The Interface Experience: Forty Years of Personal Computing on View April 3–July 19, 2015
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Macintosh Plus ®
Macintosh Plus ® Overview The Macintosh® Plus per- lets you share files with board, mouse, operating sonal computer gives you other members of the system, and Apple’s excit- the most important bene- Macintosh family of com- ing HyperCard® software. fits of the Macintosh fam- puters. It can operate by HyperCard is an informa- ily—power, versatility, and itself or as a cost-effective tion-management toolkit ease of use—in an afford- part of an office network that lets you organize able, entry-level system. environment. And the information on your com- Like others in the Macin- ability to add a wide vari- puter the way you organ- tosh family, the Macintosh ety of peripherals means ize it in your mind—by Plus is simple to learn and you can expand your association and with un- use. It provides high- Macintosh system to fit limited cross-references. resolution text and graph- your individual needs. ics, is compatible with The Macintosh Plus existing Macintosh hard- computer comes standard ware and software, and with built-in monitor, key- Features Benefits 1 megabyte of RAM, expandable to Quickly executes applications, 4 megabytes even those requiring large amounts of memory. Provides room for memory- intensive applications and large models and databases. Lets you expand memory easily, ..................................................................................................................................without board swapping. 800K built-in disk drive Offers compatibility with single- sided 400K disks. .................................................................................................................................. SCSI (Small Computer System Transfers data at up to 265 kilo- Interface) port bytes per second, up to six times faster than serial or external disk- drive ports. Lets you expand your system with up to seven peripherals, including high-performance disk drives, tape backups, and other products made by Apple and third-party developers. -
Macintosh Plus
K Service Source Macintosh Plus K Service Source Basics Macintosh Plus Basics Overview - 1 Overview This manual contains complete repair procedures for the Macintosh Plus, shown at left. Figure: Macintosh Plus K Service Source Specifications Macintosh Plus Specifications Introduction - 1 Introduction Specifications information for this product can be found in this chapter and also in the Spec Database, which you can access in one of three ways: — Launch it directly by double-clicking the Apple Spec Database runtime alias at the top level of the Main Service Source CD. — Select "Apple Spec Database" from the Service Source drop-down main menu. — Click the Acrobat toolbar icon for the database, which is near the right end of the toolbar with the letters "SP." Specifications Processor - 2 Processor CPU Motorola 68000 microprocessor 7.83 MHz 32-bit internal data bus Specifications Memory - 3 Memory RAM 1 MB, expandable to 4 MB (150 ns or faster SIMMs) ROM 128K PRAM CMOS custom chip with 4.5 V, user-replaceable battery backup (includes 256 bytes of memory; remembers system parameters even with the machine switched off) Specifications Disk Storage - 4 Disk Storage Floppy Drive Internal, double-sided drive: uses 3.5-in., hard-case floppy disks—either double-sided, 800K capacity or single-sided, 400K capacity Specifications I/O Interfaces - 5 I/O Interfaces Floppy Drive External drive port; DB-19 connector SCSI One SCSI parallel port; DB-25 connector Mouse Mouse port; DE-9 connector Keyboard Synchronous serial keyboard bus; RJ-11 connector Serial Two RS-422 serial ports; mini DIN-8 connectors Specifications I/O Devices - 6 I/O Devices Keyboard 78 keys, including numeric keypad and cursor keys; RJ-11 connector Mouse Mechanical tracking; optical shaft encoding at 3.54 pulses per mm (90 pulses per in.) of travel; DE-9 connector Specifications Sound and Video - 7 Sound and Video Sound Generator Four-voice sound with 8-bit digital/analog conversion, using 22-kHz sampling rate Video Display 9-in. -
Metaclasses: Generative C++
Metaclasses: Generative C++ Document Number: P0707 R3 Date: 2018-02-11 Reply-to: Herb Sutter ([email protected]) Audience: SG7, EWG Contents 1 Overview .............................................................................................................................................................2 2 Language: Metaclasses .......................................................................................................................................7 3 Library: Example metaclasses .......................................................................................................................... 18 4 Applying metaclasses: Qt moc and C++/WinRT .............................................................................................. 35 5 Alternatives for sourcedefinition transform syntax .................................................................................... 41 6 Alternatives for applying the transform .......................................................................................................... 43 7 FAQs ................................................................................................................................................................. 46 8 Revision history ............................................................................................................................................... 51 Major changes in R3: Switched to function-style declaration syntax per SG7 direction in Albuquerque (old: $class M new: constexpr void M(meta::type target, -
