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Correspondence –Notes 385 ences, Graduate University of Advanced Technol- <http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/>, accessed at: 2015.07.10. ogy, Kerman, Iran. Ghosh, L.K., Pramanik, N.K. (1976): First record of sexuale of Lio- somaphis himalayensis Basu and hitherto undescribed morph of L. Key to the apterous viviparous aphid atra H.R.L. from India (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae). News- species living on Berberis spp. in Iran letter Zoological Survey of India 2: 108-109. Hodjat, S.H. (1993): A list of aphids and their host plants in Iran. 1− Siphunculi tapering, not swollen; Siphunculi Shahid-Chamran University Printing & Publication Center, and cauda dark; Marginal tubercles present on Ahwaz, Iran. abdominal tergites 2−4; Cauda with 10−19 hairs Holman, J. (2009): Host plant catalogue of aphids: Palaearctic re- gion. Springer, Berlin. (rarely less than 13); Ultimate rostral segment Raychaudhuri, D.N., Ghosh, L.K., Das, S.K. (1980): Studies on the more than 120 µm Aphis pomi aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) from North and North-west − Siphunculi swollen, with maximum width of India, 1. Insecta Matsumurana 20: 1-42. Remaudière, G., Davatchi, A. (1959): Elbourzaphis et Iranaphias: Gen- swollen part broader than base; Siphunculi and res d'Aphididae (Hom.) nouveaux de l'Iran. Revue de Patholo- cauda pale; Marginal tubercles absent on abdomi- gie Végétale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France 38: 135-147. nal tergites 2−4; Cauda with 5−27 hairs 2 Rezwani, A. (2004): [Aphids on trees and shrubs in Iran]. Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. [in Persian]. 2− Siphunculi markedly clavate (Fig. 1), and lack- ing imbrication except near apex; Antennal tuber- Key words: Aphid, New record, Liosomaphis atra, Berberis, cles weakly developed; Cauda with 5−6 hairs…...3 Iran − Siphunculi slightly and uniformly swollen over most of length, narrowing at base and apex, with Article No.: e162201 Received: 22. August 2015 / Accepted: 01. November 2015 spinulose imbrication; Antennal tubercles well- Available online: 09. January 2016 / Printed: December 2016 developed; Cauda with 11−27 hairs Amegosiphon platicaudum 3− Dorsum sclerotic, usually with a complete dark Mohsen MEHRPARVAR shield; Processus terminalis 1.15–1.56 times longer than the base of antennal segment VI Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Liosomaphis atra Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran, − Dorsal abdomen pale; Processus terminalis 0.8– E-mail: [email protected] 1.4 times as long as the base of antennal segment VI Liosomaphis berberidis The biodiversity and aphid fauna of Iran has not A new North American region colo- been extensively studied and there is no complete nized by the Australian millipede information on this important group of insects. It Akamptogonus novarae (Humbert & is expected that more aphid species are present in Iran so that with more extensive investigations the DeSaussure, 1869) (Polydesmida, Para- number of species will increase in the future. doxosomatidae), with a key for the known Paradoxosomatidae species Acknowledgments. This study was supported by the from North and Central America and Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Kerman, Iran, which is greatly the Caribbean Islands. appreciated. I would like to thank Dr. S. M. Mirtadjadinni, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, for Introduced species represent one of the most con- identification of the host plants, and Mr. M. Mihanyar cerning factors in conservation biology, as they and Mr. M. Iranmanesh who helped in collecting the may become a threat for native biodiversity and specimens. ecosystems' equilibrium. Human activity has be- References come a strong dispersal force for organisms of any Blackman, R.L. (2010): Aphids - Aphidinae (Macrosiphini). Field kind, either by actively releasing alien species or Studies Council. by passively transporting colonizers into new Blackman, R.L., Eastop, V.F. (2000): Aphids on the world's crops (An identification and information guide). Second edition. John geographical areas. Although introductions of Wiley & Sons, London, UK. species have been occurring for thousands of Blackman, R.L., Eastop, V.F. (2006): Aphids on the world’s herba- years, their frequency has increased accordingly ceous plants and shrubs. John Wiley & Sons, London, UK. Blackman, R.L., Eastop, V.F. (2015): Aphids on the World’s Plants: with the higher intensity of modern worldwide An online identification and information guide. commercial and non-commercial movements 386 North-Western Journal of Zoology 12(2) / 2016 (Hulme 2009). In the majority of cases, introduced species fail to thrive in the new environments and in fact just a small part eventually become inva- sive and thus a threat for native biota. However, it is important to keep track on introductions, as of- ten we do not fully understand the processes con- trolling biological invasions, and even small changes in biotic or abiotic factors can turn al- ready established alien species into invasive (Mack et al. 