A Mathematical Model of Neurochemical Mechanisms
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The Myth of the LOVE HORMONE SIGNE CANE
the myth of the LOVE HORMONE SIGNE CANE There is a molecule intimately involved in your sex life. However, its effects are not as straightforward as some would make you think. t has been touted as a love hormone, a diet aid, a A/Prof Adam Guastella of the University of Sydney’s Brain generosity increaser, pain reliever and antidepressant. & Mind Research Institute agrees. “I don’t think there is a love Oxytocin has such a sunny reputation that it sounds hormone on its own,” he says. While oxytocin is definitely an almost like a too-good-to-be-true drug. This hormone, important player when we meet that special someone, lose released in the brain when we have sex, hug, shake hands, appetite and start writing bad poetry, there is more to love than Inurse babies and have other kinds of social contact, has been the oxytocin. And there is more to oxytocin, too. subject of a vast array of scientific studies over the past decade. News stories on all the great things oxytocin can do for us Bonding Rather Than Loving crop up rather often. The claim is that all you have to do is take In evolutionary terms, oxytocin is the molecule that helps a a whiff from a nasal spray or put a drop under your tongue and mother bond with her babies and become more nurturing. In the “love hormone” will fix a multitude of issues and dramati - the beginning of the 20th century scientists figured out that cally improve your life. You can even buy it on Amazon and keep the hormone, released in the woman’s brain in large amounts it in your fridge for daily use. -
Neurochemical Function in Schizophrenia: a Case Study Ana Gomez
Southern Adventist University KnowledgeExchange@Southern Senior Research Projects Southern Scholars 2002 Neurochemical Function in Schizophrenia: A Case Study Ana Gomez Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledge.e.southern.edu/senior_research Part of the Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons Recommended Citation Gomez, Ana, "Neurochemical Function in Schizophrenia: A Case Study" (2002). Senior Research Projects. 58. https://knowledge.e.southern.edu/senior_research/58 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Southern Scholars at KnowledgeExchange@Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Research Projects by an authorized administrator of KnowledgeExchange@Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Neurochemical Function in Schizophrenia 1 Running head: NEUROCHEMICAL FUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA Neurochemical Function in Schizophrenia: A Case Study Ana Gomez Southern Adventist University Neurochemical Function in Schizophrenia 2 Abstract This research project addresses the topic of schizophrenia. Because of the vast amount of information available regarding schizophrenia, this paper will only focus on a few aspects of the disease. In particular the symptoms, brain abnormalities, hypotheses, and treatment strategies associated with brain abnormalities in schizophrenia will be presented. These emphases were chosen because they are of particular interest to the researcher. The intent ofthis paper is to discover what brain abnormalities, both physiological and chemical, are associated with schizophrenia. The intent is also to discuss treatment strategies and assess how this information may apply to a case study. Neurochemical Function in Schizophrenia 3 Neurochemical Function in Schizophrenia: A Case Study Schizophrenia is a multi-faceted disease. It would be an immense task to attempt to capture all the intricacies of the disorder in one research project. -
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Augments Rotational Behavior and Nigrostriatal Dopamine Turnover in Vivo (Nigrostratal Neurons/Parknon Dsease/Neostratum) C
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 11347-11351, December 1992 Neurobiology Brain-derived neurotrophic factor augments rotational behavior and nigrostriatal dopamine turnover in vivo (nigrostratal neurons/Parknon dsease/neostratum) C. ANTHONY ALTAR*, CAROLYN B. BOYLAN*, CARL JACKSON*, SUSAN HERSHENSONt, JAMES MILLERt, STANLEY J. WIEGAND*, RONALD M. LINDSAY*, AND CAROLYN HYMAN* *Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591; and tAmgen, Inc., 1900 Oak Terrace Lane, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 Communicated by Norman Davidson, August 4, 1992 (receivedfor review April 6, 1992) ABSTRACT Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a embryonic dopaminergic neurons in the absence of glia and member of the nerve growth factor (NGF)-related family of in serum-free conditions (5, 11, 13, 14). Several mitogenic neurotrophins, promotes the survival and differentiation of growth factors, including epidermal growth factor and basic cultured ngal dopamine neurons. Two-week infusions of fibroblast growth factor, also promote the growth of cultured BDNF were made above the right pars compacta of the sub- or transplanted mesencephalic dopamine neurons (15-19). stantia nigra in adult rats. Systemic