Generic Programming
Generic Programming July 21, 1998 A Dagstuhl Seminar on the topic of Generic Programming was held April 27– May 1, 1998, with forty seven participants from ten countries. During the meeting there were thirty seven lectures, a panel session, and several problem sessions. The outcomes of the meeting include • A collection of abstracts of the lectures, made publicly available via this booklet and a web site at http://www-ca.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/dagstuhl/gpdag.html. • Plans for a proceedings volume of papers submitted after the seminar that present (possibly extended) discussions of the topics covered in the lectures, problem sessions, and the panel session. • A list of generic programming projects and open problems, which will be maintained publicly on the World Wide Web at http://www-ca.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/people/musser/gp/pop/index.html http://www.cs.rpi.edu/˜musser/gp/pop/index.html. 1 Contents 1 Motivation 3 2 Standards Panel 4 3 Lectures 4 3.1 Foundations and Methodology Comparisons ........ 4 Fundamentals of Generic Programming.................. 4 Jim Dehnert and Alex Stepanov Automatic Program Specialization by Partial Evaluation........ 4 Robert Gl¨uck Evaluating Generic Programming in Practice............... 6 Mehdi Jazayeri Polytypic Programming........................... 6 Johan Jeuring Recasting Algorithms As Objects: AnAlternativetoIterators . 7 Murali Sitaraman Using Genericity to Improve OO Designs................. 8 Karsten Weihe Inheritance, Genericity, and Class Hierarchies.............. 8 Wolf Zimmermann 3.2 Programming Methodology ................... 9 Hierarchical Iterators and Algorithms................... 9 Matt Austern Generic Programming in C++: Matrix Case Study........... 9 Krzysztof Czarnecki Generative Programming: Beyond Generic Programming........ 10 Ulrich Eisenecker Generic Programming Using Adaptive and Aspect-Oriented Programming . -
Java Application Programming Interface (API) Java Application Programming Interface (API) Is a List of All Classes That Are Part of the Java Development Kit (JDK)
Java Application Programming Interface (API) Java application programming interface (API) is a list of all classes that are part of the Java development kit (JDK). It includes all Java packages, classes, and interfaces, along with their methods, fields, and constructors. These prewritten classes provide a tremendous amount of functionality to a programmer. A programmer should be aware of these classes and should know how to use them. A complete listing of all classes in Java API can be found at Oracle’s website: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/. Please visit the above site and bookmark it for future reference. Please consult this site often, especially when you are using a new class and would like to know more about its methods and fields. If you browse through the list of packages in the API, you will observe that there are packages written for GUI programming, networking programming, managing input and output, database programming, and many more. Please browse the complete list of packages and their descriptions to see how they can be used. In order to use a class from Java API, one needs to include an import statement at the start of the program. For example, in order to use the Scanner class, which allows a program to accept input from the keyboard, one must include the following import statement: import java.util.Scanner; The above import statement allows the programmer to use any method listed in the Scanner class. Another choice for including the import statement is the wildcard option shown below: import java.util.*; This version of the import statement imports all the classes in the API’s java.util package and makes them available to the programmer. -
A Metaobject Protocol for Fault-Tolerant CORBA Applications
A Metaobject Protocol for Fault-Tolerant CORBA Applications Marc-Olivier Killijian*, Jean-Charles Fabre*, Juan-Carlos Ruiz-Garcia*, Shigeru Chiba** *LAAS-CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche **Institute of Information Science and 31077 Toulouse cedex, France Electronics, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan Abstract The corner stone of a fault-tolerant reflective The use of metalevel architectures for the architecture is the MOP. We thus propose a special implementation of fault-tolerant systems is today very purpose MOP to address the problems of general-purpose appealing. Nevertheless, all such fault-tolerant systems ones. We show that compile-time reflection is a good have used a general-purpose metaobject protocol (MOP) approach for developing a specialized runtime MOP. or are based on restricted reflective features of some The definition and the implementation of an object-oriented language. According to our past appropriate runtime metaobject protocol for implementing experience, we define in this paper a suitable metaobject fault tolerance into CORBA applications is the main protocol, called FT-MOP for building fault-tolerant contribution of the work reported in this paper. This systems. We explain how to realize a specialized runtime MOP, called FT-MOP (Fault Tolerance - MetaObject MOP using compile-time reflection. This MOP is CORBA Protocol), is sufficiently general to be used for other aims compliant: it enables the execution and the state evolution (mobility, adaptability, migration, security). FT-MOP of CORBA objects to be controlled and enables the fault provides a mean to attach dynamically fault tolerance tolerance metalevel to be developed as CORBA software. strategies to CORBA objects as CORBA metaobjects, enabling thus these strategies to be implemented as 1 . -
