wiley and Sons Ltd | 9780631128014 | English | Oxford, United Kingdom Naming and Necessity - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader

There are five categories of basic human needs, including biological needs, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization. The importance of each category forms a pyramid. Biological needs form the base as they are of the greatest importance in maintaining life. These needs include food, water, air, shelter, sex and sleep. Once a person has met his or her biological needs, the next concern is for safety. This category includes some type of law and order, freedom from fear, and protection from hostile situations, weather and people. After a person feels secure, love becomes important. The need for love is not just romantic love but a feeling of community and belonging. After achieving the first three needs, people need a sense of accomplishment and independence. Similar arguments have been proposed by David Chalmers. Kripke delivered the John Locke lectures in philosophy at Oxford in Titled Reference and Existence , they are in many respects a continuation of Naming and Necessity , and deal with the subjects of fictional names and perceptual error. They have recently been published by Oxford University Press. Quentin Smith has claimed that some of the ideas in Naming and Necessity were first presented at least in part by Ruth Barcan Marcus. Marcus, however, has refused to publish the verbatim transcript of the lecture. Smith's view is controversial, and several well-known scholars for example, Stephen Neale and Scott Soames have subsequently offered detailed responses arguing that his account is mistaken. In the first lecture, Kripke introduced a schematic semi-formal version of the kind of "theory of naming" he was criticising — Apparently, the theses and condition had been written up on a board for all to see. This text was reproduced, as quoted below, in the "lightly edited" transcript of p. Kripke's main goals in this first lecture are to explain and critique the existing philosophical opinions on the way that names work. In the midth century, the most significant philosophical theory about the nature of names and naming was a theory of Gottlob Frege 's that had been developed by Bertrand Russell , the descriptivist theory of names , which was sometimes known as the 'Frege—Russell description theory'. Before Kripke gave his 'Naming and Necessity' lectures, a number of criticisms of this descriptivist theory had been published by leading philosophers, including Ludwig Wittgenstein , John Searle and Peter Strawson. However, Kripke believed that the existing arguments against the Frege—Russell descriptive theory of names failed to identify the real problems with the theory. In 'Lecture II', Kripke reconsiders the cluster theory of names and argues for his own position on the nature of reference, a position that contributed to the development of the causal theory of reference. In 'Lecture III', Kripke's main aim is to develop his account of the necessity of identity relations, and to discuss many of the implications of his account to issues like the identity of natural kinds , the distinction between epistemic and metaphysical necessity, the notion of metaphysical essences, and the mind—body problem in philosophy of mind. Kripke begins by summarizing the conclusions drawn in the first two lectures. Central to his previous lectures was his attack on the descriptivist theory of reference. Kripke offers two lines of criticism against Descriptivism. First, he points out that descriptions believed by speakers about a referent are not uniquely specifying, and thus are incapable of fixing reference. His second line of criticism states that even in those limited cases where the speaker does believe something uniquely specifying, what is uniquely specified turns out not to be the referent. Two other issues arise by way of recapitulation: First, Kripke concedes that there exist certain limited cases where descriptions do in fact determine reference. In these cases, however, they do no other semantic work. They don't allow us to characterize names as abbreviations or synonyms of the description. Second, Kripke argues that while some philosophers offer a revisionary account of identity, this revisionary account is inadequate, and we must instead stay with the standard account of identity, which is not a relation between names, but a relation between an object and itself. The referent of names is usually determined by a series of causal links between people who have used the name. Second, when the referent of a name is determined by a property attributed to the thing named, the link is contingent, rather than necessary or essential. People begin using the name ' Jack the Ripper ' to refer to the person responsible for the murder of five women in London. So, the name was fixed to its referent by a description. However, the person who carried out the murders might have been jailed for another crime and, thus, might never have had the property of murdering those women. So, the link between the property of being a murderer and the person referred to is