Dr. yasser mohammad amin, BVMS, MSc, PhD lecturer, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-1095 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yasser_Albadrany2 Pharmacology | Part II | 3rd year 2020 Metabolic therapy Ascorbic Acid

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action; Ascorbic acid is C. It is an important cofactor in a variety of metabolic functions.

Indications and Clinical Uses; Ascorbic acid is used to treat deficiency and occasionally used as a urine acidifier. Dogs are capable of synthesizing vitamin C, but it is used as a supplement to improve health and performance.

Side Effects; High doses may increase the risk of oxalate urolith formation.

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action;

Vitamin D analogue, also called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Calcitriol is normally formed in the kidneys from 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Action of calcitriol is to increase calcium absorption from the intestine and facilitate a parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect on bone. Low calcitriol levels in animals can cause decreased intestinal calcium absorption. Animals with chronic kidney disease (especially cats) and hyperparathyroidism often have low calcitriol levels. Calcitriol can also inhibit synthesis and storage of PTH.

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Indications and Clinical Uses;

Calcitriol is used to treat calcium deficiency and diseases such as hypocalcemia associated with hyperparathyroidism. It is also used to increase calcium in cats that have had parathyroid glands removed. In this use, it is often administered with calcium supplements to the diet. It is used in dogs and cats to manage calcium and phosphorous balance with chronic kidney disease. Calcitriol should not be used as a supplement.

Adverse Reactions and Side Effects;

Overdose can result in hypercalcemia. High doses can cause soft-tissue mineralization.

Cyanocobalamin

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action;

Vitamin B12 supplement.

Indications and Clinical Uses;

Vitamin B12 has been used to treat some conditions of anemia. Vitamin B12 is used to manage vitamin B deficiencies associated with cobalt deficiency, inadequate intake, or intestinal malabsorption. In patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) or IBD, particularly cats, deficiency of cobalamin is common and supplementation is recommended.

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Dihydrotachysterol

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action;

Vitamin D analogue. Vitamin D promotes absorption and utilization of calcium.

Indications and Clinical Uses;

Dihydrotachysterol is used as treatment of hypocalcemia, especially hypoparathyroidism associated with thyroidectomy. The most common use is for replacement in cats that have had thyroidectomy for treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Adverse Reactions and Side Effects;

Overdose may cause hypercalcemia.

Contraindications and Precautions;

Avoid use in pregnant animals because it may cause fetal abnormalities

Niacinamide

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action;

Immunosuppressant. Use primarily to treat skin diseases, such as discoid lupus erythematosus and pemphigus erythematosus in dogs. Mechanism of action is not entirely known. Niacinamide may have some anti-inflammatory action such as suppression of inflammatory cells. and niacinamide are also used to treat vitamin B3 deficiency. Do not confuse niacin with niacinamide. Niacin is converted to the active form niacinamide by intestinal bacteria. Niacin is used in people as a lipid- regulating compound used to lower circulating blood triglycerides (TGs) and reduce low-density lipoproteins (LDL). The primary treatment in people for niacin is to treat dyslipidemias.

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Indications and Clinical Uses;

Niacinamide has been used to treat immune-mediated skin disease in small animals. For skin disorders, it is usually administered with tetracycline. It also has been used to treat vitamin B3 deficiency.

Adverse Reactions and Side Effects;

Side effects are not common but have included vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, and diarrhea.

Phytonadione

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action;

Vitamin K supplement. Phytonadione and are synthetic lipid-soluble forms of vitamin K1. is vitamin K4, which is a water-soluble derivative converted in the body to vitamin K3 (). Vitamin K1 is a fat-soluble vitamin used to treat coagulopathies caused by anticoagulant toxicosis (warfarin or other rodenticides). These anticoagulants deplete in the body, which is essential for synthesis of clotting factors. Administration of vitamin K in its various formulations can be used to reverse the effect of anticoagulant toxicity.

Indications and Clinical Uses;

Phytonadione is used to treat coagulopathies caused by anticoagulant toxicosis (warfarin or other rodenticides). In large animals, it is used to treat sweet clover poisoning.

Adverse Reactions and Side Effects;

In people, a rare hypersensitivity-like reaction has been observed after rapid IV injection. Signs resemble anaphylactic shock. These signs also have been observed in animals. To avoid anaphylactic reactions, do not administer intravenously. Metabolic therapy Page 4

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action;

Vitamin B2 supplement. is commonly included as an ingredient in vitamin B complex aqueous solutions for injection. In these formulations it is available as 59 phosphate sodium . Vitamin B complex often contains thiamine (B1), riboflavin, niacinamide, and B12.

Indications and Clinical Uses;

Riboflavin is used as a vitamin B2 supplement. It is usually administered for maintenance in patients who are vitamin B2 deficient.

Adverse Reactions and Side Effects;

Adverse effects are rare because water-soluble are easily excreted. Riboflavin may discolor the urine.

Thiamine Hydrochloride

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action;

Vitamin B1 is used for treatment of vitamin deficiency.

Indications and Clinical Uses;

Thiamine is used to provide vitamin B1 supplementation or to treat vitamin B1 deficiency.

Contraindications and Precautions;

Administer solutions of vitamin B1 very slowly intravenously, if at all. Rapid IV administration has caused anaphylactic reactions. Metabolic therapy Page 5

Vitamin E

Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action;

Vitamin E is also known as alpha-. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that is considered an antioxidant. Vitamin E also is found in solutions as d-alpha-tocopherol (natural source of vitamin E). It is often a component of omega fatty-acid formulations used in oral dietary supplements.

Indications and Clinical Uses;

Vitamin E is used as supplement and as treatment of some immune-mediated dermatoses and hepatobiliary disorders. Vitamin E has been used as an oral treatment for discoid lupus in dogs; however, efficacy for many skin diseases has been questioned. Vitamin E is often included in a mixture with other dietary supplements (e.g., fish oils).

Reference

Papich, M.G., 2016. Saunders handbook of veterinary drugs-e-book: small and large animal. Elsevier Health Sciences.

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