Variable-Arity Generic Interfaces
Variable-Arity Generic Interfaces T. Stephen Strickland, Richard Cobbe, and Matthias Felleisen College of Computer and Information Science Northeastern University Boston, MA 02115 [email protected] Abstract. Many programming languages provide variable-arity func- tions. Such functions consume a fixed number of required arguments plus an unspecified number of \rest arguments." The C++ standardiza- tion committee has recently lifted this flexibility from terms to types with the adoption of a proposal for variable-arity templates. In this paper we propose an extension of Java with variable-arity interfaces. We present some programming examples that can benefit from variable-arity generic interfaces in Java; a type-safe model of such a language; and a reduction to the core language. 1 Introduction In April of 2007 the C++ standardization committee adopted Gregor and J¨arvi's proposal [1] for variable-length type arguments in class templates, which pre- sented the idea and its implementation but did not include a formal model or soundness proof. As a result, the relevant constructs will appear in the upcom- ing C++09 draft. Demand for this feature is not limited to C++, however. David Hall submitted a request for variable-arity type parameters for classes to Sun in 2005 [2]. For an illustration of the idea, consider the remarks on first-class functions in Scala [3] from the language's homepage. There it says that \every function is a value. Scala provides a lightweight syntax for defining anonymous functions, it supports higher-order functions, it allows functions to be nested, and supports currying." To achieve this integration of objects and closures, Scala's standard library pre-defines ten interfaces (traits) for function types, which we show here in Java-like syntax: interface Function0<Result> { Result apply(); } interface Function1<Arg1,Result> { Result apply(Arg1 a1); } interface Function2<Arg1,Arg2,Result> { Result apply(Arg1 a1, Arg2 a2); } .. -
On the Interaction of Object-Oriented Design Patterns and Programming
On the Interaction of Object-Oriented Design Patterns and Programming Languages Gerald Baumgartner∗ Konstantin L¨aufer∗∗ Vincent F. Russo∗∗∗ ∗ Department of Computer and Information Science The Ohio State University 395 Dreese Lab., 2015 Neil Ave. Columbus, OH 43210–1277, USA [email protected] ∗∗ Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Loyola University Chicago 6525 N. Sheridan Rd. Chicago, IL 60626, USA [email protected] ∗∗∗ Lycos, Inc. 400–2 Totten Pond Rd. Waltham, MA 02154, USA [email protected] February 29, 1996 Abstract Design patterns are distilled from many real systems to catalog common programming practice. However, some object-oriented design patterns are distorted or overly complicated because of the lack of supporting programming language constructs or mechanisms. For this paper, we have analyzed several published design patterns looking for idiomatic ways of working around constraints of the implemen- tation language. From this analysis, we lay a groundwork of general-purpose language constructs and mechanisms that, if provided by a statically typed, object-oriented language, would better support the arXiv:1905.13674v1 [cs.PL] 31 May 2019 implementation of design patterns and, transitively, benefit the construction of many real systems. In particular, our catalog of language constructs includes subtyping separate from inheritance, lexically scoped closure objects independent of classes, and multimethod dispatch. The proposed constructs and mechanisms are not radically new, but rather are adopted from a variety of languages and programming language research and combined in a new, orthogonal manner. We argue that by describing design pat- terns in terms of the proposed constructs and mechanisms, pattern descriptions become simpler and, therefore, accessible to a larger number of language communities. -
Generic Programming
Generic Programming Read Ch5 1 Outline • Why do we need generic programming? • Generic class • Generic method • Java interface, generic interface • Java object type and conversion 2 Why do we need generic class? • IntNode/DoubleNode/ByteNode/LocaonNode/… • IntArrayBag/DoubleArrayBag/ByteArrayBag/LocaonBag/… • A generic class (e.g., bag, node) can be used for all the above possible bags. 3 Outline • Why do we need generic programming? • Generic class • Generic method • Java interface, generic interface • Java object type and conversion 4 Generic Class public class ArrayBag<E> implements Cloneable{ private E[ ] data; private int manyItems; public void add(E element){ //similar implementaon as in IntArrayBag} … } Use a generic class: ArrayBag<Integer> intbag = new ArrayBag<Integer>(); ArrayBag<String> strbag = new ArrayBag<String>(); intbag.add(4); strbag.add(“Hello”); 5 Something to pay aenJon -- constructor public ArrayBag(int iniJalCapacity) { if (iniJalCapacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentExcepJon ("The iniJalCapacity is negave: " + iniJalCapacity); data = (E[]) new Object[iniJalCapacity]; manyItems = 0; } data = new E[iniJalCapacity]; WRONG 6 Something to pay aenJon -- elements • IntArrayBag – Data contains the real value of each element • ArrayBag<E> – E[] data contains the reference to the real objects • Example • Implementaons of Equals, countOfOccurences, search, etc. for(int i=0; i<data.length;i++) if(data[i]==paramObj.data[i] … for(int i=0; i<data.length;i++) if(data[i].equals(paramObj.data[i]); … 7 Something to pay aenJon – -