2000). Among soil organisms, several millipede spe- cies are currently established outside their original Figure 1. Habitus of Akamptogonus novarae male from ranges. It seems that their introductions are fre- Mexico City, Mexico. quently associated with the commerce of potted plants, and so it is even possible to find tropical species in green houses in temperate to cold lati- tudes (Stoev et al. 2010, Decker et al. 2014). Some of these species have been especially successful and are now present in localities all around the world. This is the case of some polydesmid species of the family Paradoxosomatidae, one of the most diverse groups of millipedes. Paradoxosomatids are naturally present in every continent except Antarctica and North America (Nguyen & Sierwald 2013). They are rep- resented in South America by the tribe Catharo- somatini, but have not been very successful dis- persing northwards. Only two species are known from Central America, Iulidesmus isthmianus (Loomis, 1961) from Panama and I. moorei (Hoff- man, 1977) from Costa Rica. Another species, I. semirugosus (Pocock, 1888) is known from the Car- Figure 2. In situ view of gonopods from: A) Oxidus ibbean island of Dominica, although this could be gracilis, B) Orthomorpha coarctata, C) Chondromorpha the result of an introduction from an unknown xanthotricha, D) Akamptogonus novarae. source (Hoffman 1977). Nevertheless, up to this day four species of DeSaussure, 1869) (Figs. 1, 2D, 3D, 4D), an Austra- diverse origin have colonized more or less suc- lian species sparsely reported along the coast of cessfully several North American territories California (Hoffman 1979, Shelley 2002). Akamp- (Hoffman 1999): Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847) togonus is a small genus in the tribe Australioso- (Figs. 2A, 3A, 4A), currently widespread from matini currently comprising two species, A. nova- Canada to Mexico; Orthomorpha coarctata (DeSaus- rae and A. caragoon Rowe & Sierwald, 2006. Both sure, 1860) (Figs. 2B, 3B, 4B), mostly present seem native to New South Wales, Australia, but around the Gulf of Mexico but also in the Mexican the former is currently widespread and found in Pacific coast (Cupul-Magaña & Bueno-Villegas several Australian territories and also in New Zea- 2006); Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Attems, 1898) land, Hawaii and, as mentioned before, California (Figs. 2C, 3C, 4C), known from several of the An- (Nguyen & Sierwald 2013), indicating a strong po- tilles and a few scattered localities in Mexico and tential as an invasive species. southern Texas (Shelley & Cupul-Magaña 2007). These three species are also known from multiple During separate visits into urban green areas in central areas in Central America and the Caribbean is- Mexico along 2013 and 2014 we observed several indi- lands (Hoffman 1999). viduals of A. novarae, and so it is hereby reported for the Apparently the most recent addition to this first time for this region. Sampling was performed by ac- group is Akamptogonus novarae (Humbert & tive search under stones and logs, under the bark of fallen Correspondence –Notes 387 tion, with codes ERG2955 (O. gracilis), ERG2909 (O. coarc- tata), ERG2956 (C. xanthotricha) and ERG2836 (A. novarae). The species was observed in several localities in the south-western part of Mexico City, in habitats with moderate to high anthropogenic disturbance, at altitudes between 2322 to 2495 meters above sea level (masl). Another population was located in the State of Tlaxcala, in an urban forest with mixed native scrub vegetation and Eucalyptus trees at an elevation of 2311 masl. The precise data for each population is: Mexico City: Jardín Botánico IBUNAM, 19°19'07"N 99°11'36"W, 2326 masl, found under stones and logs in areas of exposed volcanic rock and scrub vegetation in several visits, 20-IX-2013 (1 ♂, 1 immature), 22-I-2014 (1 immature), 20-V- Figure 3. Segments 9 and 10: A) Oxidus gracilis, B) Ortho- 2014 (4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 4 immatures), 29-VII-2014 (4 ♂♂, morpha coarctata, C) Chondromorpha xanthotricha (seg- 1 ♀); Ciudad Universitaria, 19°19'17"N 99°11'34"W, ment 11 also shown), D) Akamptogonus novarae. 2322 masl, found in a sidewalk by a recently mowed meadow, 7-XI-2013 (1 ♂); Bosque de Tlal- pan, 19°17'46"N 99°12'02"W, 2389 masl, found un- der stones and vegetal debris in scrubland and Eucalyptus plantation on volcanic soil in several visits, 7-XII-2013 (1 ♂), 13-VII-2014 (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀), 22- VIII-2014 (1 ♂, 2 immatures); Colonia Ampliación Miguel Hidalgo, found in a small flower bed, in- side a large piece of partially decayed Yucca log, 19°16'59"N 99°12'38"W, 2495 masl, 4-XII-2014 (4 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 32 immatures); CNAC-DI000386, “Km. 5.5 antigua carretera México-Cuernavaca”, C. Beutel- spacher leg., 15-VIII-1983 (4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀). Tlaxcala: Parque de la Amistad, San Diego Metepec, 19°17'58.9"N 98°14'41.4"W, 2311 masl, found under vegetal debris in scrubland and Euca- lyptus plantation on sandy soil, 5-VII-2014 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀).