injection of these a s However, these in vitro and in vivo effects appear to be with (+)-amphetamine, a dopamine-releasing drug, induced 3 mediated via astrocytes (15, 16). or 4 body rotations per minute directed away from the nil It remains unknown whether BDNF exerts neurotrophic infuson site. Neither supranigral NGF nor neocortical BDNF effects on central nervous system neurons in vivo. Injections nfusions induced rotational behavior. Systemic i jections ofthe of 17-I-labeled BDNF into the rat neostriatum (area of ni- postsynaptic dopaine receptor agonist apomorphine did not grostriatal dopamine neuron terminals) result in a pharma- induce rotations in these animals, demonstrating a presynaptic cologically specific retrograde transport of 125I-BDNF to dopamine neuron locus for BDNF action. -
Inhibitory Role for GABA in Autoimmune Inflammation
Inhibitory role for GABA in autoimmune inflammation Roopa Bhata,1, Robert Axtella, Ananya Mitrab, Melissa Mirandaa, Christopher Locka, Richard W. Tsienb, and Lawrence Steinmana aDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Contributed by Richard W. Tsien, December 31, 2009 (sent for review November 30, 2009) GABA, the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, serum (13). Because actions of exogenous GABA on inflammation has a parallel inhibitory role in the immune system. We demon- and of endogenous GABA on phasic synaptic inhibition both strate that immune cells synthesize GABA and have the machinery occur at millimolar concentrations (5, 8, 9), we hypothesized that for GABA catabolism. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) express local mechanisms may also operate in the peripheral immune functional GABA receptors and respond electrophysiologically to system to enhance GABA levels near the inflammatory focus. We GABA. Thus, the immune system harbors all of the necessary first asked whether immune cells have synthetic machinery to constituents for GABA signaling, and GABA itself may function as produce GABA by Western blotting for GAD, the principal syn- a paracrine or autocrine factor. These observations led us to ask thetic enzyme. We found significant amounts of a 65-kDa subtype fl further whether manipulation of the GABA pathway in uences an of GAD (GAD-65) in dendritic cells (DCs) and lower levels in animal model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune macrophages (Fig. 1A). GAD-65 increased when these cells were encephalomyelitis (EAE). Increasing GABAergic activity amelio- stimulated (Fig. -
Chemical Methods for the Characterization of Proteolysis in Cheese During Ripening Plh Mcsweeney, Pf Fox
Chemical methods for the characterization of proteolysis in cheese during ripening Plh Mcsweeney, Pf Fox To cite this version: Plh Mcsweeney, Pf Fox. Chemical methods for the characterization of proteolysis in cheese during ripening. Le Lait, INRA Editions, 1997, 77 (1), pp.41-76. hal-00929515 HAL Id: hal-00929515 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00929515 Submitted on 1 Jan 1997 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Lait (1997) 77, 41-76 41 © ElseviernNRA Review Chemical methods for the characterization of proteolysis in cheese during ripening PLH McSweeney, PF Fox Department of Food Chemistry, University College, Cork, Ireland Summary - Proteolysis is the principal and most complex biochemical event which occurs during the maturation of most cheese varieties. Proteolysis has been the subject of much study and a range of analytieal techniques has been developed to assess its extent and nature. Methods for assessing pro- teolysis can he c1assified under two broad headings: non-specifie and specifie techniques, both of which are reviewed. Non-specifie techniques include the quantitation of nitrogen soluble in various extrac- tants or precipitants and the Iiberation of reactive groups. -
Midbrain Benzodiazepine-GABA-Serotonin Interactions: Effects on Locomotor Activity in the Rat
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1982 Midbrain Benzodiazepine-GABA-Serotonin Interactions: Effects on Locomotor Activity in the Rat Stephen Mitchell Sainati Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Sainati, Stephen Mitchell, "Midbrain Benzodiazepine-GABA-Serotonin Interactions: Effects on Locomotor Activity in the Rat" (1982). Dissertations. 2228. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2228 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1982 Stephen Mitchell Sainati MIDBRAIN BE~ZODIAZEPINE-GABA-SEROTONIN INTERACTIONS: EFFECTS ON LOCm10TOR ACTIVITY IN THE RAT by STEPHEN HITCHELL SAINATI A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SEPTEMBER 1982 UBFU.. '"\! LOYOLA UN!VERSHY MED·~i.....'. ~'-· CSN'TER ACKNOWLEDGENENTS The author wishes to thank Drs. Anthony J. Castro, Sebastian P. Grossman, Alexander G. Karczmar, and Louis D. van de Kar for their gui dance and assistance in the design and analysis of this dissertation. An especial note of gratitude goes to Dr. Stanley A. Lorens, Director of this dissertation, without whose kind tutelage, counsel and support, this work would not have been possible. Hr. John W. Corliss, Department of Academic Computing Services, must be acknowledged for his assistance in the word processing and printing bf the intermediate and final drafts of this discourse. -
