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Interaction of the Clark Fork River and the Hellgate Valley Aquifer Near Milltown Montana

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Interaction of the Clark Fork River and the Hellgate Valley Aquifer Near Milltown Montana University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1994 Interaction of the Clark Fork River and the Hellgate Valley Aquifer near Milltown Montana Scott L. Gestring The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Gestring, Scott L., "Interaction of the Clark Fork River and the Hellgate Valley Aquifer near Milltown Montana" (1994). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8153. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8153 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scjstt Gesiri " 3 Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY . TheMontana University of Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. * * Please check "Yes " or "No " and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission ^ No, I do not grant permission — Author’s Signature 7 I Date: Any copying for commercial puiposes or financial gain may be undeitaken only with hie author’s explicit consent. • Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Interaction of the Clark Fork River and the Hellgate Valley Aquifer Near Milltown, Montana by Scott L. Gestring B. S., Montana State University Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Montana December, 1994 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School ' Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP38954 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissartatkm r\iUishing UMI EP38954 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013), Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 81 0 6 -1 3 4 6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Gestring, Scott Lee, M.S., December, 1994 Geology The Interaction of the Clark Fork River and the Hellgate Valley Aquifer Near Milltown, Montana Director: Dr. William Woessner i^ /U M ) f ^ Missoula, Montana is located six miles downstream from the Milltown Reservoir Sediment Superfund Site (MRSSS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic connection between ground water leaving the MRSSS and the Missoula Valley Aquifer, Missoula's sole source aquifer. This stretch of aquifer known as the Hellgate Valley Aquifer, begins at the downstream face of Milltown Dam and extends downstream along the Clark Fork River Valley, through Hellgate Canyon to where the canyon opens to the Missoula Valley. To attain this objective, a detailed understanding of the aquifer and its interaction with the Clark Fork River was required. The aquifer was characterized by analyzing well log data, plotting depth to bedrock information, conducting a refraction seismic survey to determine bedrock topography, and drilling wells to bedrock. The aquifer ranges in thickness from nine feet near Milltown Reservoir to over 140 feet in Hellgate Canyon. Sediments are mostly sands and gravel, with discontinuous lenses of silts and clays. Ground water level data and staff gauge data indicate that the Clark River is a gaining stream from the Milltown Dam to approximately 600 feet downstream. From this point on to the western boundary of the study area approximately six miles away, the river channel becomes progressively elevated relative to the HVA. A steady-state, single layer fmite-difference groundwater flow model was developed utilizing aquifer parameters derived from aquifer tests, staff gauge measurements, static water level measurements, discharge measurements, well log and seismic data. Model results indicate that the leakage from the Blackfoot and Clark Fork River contribute nearly 50% of the water in the Hellgate Valley Aquifer. Based on Canonie’s (1993) estimate of flux through the reservoir sediments of approximately 2,000 acre- ft/yr, model results indicate that the contaminated pore water leaving the reservoir sediments has a dilution potential of approximately 24:1, assuming total mixing, by the time the ground water enters the Missoula Valley Aquifer. Attenuation of the contaminants via oxidation and precipitation has also been suggested. II Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments There are numerous persons and parties that are responsible for bringing this study to fruition. My biggest debt of gratitude is to the wonderful people at Land and Water Consulting, Inc. who gave me a chance and a place to work, I wish to thank Montana Power Company and the USGS for giving access to their discharge and river stage data, Mountain Water Company for their cooperation and access to their records. Champion International for allowing me to access their wells. I also wish to thank all of the residents from East Missoula to Bonner who were kind enough to participate in this study. Thanks to Leonard Schombel for all of his interest in the project and for his assistance in the seismic interpretation. My field work would never have been possible without the gracious help of the following individuals: Jay Billings for his help with staff gauge installation, Viraf Engineer, Cindy Mcllveen, Sean Benner, and Teri Rea for their assistance with surveying, Dan Lauer for all of his selfless hours spent afield. I also wish to thank Bill Woessner, Nancy Hinman, Jim Bigley and Garon Smith. A final thanks to my parents who have supported me in all of my endeavors. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................. üi TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................1 Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................... 1 Site Description .........................................................................................................2 C lim ate.......................................................................................................... 2 Physiography and Topography .................................................................. 5 Hydrology .....................................................................................................................5 General Geology ....................................................................................................... 6 Bedrock Geology ..........................................................................................6 Alluvium Geology ........................................................................................ 8 Hydrogeology .............................................................................................................8 Previous Work ............................................................................................................9 Missoula Valley Aquifer Investigations .................................................................10 Organization...............................................................................................................10 CHAPTER II: METHODS................................................................................................. 11 Aquifer Characterization ..........................................................................................11 Development of a Monitoring Well Network ...................................................... 13 Selection of Domestic Wells ...................................................................... 13 Monitor Well Construction ..................................................................................... 14 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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