contingent. Third, identity is not a relation that holds between names. It is a relation that holds between an object and itself. When someone accurately claims that two names refer to the same object, the claim is necessarily true, even though it may be known a posteriori. Thus, Kripke claims to have successfully refuted the assumption made by everyone before him that anything that is necessarily true will be known a priori i. In the philosophy of language, Naming and Necessity is among the most important works ever, ranking with the classical work of Frege in the late nineteenth century, and of Russell, Tarski and Wittgenstein in the first half of the twentieth century. Naming and Necessity played a large role in the implicit, but widespread, rejection of the view—so popular among ordinary language philosophers —that philosophy is nothing more than the analysis of language. In the philosophy of language, a proper name , for example a name of a specific person or place, is a name which is ordinarily taken to uniquely identify its referent in the world. As such it presents particular challenges for theories of meaning and it has become a central problem in analytic philosophy. The common-sense view was originally formulated by John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic , where he defines it as "a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about but not of telling anything about it". This view was criticized when philosophers applied principles of formal logic to linguistic propositions. Gottlob Frege pointed out that proper names may apply to imaginary and inexistent entities without becoming meaningless, and he showed that sometimes more than one proper name may identify the same entity without having the same sense , so that the phrase "Homer believed the morning star was the evening star" could be meaningful and not tautological in spite of the fact that the morning star and the evening star identifies the same referent. This example became known as Frege's Puzzle and is a central issue in the theory of proper names. Saul Aaron Kripke is an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition. Since the s, Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, modal logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and recursion theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape recordings and privately circulated manuscripts. Analytic philosophy is a branch and tradition of philosophy using analysis which is popular in the Western World and particularly the Anglosphere, beginning around the turn of the 20th century in the contemporary era and continues today. In the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Scandinavia, the majority of university philosophy departments today identify themselves as "analytic" departments. In the philosophy of language, the distinction between sense and reference was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in , reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning. In metaphysics and the philosophy of language, an empty name is a proper name that has no referent. David John Chalmers is an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist specializing in the areas of philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. In modal logic and the philosophy of language, a term is said to be a rigid designator or absolute substantial term when it designates the same thing in all possible worlds in which that thing exists. A designator is persistently rigid if it also designates nothing in all other possible worlds. A designator is obstinately rigid if it designates the same thing in every possible world, period, whether or not that thing exists in that world. Rigid designators are contrasted with connotative terms , non-rigid or flaccid designators , which may designate different things in different possible worlds. A causal theory of reference is a theory of how terms acquire specific referents based on evidence. Such theories have been used to describe many referring terms, particularly logical terms, proper names, and natural kind terms. Naming and Necessity | work by Kripke | Britannica

But over the past century, there have been more than 3,, Davids and over 1,, Barbaras. William and Elizabeth Jones Love them or loathe them, the British royal family have long been the inspiration for baby names. There were 3,, Williams born between and and 1,, Elizabeths. Good luck keeping up with the Joneses, though; there were 1,, of these in Michael and Linda Brown The fourth most common last name in was Brown, with 1,, occurrences. Michael and Linda were the fourth most common baby names in the century before There were 4,, and 1,, of these, respectively. Robert and Jennifer Williams Robert and Jennifer are both pretty versatile names. That might be why they're so popular. Of all baby boys born , 4,, 2. A total 2. In the census, 2,, of them were counted. James and Mary are the most common first names. But while there were just , more Jameses than Johns born , there were 1,, more Marys than Patricias. The 3,, females called Mary aCC0unted for 2 percent of all girl births. More From QuestionsAnswered. It