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Conservation Assessment of the Endemic Plants from Kosovo

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Conservation Assessment of the Endemic Plants from Kosovo 16/1 • 2017, 35–47 DOI: 10.1515/hacq-2016-0024 Conservation assessment of the endemic plants from Kosovo Fadil Millaku1, Elez Krasniqi1, Naim Berisha1,* & Ferat Rexhepi1 Key words: Endemism, Kosovo, Abstract conservation, IUCN, endangered Sixteen endemic plant taxa were selected from Kosovo, according to the IUCN species. standards and for each taxon the risk assessment and threat category has been assigned. The taxa were compared with their previous status from fifteen years Ključne besede: endemizem, ago. From sixteen plant taxa, which were included in this work, four are Balkan Kosovo, ohranjanje, IUCN, endemics, whereas, eight of them are local endemics and four of the taxa are ogrožene vrste. stenoendemics. Six of the taxa are grown exclusively on serpentine soils, five of them on limestone substrate, four of them in carbonate substrate, yet only one in silicate substrate. The work has been done based on the standard working methodologies of the IUCN (Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria – Version 8.1). The most threatened plant taxa is Solenanthus krasniqii – which after its observance has only 20 mature individuals. As a result of the wild collection of the medicinal and aromatic plants, from the local population, Sideritis scardica is about to be completely go extinct. The aim of this study was to assess the state of endemics in the threats possessed to them during the previous times, present and predicting the trends for the upcoming years. Izvleček Na podlagi IUCN standardov smo na Kosovu izbrali šestnajst endemičnih taksonov (vrst in podvrst) in za vsakega naredili oceno tveganja in mu opredelili kategorije ogrožanja. Za posamezno vrsto smo naredili primerjavo s stanjem pred petnajstimi leti. Med izbranimi vrstami so štiri balkanski endemiti, osem je lokalnih endemitov in štirje so endemiti. Šest vrst uspeva izključno na tleh na serpentinu, pet na apnencu, štiri na karbonatni in samo ena na silikatni podlagi. Oceno smo naredili v skladu s standardno metodologijo IUCN (Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria – Version 8.1). Najbolj ogrožena vrsta je Solenanthus krasniqii, kjer smo opazili samo še 20 odraslih osebkov. Vrsta Sideritis scardica pa je pred popolnim izumrtjem zaradi nekontroliranega nabiranja zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin. Namen raziskave je bil oceniti stanje endemičnih vrst, grožnje v preteklem in sedanjem času in napoved trendov ogroženosti v prihodnosti. Received: 2. 6. 2016 Revision received: 19. 7. 2016 Accepted: 21. 7. 2016 1 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Prishtina, St. “Nëna Terezë” n.n., 10 000 Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo. * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 35 F. Millaku, E. Krasniqi, N. Berisha & F. Rexhepi 16/1 • 2017, 35–47 Conservation assessment of the endemic plants from Kosovo Krivošej 1997), and one local endemic species is consid- Introduction ered as a Tulipa scardica (Bornmüller 1923 / Syn.: Tulipa gesneriana L.). Additionally, just recently in Pashtriku Mt. The Balkan Peninsula, whom Kosovo belongs to, is (Southern Kosovo) in the calcareous substrate, a new known for its high diversity in plant species, and is alr eady stenoendemic species, from the genus Tulipa has been dis- known as one of the 34 global Biodiversity Hotspots covered, which was named as Tulipa luanica Millaku & (Mitter meier et al. 2004). According to Turrill (1929) ap- Elezaj (Millaku & Elezaj 2015). proximately 6750 plant species are native to the region. The term ‘endemic’ has a slightly different definition, The presence of endemism is considerably high with 27%, depending on the author, e.g. according to Brown & Lo- while with the new discoveries in the plant species, this molino (1998) when the term ‘endemic’ is mentioned, number is increasing. Additionally, according to Steva- it means that it simply does not occurs anywhere else, nović (2005) and Stevanović et al. (2007), there are some- while in the same year Peterson & Watson (1998) stated where between 2600–2700 Balkan endemics (species and that we should use ‘endemic’ only when referring to a subspecies), out of whom, 300 taxa belong to the obligate taxon that is restricted to a stated geographical region endemic sperpentinophytes (Stevanović et al. 2003) and (either in natural or political borders). Since narrowly en- 170 Balkan endemic geophytes to the class Monocotyle- demic species are threatened frequently (Lafan & Crisp dones (Tan et al. 2007). The life spectrum of the endem- 2003) and since areas rich in endemism are more likely ics in Central Serbia and Kosovo dominates from the per- to be considered as rich species (Cowling et al. 2003) the ennial hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes and has a endemics constitute the