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Can Wolbachia Infection Improve Qualitative Characteristics Of This article was downloaded by: [Monash University Library] On: 12 June 2015, At: 00:19 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Pest Management Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ttpm20 Can Wolbachia infection improve qualitative characteristics of Trichogramma brassicae reared on cold stored eggs of the host? Mahmoud Nazeria, Ahmad Ashouria & Mojtaba Hosseinib a Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran b Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Published online: 22 May 2015. Click for updates To cite this article: Mahmoud Nazeri, Ahmad Ashouri & Mojtaba Hosseini (2015) Can Wolbachia infection improve qualitative characteristics of Trichogramma brassicae reared on cold stored eggs of the host?, International Journal of Pest Management, 61:3, 243-249, DOI: 10.1080/09670874.2015.1042943 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2015.1042943 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. 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Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions International Journal of Pest Management, 2015 Vol. 61, No. 3, 243À249, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2015.1042943 Can Wolbachia infection improve qualitative characteristics of Trichogramma brassicae reared on cold stored eggs of the host? Mahmoud Nazeria*, Ahmad Ashouria and Mojtaba Hosseinib aDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; bDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran (Received 8 May 2014; final version received 6 April 2015) The mass production cost of parasitoids is an important limiting factor in the development of successful biological control program. Parasitoids cannot be stored for a long time, thus should be produced shortly before use. Storage of host in low temperatures is an alternative technique to increase time flexibility of parasitoids production, thus contribute to reduction of production expenses. In this study, the influence of cold storage time (1 to 16 days) of host (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) eggs on some qualitative characteristics of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae), was studied under laboratory conditions. The stored eggs were exposed to two different strains of T. brassicae,whichwere infected or uninfected with the endosymbiotic bacteria, Wolbachia, and the interactions between the host storage time and Wolbachia infection was studied. Increased host storage time negatively affected some qualitative characteristics of T. brassicae, such as fecundity, longevity, wing deformity and sex ratio. Some of these effects (e.g. fecundity, longevity and sex ratio) were different among Wolbachia-infected and uninfected strains. Given that the Wolbachia-infected strain produces higher proportion of females, they may compensate for other negative effects of Wolbachia as well as prolonged storage time of the host from biological control point of view. Keywords: biological control; egg parasitoid; Trichogramma; parthenogenesis induction; Ephestia kuehniella,coldstorage 1. Introduction storage, wider temperature ranges as well as longer stor- The egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hym: age periods can be used compared to when the own parasi- Trichogrammatidae) are the most widely studied biocontrol toids are stored. Host storage has been promised as an agents, which have been successfully used for inundative efficient method for mass rearing of different Trichog- biological control of many lepidopteran pests for more ramma species, such as T. dendrolimi (Liu et al. 1998), than 120 years (Smith 1996; Van Lenteren 2000). This T. chilonis (Nadeem 2010), and T. evanescens (Tuncbilek genus includes about 200 species, 11 of which have been et al. 2005). already reported form Iran (Ebrahimi 1999). The most Like many other species in the order Hymenoptera, widely distributed species in this country, T. brassicae Trichogramma wasps display a haplo-diploid sex determi- Bezdenko (Poorjavad 2011), has been successfully nation, where females develop from fertilized diploid released against some lepidopteran pests, such as the eggs, while males arise from unfertilized haploid eggs European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner€ (Lepidop- (Martel et al. 2008). However, females infected with the tera: Pyralidae), the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae endosymbiotic bacteria, Wolbachia, are enabled to pro- Downloaded by [Monash University Library] at 00:19 12 June 2015 Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the stripped rice duce diploid female progeny from both fertilized and borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambi- unfertilized eggs, a process known as parthenogenesis dae) (Ebrahimi 1999). induction (Pintureau et al. 2002). Wolbachia-induced par- For development of a successful inundated biological thenogenesis has been already reported in at least 18 spe- control program, it is necessary to reduce costs, facilitate cies of Trichogramma wasps (Pinto and Stouthamer 1994; mass production process, and establish efficient methods de Almeida 2004; Farrokhi 2010), including the Iranian for providing a large number of beneficial insects at the strains of T. brassicae (Poorjavad et al. 2012; Karimi appropriate time (Colinet & Boivin 2011). Unlike pesti- et al. 2010). The use of thelytokous strains has been pro- cides, most biological control agents, including predators posed to provide some advantages for biological control, and parasitoids, cannot be stored for a long time, thus especially because they produce a higher proportion of must be produced shortly before application. Develop- females. However, the fitness of Wolbachia-infected ver- ment of efficient techniques for storage of these agents sus uninfected strains plays a major role in selection of can reduce the cost of biocontrol programs (Colinet & appropriate strain for use in biological control programs Boivin 2011). A convenient exclusive technique for para- (Russell & Stouthamer 2010). sitoids is to retain their host eggs in low temperatures. As This study was conducted to explore the effects of this technique does not require the host survival during cold storage time of host eggs (the Mediterranean flour *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Ó 2015 Taylor & Francis 244 M. Nazeri et al. moth, E. kuehniella Zeller (Lep: Pyralidae)), on qualita- 2.3. Experiment procedure tive characteristics of T. brassicae under laboratory condi- The Wolbachia-infected and uninfected strains were tions. Thanks to the identification of Wolbachia-infected reared as separate lines on sterilized eggs of E. kuehniella. (hereafter thelytokous) and uninfected (hereafter arrheno- Host eggs were collected daily and glued (200 eggs) with tokous) strains of this species by Poorjavad (2011), we diluted honey onto cardboard strips (10 £ 60 mm). The were also able to compare these effects among thelyto- eggs were sterilized by exposing them to UV-C lamp kous and arrhenotokous strains of T. brassicae. (15 w Philips Holland) with a wavelength of 280 nm with a distance of 30 cm for 30 minutes, then stored separately 2. Materials and methods at 4 C, 60 § 10% relative humidity (RH) and a dark pho- 2.1. Sample collection and identification toperiod until used. The eggs were removed from the cold conditions after The two parasitoid strains studied here, the Wolbachia- 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 days and placed in glass tubes (16 cm infected and Wolbachia-free strains were derived from length £ 1 cm diameter) containing either a newly emerged cultures maintained by the Biological Control Research arrhenotokous or thelytokous wasp and a diluted honey Department (BCRD) of the Iranian Research Institute of drop as food. The prepared vials were kept at 25 § 1C, 70 Plant Protection (IRIPP). These strains were collected § 10% RH and 16:8 L:D. The wasps were removed from € from parasitized Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) egg batches the vials after 24 hours and their eggs were left at the same laid on Xanthium strumarium L. (Asterales: Asteraceae) environmental conditions until
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