may also be possible to obtain information regarding whether or not the passenger was traveling alone or with other family members. So, looking at this information may help you determine family origin by last name. Many search tools are available that will help individuals and families learn more about their ancestry and the origins of their last name. Some of these services require users to send in DNA samples while others ask information about family backgrounds to help them determine the origins or learn what ethnicity is my last name. You can do the same searches for many other types of names like Cherokee Indians last names, for example, to learn their origins. Under most circumstances, Cherokee Indian last names are also listed in government records as well. Look at Ship Manifests In , the federal government began requiring ships to provide copies of manifests. Use Search Tools Many search tools are available that will help individuals and families learn more about their ancestry and the origins of their last name. More From QuestionsAnswered. Coming Up With the Perfect Name for Your Business

Once a person has met his or her biological needs, the next concern is for safety. This category includes some type of law and order, freedom from fear, and protection from hostile situations, weather and people. After a person feels secure, love becomes important. The need for love is not just romantic love but a feeling of community and belonging. After achieving the first three needs, people need a sense of accomplishment and independence. People who fulfill this need are respected by others and themselves. Finally, people need to achieve self-actualization. Self-actualized people knows themselves well, understand what they want and know how to go about getting what they want. Each level must be attained before a person can truly move on to the next. Sell your team on a new company name by following these four steps. There are four different types of partners you need in your life to keep you learning at a higher level. The Honest Company's critics changed their tune after Alba voiced a message that resonated with them. Whether you plan to tackle your new business full-time or you'll keep your day job for a while, here are a few steps you can follow to improve your chances of solopreneur success. Several founders share their secrets to building a product roadmap. Want to know how to get funding? Your startup exists to fix a problem. Tell them how you're doing that. Investors want to know the why, not the what. Here are tips to solve this! How did Etsy get its name? A pioneer in wearable cameras notes how customer feedback has affected the product development roadmap. Brendan Synnott, co-founder of Bear Naked, explains how he comes up with brand names that connect to customer emotions. LinkedIn photos should look professional not weird. Here are some examples of what to avoid. Cheezburger's Ben Huh explains how he comes up with names for new web sites. To help you achieve success, your company name should be obviously meaningful to your customers. Lolly Wolly Doodle founder Brandi Temple explains why you shouldn't think twice about choosing an eccentric company name. Three ways your name makes the difference between scaling your business and staying constrained to a niche market. Will the negative connotation of the word Detour itself hinder user acquisition for this exciting startup? GoDaddy founder Bob Parsons explains how the brand got its unique name. How you name your company is as important as what you name your company. Here are four tips for finding a name that fits into today's consumer world. A disclaimer--some of these business names might be a bit on the offensive side. In many cases, that probably wasn't intended. Please don't blame us. We are only the messenger. Your domain name is a huge part of branding your company, and it must be done right. Think about how you'll want to talk about your company in the future, as well as URL extensions and keywords when you brainstorm a name. Tips from a domain expert on how to find what names are available and choose the right one. Almost a hundred readers sent in their personal brand messages. Vote on which of the top ten you like best. A contest to find the individuals, companies, and products that have the best short brand message. Login navigation logo. Best Industries. Home-Based Business. Business Plans. Naming Your Company. Founders Project. Startup Life. Here are some tips to find the right one for your business. Naming Your Company Erik Sherman. Human Names Are Great for Babies--and Maybe Not So Great for Companies Oscar, Casper, Lola-- entrepreneurs are naming their companies after humans, but if you're going to play the name game, watch out for these tricky rules. Ready to Get Trademarked? Naming Your Brand? Naming Your Company Samuel Edwards. The 10 Best New Company Names of the Year First impressions are key, and these companies have captured our interest in just a word or two. Naming Your Business From the Inside Out Charlotte Petris of Timelio shares four tips for making your most important branding decision: naming your company.