foremost group of conservations. lower proportion of annuals and geophytes, which are Moreover, the population of the plant species are con- closer to the high-mountain spectra (Tomović et al. tinuously being declined and despite of some increasing 2014). The Republic of Kosovo has an area of 10.908 km2 efforts made on this issue, in global levels, the rate of and is located in the Western part of Balkans, in SE Eu- biodiversity loss does not appear to be slowing down rope. In Kosovo, the number of the vascular plants is esti- (Butchart et al. 2010), while the rate of extinction, at the mated to be somewhere between 2800 to 3000. From the moment, is considered to be high. If all of the species are studied taxa in this study, we have estimated that four taxa currently deemed to be “threatened”, they would become are stenoendemics (a taxon is termed Stenoendemic if it is extinct in the next century, than the future extinction restricted to a narrow range completely within the borders rates will be 10 times bigger than the recent rates (Pim- of a given country or region, e.g. within the Kosovar bor- met et al. 1995). der), eight are local endemics (a taxon is termed Local Furthermore, in order of achieving an establishment endemic if it is restricted to a narrow area of distribution on the National Red List plant taxa, an evaluation of the that encompasis the region between two countries, e.g. Kosovo flora needs to be initiated (Millaku et al. 2013). Kosovo and Albania) and four taxa are Balkan endemics From the work done, the publication of the Red Book of (a taxon is termed Balkan endemic if it is a native or re- the Vascular Flora of the Republic of Kosovo, has been stricted plant taxon to the Balkan Peninsula). Further- achieved where 237 plant taxa are listed, out of whom 61 more, when concerning the endemic plants, in general, proved to be Critically Endangered (CR), according to different authors, in Kosovo, mention different endemic the IUCN rules and criteria’s (Millaku et al. 2013). numbers; for example Rexhepi (1982) has mentioned 12 endemic plant species, while Stevanović (1996) has men- tioned 15 local endemics (namely from the “Sharri” Methods Mountains and Albanian Alps of Kosovo). Besides the endemic plant species found in alpine and subalpine belts, The conservation status of sixteen plant taxa (species and there are also many Balkan and local endemics to be subspecies), out of whom eight are local endemics, four found, in Kosovo. In the serpentines of the Mirusha re- are stenoendemics and the other four are Balkan endem- gion, in central Kosovo, there have been 18 endemic plant ics, in the Republic of Kosovo (Table 1, Figure 1) the species recorded (Krasniqi et al. 2012). In Gurana serpen- IUCN criteria and guidelines has been assessed (IUCN tines (south-eastern Kosovo), where the plant community 2001, 2011). All of the included species are those already with Stipeto-Convolvuletum compacti, 21% of the present listed by Millaku et al. (2013) and Stevanović (1999). species are considered as Balkan endemics (Millaku et al. The IUCN criterions, regarding the threat levels, were 2011). In Kosovo’s serpentines, from Tulipa genus, two continuously employed. Three main types of information species are considered as stenoendemic ones: Tulipa koso- were available for assessment: distribution, population varica (Shuka et al. 2012) and Tulipa serbica (Tatić & size, and threats. For all of the assessed plant species, GPS 36 F. Millaku, E. Krasniqi, N. Berisha & F. Rexhepi 16/1 • 2017, 35–47 Conservation assessment of the endemic plants from Kosovo Table 1: Previous status and newly proposed threat category of the 16 plant taxa being studied. Risk values are assigned to IUCN Red List categories as follows: LC or NT = 1, VU = 2, EN = 3 and CR = 4. Tabela 1: Prejšnji status in novo predlagana kategorija ogroženosti za proučevanih 16 taksonov. Vrednosti tveganja so določene po IUCN rdečem seznamu: LC ali NT = 1, VU = 2, EN = 3 in CR = 4. Stevanović 1999 Millaku et al. 2013 EOO/ AOO/ 2 2 № Species Life form Proposed category of populations No. Risk value Proposed category of populations No. of mature No. individuals Risk value km km 1 Achillea alexandri-regis H Cr b1 +2c 1 4 CR – B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) 1 <1000 4 <50 <10 2 Aristolochia merxmuelleri G Cr DD 1 4 CR – B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii) 1 <100 4 <50 6 3 Cerastium neoscardicum Ch CR B1 1 4 CR – B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv) + 2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) 1 >4000 4 <5 <1 4 Crepis bertiscea H CR B1 1 4 CR – B2ab(i,ii,iii) 2 <250 4 <10 <2 5 Crepis macedonica H CR B1C2ab D 1 4 CR – B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) 1 40 4 <5 <1 6 Fritillaria macedonica G CR B2c 1 4 CR – B1ab(i,ii,iii) + 2ab(i,ii,iii) 1 < 80 4 < 10 <5 7 Gentiana pneumonanthe H CR B2bcd 2 4 EN – B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) 2 - 3 <400 <100 subsp.
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