Neurochemical Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol Withdrawal
Neurochemical Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol Withdrawal John Littleton, MD, Ph.D. More than 50 years ago, C.K. Himmelsbach first suggested that physiological mechanisms responsible for maintaining a stable state of equilibrium (i.e., homeostasis) in the patient’s body and brain are responsible for drug tolerance and the drug withdrawal syndrome. In the latter case, he suggested that the absence of the drug leaves these same homeostatic mechanisms exposed, leading to the withdrawal syndrome. This theory provides the framework for a majority of neurochemical investigations of the adaptations that occur in alcohol dependence and how these adaptations may precipitate withdrawal. This article examines the Himmelsbach theory and its application to alcohol withdrawal; reviews the animal models being used to study withdrawal; and looks at the postulated neuroadaptations in three systems—the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system, the glutamate neurotransmitter system, and the calcium channel system that regulates various processes inside neurons. The role of these neuroadaptations in withdrawal and the clinical implications of this research also are considered. KEY WORDS: AOD withdrawal syndrome; neurochemistry; biochemical mechanism; AOD tolerance; brain; homeostasis; biological AOD dependence; biological AOD use; disorder theory; biological adaptation; animal model; GABA receptors; glutamate receptors; calcium channel; proteins; detoxification; brain damage; disease severity; AODD (alcohol and other drug dependence) relapse; literature review uring the past 25 years research- science models used to study with- of the reasons why advances in basic ers have made rapid progress drawal neurochemistry as well as a research have not yet been translated Din understanding the chemi- reluctance on the part of clinicians to into therapeutic gains and suggests cal activities that occur in the nervous consider new treatments. -
Designing Peptidomimetics
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC DESIGNING PEPTIDOMIMETICS Juan J. Perez Dept. of Chemical Engineering ETS d’Enginyeria Industrial Av. Diagonal, 647 08028 Barcelona, Spain 1 Abstract The concept of a peptidomimetic was coined about forty years ago. Since then, an enormous effort and interest has been devoted to mimic the properties of peptides with small molecules or pseudopeptides. The present report aims to review different approaches described in the past to succeed in this goal. Basically, there are two different approaches to design peptidomimetics: a medicinal chemistry approach, where parts of the peptide are successively replaced by non-peptide moieties until getting a non-peptide molecule and a biophysical approach, where a hypothesis of the bioactive form of the peptide is sketched and peptidomimetics are designed based on hanging the appropriate chemical moieties on diverse scaffolds. Although both approaches have been used in the past, the former has been more widely used to design peptidomimetics of secretory peptides, whereas the latter is nowadays getting momentum with the recent interest in designing protein-protein interaction inhibitors. The present report summarizes the relevance of the information gathered from structure-activity studies, together with a short review on the strategies used to design new peptide analogs and surrogates. In a following section there is a short discussion on the characterization of the bioactive conformation of a peptide, to continue describing the process of designing conformationally constrained analogs producing first and second generation peptidomimetics. Finally, there is a section devoted to review the use of organic scaffolds to design peptidomimetics based on the information available on the bioactive conformation of the peptide. -
GABA and the GABA a Receptor
NEUROTRANSMITTER REVIEW campus. Journal of Neurochemistry 62:1635–1638, 1994. their receptors reduce neuronal excitability. For optimal TRUJILLO, K.A., AND AKIL, H. Excitatory amino acids and drugs of abuse: A functioning, the brain must balance the excitatory and role for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in drug tolerance, sensitization and inhibitory influences: Excessive excitation can lead to physical dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38:139–154, 1995. seizures, whereas excessive neuronal inhibition can result TSAI, G.; GASTFRIEND, D.R.; AND COYLE, J.T. The glutamatergic basis of in incoordination, sedation, and anesthesia. human alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry 152:332–340, 1995. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary in- hibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. WOODWARD, J.J., AND GONZALES, R.A. Ethanol inhibition of N-methyl-D- aspartate-stimulated endogenous dopamine release from rat striatal slices: Because alcohol intoxication is accompanied by the incoor- Reversal by glycine. Journal of Neurochemistry 54:712–715, 1990. dination and sedation indicative of neuronal inhibition, re- searchers have investigated alcohol’s effects on GABA and its receptors. This article summarizes findings that alcohol significantly alters GABA-mediated neurotransmission and GABA AND THE GABAA RECEPTOR presents some evidence that the primary GABA receptor (called the GABAA receptor) may play a crucial role in the S. John Mihic, Ph.D., and R. Adron Harris, Ph.D. development of tolerance to and dependence on alcohol as well as contribute to the predisposition to alcoholism. The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibits the activity of signal-receiving neurons THE GABAA RECEPTOR by interacting with the GABAA receptor on these cells. -
Tyrosine 140 of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter GAT-1 Plays A
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Publications 1997 Tyrosine 140 of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter GAT-1 Plays a Critical Role in Neurotransmitter Recognition Yona Bismuth Michael Kavanaugh University of Montana - Missoula Baruch I. Kanner Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biopharm_pubs Part of the Medical Sciences Commons, and the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Bismuth, Yona; Kavanaugh, Michael; and Kanner, Baruch I., "Tyrosine 140 of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter GAT-1 Plays a Critical Role in Neurotransmitter Recognition" (1997). Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications. 58. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biopharm_pubs/58 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 272, No. 26, Issue of June 27, pp. 16096–16102, 1997 © 1997 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Tyrosine 140 of the g-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter GAT-1 Plays a Critical Role in Neurotransmitter Recognition* (Received for publication, February 6, 1997, and in revised form, April 8, 1997) Yona Bismuth‡, Michael P. Kavanaugh§, and Baruch I. Kanner‡¶ From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Hadassah Medical School, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel and the §Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201 The g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter GAT-1 is tify amino acid residues of GAT-1 involved in substrate bind- located in nerve terminals and catalyzes the electro- ing. -
Ratio of Phosphate to Amino Acids
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Final Neonatal parenteral nutrition [D10] Ratio of phosphate to amino acids NICE guideline NG154 Evidence reviews February 2020 Final These evidence reviews were developed by the National Guideline Alliance which is part of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists FINAL Error! No text of specified style in document. Disclaimer The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian. Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties. NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the Welsh Government, Scottish Government, and Northern Ireland Executive. -
A Review of Glutamate Receptors I: Current Understanding of Their Biology
J Toxicol Pathol 2008; 21: 25–51 Review A Review of Glutamate Receptors I: Current Understanding of Their Biology Colin G. Rousseaux1 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Abstract: Seventy years ago it was discovered that glutamate is abundant in the brain and that it plays a central role in brain metabolism. However, it took the scientific community a long time to realize that glutamate also acts as a neurotransmitter. Glutamate is an amino acid and brain tissue contains as much as 5 – 15 mM glutamate per kg depending on the region, which is more than of any other amino acid. The main motivation for the ongoing research on glutamate is due to the role of glutamate in the signal transduction in the nervous systems of apparently all complex living organisms, including man. Glutamate is considered to be the major mediator of excitatory signals in the mammalian central nervous system and is involved in most aspects of normal brain function including cognition, memory and learning. In this review, the basic biology of the excitatory amino acids glutamate, glutamate receptors, GABA, and glycine will first be explored. In the second part of this review, the known pathophysiology and pathology will be described. (J Toxicol Pathol 2008; 21: 25–51) Key words: glutamate, glycine, GABA, glutamate receptors, ionotropic, metabotropic, NMDA, AMPA, review Introduction and Overview glycine), peptides (vasopressin, somatostatin, neurotensin, etc.), and monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine and In the first decades of the 20th century, research into the serotonin) plus acetylcholine. chemical mediation of the “autonomous” (autonomic) Glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the mammalian nervous system (ANS) was an area that received much central nervous system (CNS) was slowly established over a research activity.