How to Name a Business | Nolo

So what are the tips that you can consider while figuring out the brand name? Reflecting brand identity: You brand name determine how are you going to be perceived by the consumer. Picking up a name that defines your core value or portrays the image you want to put forth is a good move. For instance, if your brand is a global leveled brand you can consider naming it something that would match the global standards. Target audience: The first rule of marketing strategy is identifying the target audience correctly. Similarly, your brand name must determine the audience that you are targeting. For instance, keeping the name of a regional newspaper in the regional language speaks that this brand stands for this particular regional language and is mainly for population speaking in this language. You brand name should never confuse the target audience. Easy to grasp: We come across a lot of things in an entire day yet we recollect some, remember some and forget some. The things that manage to impress our brains stay in our head while other things sweep off. Your brand name must not just be appealing but also interesting enough to remember. It must be catchy and easy at the same time. Brand names are integral assets to the organization because consumers emotionally attach themselves to the brands through their name followed by the experience. Latest Video Start A Business. Oscar, Casper, Lola--entrepreneurs are naming their companies after humans, but if you're going to play the name game, watch out for these tricky rules. This is how the U. Patent and Trademark Office evaluates your new brand name. A name is your brand's most important identity marker. This is what you need to avoid to get it right. A logo establishes some semblance of professionalism. While your startup may be working out of your mom's basement, a logo shows customers that you're an actual business. Our obsession with our screens has changed the rules when it comes to naming companies. Follow these rules to choose the best name possible for your business. Carey Smith, founder of Big Ass Fans, explains why he isn't afraid to go against the grain and take risks in business. A new trend lowers the bar for turning your idea into a start up. First impressions are key, and these companies have captured our interest in just a word or two. Charlotte Petris of Timelio shares four tips for making your most important branding decision: naming your company. Don't vote on names. Naming is not a democratic process. The lapse caused unnecessary backlash to Google's rebranding. Your logo is not your brand. Your brand is what your stakeholders say about your company when you are not in the room. Your job is to orchestrate the conversation. Gary Vaynerchuk, CEO of digital agency VaynerMedia, describes how Google and Nike were able to achieve early success with names that meant nothing at the time. For many entrepreneurs, a side project can provide a healthy stream of cash to keep the real dream alive. Mastering the first impression can give you the insider advantage in any situation. Here's how you can shorten the time from startup to success. David Steinberg, co-founder of Zeta Interactive, says changing his company's name helped boost sales and acquire new clients. The company once called ServiceMagic tried to be everything to everyone looking for a service. But since becoming HomeAdvisor, it's found that a clear business focus has resulted in many benefits. Your company name plays a monumental role in a brand's growth and perception, meaning it can completely make or break a company. The announcement says they are creating a new parent company called Alphabet, Inc. Al Goldstein, co-founder of Avant, explains why his company name changed from Avant Credit in order to reflect new long term goals. The big news that will change Google forever -- literally. The founders of Google made a fairly substantial announcement today, and it was Anthology, formerly known as "Poachable," underwent a long and exhaustive journey to rename their company so you don't have to. Zumba co- founder Alberto Perlman explains the process he and his co-founders went through to name Zumba, and why he thinks good business names are crucial. Don Charlton, founder of recruiting platform Jazz--which was formerly known as Resumator--explains why he decided to rebrand his company. Changing your company brand requires a lot more than changing your name - so be prepared. Sell your team on a new company name by following these four steps. There are four different types of partners you need in your life to keep you learning at a higher level. The Honest Company's critics changed their tune after Alba voiced a message that resonated with them. Whether you plan to tackle your new business full- time or you'll keep your day job for a while, here are a few steps you can follow to improve your chances of solopreneur success. Several founders share their secrets to building a product roadmap. Want to know how to get funding? Your startup exists to fix a problem. Tell them how you're doing that. Investors want to know the why, not the what. Here are tips to solve this! How did Etsy get its name? A pioneer in wearable cameras notes how customer feedback has affected the product development roadmap. Brendan Synnott, co-founder of Bear Naked, explains how he comes up with brand names that connect to customer emotions. https://files8.webydo.com/9586414/UploadedFiles/F140897A-45FA-DF29-288A-4BBFD9CD56AA.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9587184/UploadedFiles/1E65C852-5BF0-5CCB-0C2C-856198E76D92.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4645657/normal_601f8ca0c27b8.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9589621/UploadedFiles/F22A13DD-7FF6-F047-2CA3-FF463DFD09C9.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9590975/UploadedFiles/1AABFA84-57FF-E4ED-61A4-4B02082F8521.pdf