Interface Definition Language (IDL)
An OMG® Interface Definition Language™ Publication Interface Definition Language™ Version 4.2 OMG Document Number: formal/18-01-05 Release Date: March 2018 Standard Document URL: http://www.omg.org/spec/IDL/4.2/ IPR mode: Non-Assert Copyright © 1997-2001, Electronic Data Systems Corporation Copyright © 1997-2001, Hewlett-Packard Company Copyright © 1997-2001, IBM Corporation Copyright © 1997-2001, ICON Computing Copyright © 1997-2001, i-Logix Copyright © 1997-2001, IntelliCorp Copyright © 1997-2001, Microsoft Corporation Copyright © 1997-2001, ObjectTime Limited Copyright © 1997-2001, Oracle Corporation Copyright © 1997-2001, Platinum Technology, Inc. Copyright © 1997-2001, Ptech Inc. Copyright © 1997-2001, Rational Software Corporation Copyright © 1997-2001, Reich Technologies Copyright © 1997-2001, Softeam Copyright © 1997-2001, Sterling Software Copyright © 1997-2001, Taskon A/S Copyright © 1997-2001, Unisys Corporation Copyright © 2002, Laboratoire d’Informatique Fondamentale de Lille Copyright © 2013-2017, Thales Copyright © 2013-2017, Real-Time Innovations, Inc. Copyright © 2018, Object Management Group, Inc. USE OF SPECIFICATION – TERMS, CONDITIONS & NOTICES The material in this document details an Object Management Group specification in accordance with the terms, conditions and notices set forth below. This document does not represent a commitment to implement any portion of this specification in any company's products. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. LICENSES The companies listed above have granted to the Object Management Group, Inc. (OMG) a nonexclusive, royalty-free, paid up, worldwide license to copy and distribute this document and to modify this document and distribute copies of the modified version. Each of the copyright holders listed above has agreed that no person shall be deemed to have infringed the copyright in the included material of any such copyright holder by reason of having used the specification set forth herein or having conformed any computer software to the specification. -
Gestalt Manager 1
CHAPTER 1 Gestalt Manager 1 This chapter describes how you can use the Gestalt Manager and other system software facilities to investigate the operating environment. You need to know about the 1 operating environment if your application takes advantage of hardware (such as a Gestalt Manager floating-point unit) or software (such as Color QuickDraw) that is not available on all Macintosh computers. You can also use the Gestalt Manager to inform the Operating System that your software is present and to find out about other software registered with the Gestalt Manager. The Gestalt Manager is available in system software versions 6.0.4 and later. The MPW software development system and some other development environments supply code that allows you to use the Gestalt Manager on earlier system software versions; check the documentation provided with your development system. In system software versions earlier than 6.0.4, you can retrieve a limited description of the operating environment with the SysEnvirons function, also described in this chapter. You need to read this chapter if you take advantage of specific hardware or software features that may not be present on all versions of the Macintosh, or if you wish to inform other software that your software is present in the operating environment. This chapter describes how the Gestalt Manager works and then explains how you can ■ determine whether the Gestalt Manager is available ■ call the Gestalt function to investigate the operating environment ■ make information about your own hardware or software available to other applications ■ retrieve a limited description of the operating environment even if the Gestalt Manager is not available About the Gestalt Manager 1 The Macintosh family of computers includes models that use a number of different processors, some accompanied by a floating-point unit (FPU) or memory management unit (MMU). -
The Bus Interface for 32-Bit Microprocessors That
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. MPC60XBUSRM 1/2004 Rev. 0.1 . c n I , r o t c u d n o c i PowerPC™ Microprocessor m e S Family: e l a c The Bus Interface for 32-Bit s e Microprocessors e r F For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com Freescale Semiconductor, Inc... Freescale Semiconductor,Inc. F o r M o r G e o I n t f o o : r w m w a t w i o . f n r e O e n s c T a h l i e s . c P o r o m d u c t , Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Overview 1 Signal Descriptions 2 Memory Access Protocol 3 Memory Coherency 4 . System Status Signals 5 . c n I Additional Bus Configurations 6 , r o t Direct-Store Interface 7 c u d n System Considerations 8 o c i m Processor Summary A e S e Processor Clocking Overview B l a c s Processor Upgrade Suggestions C e e r F L2 Considerations for the PowerPC 604 Processor D Coherency Action Tables E Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations GLO Index IND For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 1 Overview 2 Signal Descriptions 3 Memory Access Protocol 4 Memory Coherency . 5 System Status Signals . c n I 6 Additional Bus Configurations , r o t 7 Direct-Store Interface c u d n 8 System Considerations o c i m A Processor Summary e S e B Processor Clocking Overview l a c s C Processor Upgrade Suggestions e e r F D L2 Considerations for the PowerPC 604 Processor E Coherency Action Tables GLO Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations IND Index For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.