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  • Daily Activities of the Giant Pill-Millipede Zephronia Cf

    Daily Activities of the Giant Pill-Millipede Zephronia Cf

    Zoological Studies 51(7): 913-926 (2012) Daily Activities of the Giant Pill-Millipede Zephronia cf. viridescens Attems, 1936 (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Zephroniidae) in a Deciduous Forest in Northern Thailand Nattarin Wongthamwanich1,2, Somsak Panha1,2, Duangkhae Sitthicharoenchai1,2, Art-ong Pradatsundarasar1,2, Tosak Seelanan1,3, Henrik Enghoff4, and Kumthorn Thirakhupt1,2,* 1Biological Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 3Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 4Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15,0 Copenhagen DK-210, Denmark (Accepted July 25, 2012) Nattarin Wongthamwanich, Somsak Panha, Duangkhae Sitthicharoenchai, Art-ong Pradatsundarasar, Tosak Seelanan, Henrik Enghoff, and Kumthorn Thirakhupt (2012) Daily activities of the giant pill-millipede Zephronia cf. viridescens Attems, 1936 (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Zephroniidae) in a deciduous forest in northern Thailand. Zoological Studies 51(7): 913-926. For the 1st time in the order Sphaerotheriida, daily activities of the giant pill-millipede Zephronia cf. viridescens Attems, 1936 (family Zephroniidae) were studied. In 2009 and 2010, an investigation was conducted during the rainy season (May-Sept.), the period when millipedes are most active, in a deciduous forest at Wiang Sa District, Nan Province, Thailand. From a total of 20 observation periods of 1 d each, 16 males and 23 females were marked with acrylic paint on the anal shield, and each was optically observed in its natural habitat every 30 min for 24 h. Key visually discernible activities of each individual, such as feeding, walking, mating, and resting, were recorded.
  • Millipedes Made Easy

    Millipedes Made Easy

    MILLI-PEET, Introduction to Millipedes; Page - 1 - Millipedes Made Easy A. Introduction The class Diplopoda, or the millipedes, contains about 10,000 described species. The animals have a long distinguished history on our planet, spanning over 400 million year. Their ecological importance is immense: the health and survival of every decidu- ous forest depends on them, since they are one of the prime mechanical decomposers of wood and leaf litter, especially in the tropics. Despite their importance they are very poorly known and have long been neglected in all areas of biological research. Even basic identification of specimens is a challenge. We hope to make millipede identification accessible to many. The first challenge may be to distinguish a millipede from other members of the Myriapoda. Section B demonstrates the differences between the four myriapod groups. Section C provides a very short introduction to millipede morphology. Section D lists a number of tips on how to deal with millipede specimens under the dissecting scope. The illustrated identification key to orders can be found in the section: Key to Orders in several languages. The key was constructed with purely practical considerations in mind. We tried to use characters that are easy to recognize and will allow non-millipede specialists to find the right path to the order quickly. Several couplets are not dichotomous, but are organized on the multiple choice principle: discrete, mutually exclusive alternative characters are listed and the user must choose one of them. After you have become familiar with the identifying features, you may often just use the flow chart at the end of the Identification Key to identify a millipede to order.