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Circumstance of Protection for Threatened Freshwater Fishes in Japan

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Circumstance of Protection for Threatened Freshwater Fishes in Japan KOREAN JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY, Vol. 20, No. 2, 133-138, June 2008 Received : December 13, 2007 ISSN: 1225-8598 Revised : May 9, 2008 Accepted : June 2, 2008 Circumstance of Protection for Threatened Freshwater Fishes in Japan By Kazumi Hosoya* Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Japan INTRODUCTION viated as Ex for 4 spp., “Critically Endangered” as IA for 61 spp., “Endangered” as IB for 48 spp., “Vulnerable” The wild animals have been on the way to extinction as II for 35 spp. and “Near threatened” as NT for 26 spp. all over the world due to the drastic change to artificial environments. Among them, freshwater fishes have Negative factors to Japanese freshwater fishes become one of the most typical target groups to affect by human activities, because they occur in such closed The Government of Japan classifies negative factors habitats as aquatic environment where various negative to the native biota as three major crises in “the National factors bring about direct influence. In this report, the Biodiversity Strategy of Japan”. basic idea to protect wild freshwater fishes is provided The first crisis: Development and other human activi- by referring to the case in Japanese threatened species. ties are causing species loss and extinction, as well as The substantial approach by different techniques viz., the destruction and fragmentation of ecosystem. Fish “In situ Conservation” and “Ex situ Preservation” is also species populations are decreasing in size due to various proposed with future prospect. exploitations. Dam construction and cross-sectioning in rivers must constrain the migration of sea-run fishes Acipencer medirostris Japanese threatened species such as Sakhalin green sturgeon (EX), anadoromous salmons and amphidromous gobies. The Japanese archipelago runs parallels to the eastern Even consolidation of paddy field results in the disappear- rim of the Eurasian continent, extending north-south- ance of two local forms of killifishes Oryzias latipes (II) ward from 22�to 45�N in latitude along the ‘Kurosiwo’ from traditional habitats. current. It mainly belongs to the Temperate Monsoon The second crisis: Nature in paddy field has automat- Zone, covering subtropical region in the Ryukyu islands ically changed to more dry stages as natural succession, to the sub-arctic region in the Kuril islands. These geo- unless human activities keep moderate interference to logical locations produce the rich biodiversity in fresh- paddy field. The balance between interference and bio- water fishes which are summed up ca 280 native species diversity are getting worse by cultivation abandonment, in total (Kawanabe et al., 2001). The number is compa- particularly in small paddy fields by traditional rice farm- rable with, or more than those in Korea, 204 spp. (Kim ing. and Park, 2002), and in entire Europe ca 200 spp. (Mait- The third crisis: Invasive alien species and chemical land, 1977). materials are adversely affecting fish biodiversity. Both The Ministry of Environment, Government of Japan are in common as exotic elements to release to indige- (2007), has just released new Red List of Japanese fresh- nous ecosystem by human beings outside, without any water fishes to public together with other taxonomic consideration. Major problems of invasive alien species groups in Japan (Table 1). The Red List was revised on in Japanese freshwaters are typified by predation of the basis of the quantitative criteria of IUCN (Interna- Black bass and genetic pollution of Rosy bitterling from tional Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural continental to Japanese forms. Chemical compounds Resources). The new list includes 174 species or sub- toxic to fishes include PCB, DDT and dioxin. The Japan- species which is identical with ca half of the Japanese ese consumptions of these organochlorine or organophos- freshwater fishes in number. They are categorized as phorus inseciticides reached to the peak in early 1960s five ranks in proportion to gravity, viz., “Extinct” abbre- when the sudden decrease of freshwater fishes occurring in paddy fields, has just started. This has partly contri- *Corresponding author: Kazumi Hosoya Tel: 81-742-43-6195, buted to extinction of Southern ninespine stickleback Fax: 81-742-43-1593, E-mail: [email protected] Pungitius kaibarae (Ex) from Kyoto and Hyogo prefec- — 133 — http://www.fishkorea.or.kr 134 Kazumi Hosoya Table 1. Red list of Japanese freshwater fshies, released August 3rd, 2007 from the Minisitry of Environment, Government of Japan 1. Extinct (EX) 3. Endangered (IB) Oryzias latipes subsp. Pseudocalliurichthys ikedai Acipenser medirostris Nematalosa japonica Oryzias latipes latipes Odontobutis hikimius Gnathopogon elongatus suwae Carassius cuvieri Cottus kazika Belobranchus belobranchus Oncorhynchus nerka kawamurae Carassius auratus grandoculis Ambassis interrupta Bunaka gyrinoides Pungitius kaibarae Acheilognathus melanogaster Coreoperca kawamebari Stiphodon surrufus Acheilognathus tabira tabira Ophiocara porocephala Luciogobius dormitoris 2. Critically Endangered (IA) Acheilognathus tabira subsp. Brachyamblyopus anotus Stenogobius ophthalmoporus Rhodeus atremius atremius Odontamblyopus lacepedii Gymnogobius mororanus Uropterygius concolor Taenioides limicola Glossogobius circumspectus Echidna rhodochilus Ischikauia steenackeri Hemigrammocypris rasborella Leucopsarion petersii Glossogobius sp. Tanakia tanago Luciogobius sp. Pseudogobius sp. Acheilognathus cyanostigma Tribolodon nakamurai Gymnogobius macrognathos Silhouettea sp. Acheilognathus longipinnis Cobitis takatsuensis Gymnogobius uchidai Silhouettea dotui Acheilognathus tabira nakamurae Cobitis shikokuensis Gymnogobius taranetzi Redigobius balteatus Acheilognathus typus Cobitis sp. L Acanthogobius hasta Mugilogobius fusca Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus Cobitis sp. S Tokai form Acanthogobius insularis Mugilogobius Rhodeus atremius suigensis Cobitis sp. S Biwako form sp. Cobitis sp. S San-in form Pseudogobius masago Acentrogobius audax Aphyocypris chinensis Acentrogobius viridipunctatus Pseudorasbora pumila pumila Cobitis sp. S Kyushu form Acentrogobius suluensis Pandaka sp. Pseudorasbora pumila Lefua nikkonis Parkraemeria ornata subsp. Parioglossus palustris Sarcocheilichthys biwaensis Lefua echigonia Rhinogobius sp. BW Gnathopogon caerulescens Lefua sp. Gobitrichinotus radiocularis 5. Near Threatened (NT) Cobitis sp. S San-yo form Pseudobagrus ichikawai Kraemeria tongaensis Leptobotia curta Hucho perryi Lethenteron kessleri Parioglossus lineatus Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis Monopterus albus Carassius auratus subsp. 2 Salanx ariakensis Hippichthys (Hippichthys) Tanakia lanceolata 7. Threatened local Population (LP) Neosalanx reganius heptagonus Tanakia limbata Entosphenus tridentatus Oncorhynchus nerka nerka Crenimugil heterocheilos Phoxinus percnurus sachalinensis (Population in Tochigi Prefucture) Gasterosteus aculeatus leiurus Trachidermus fasciatus Sarcocheilichthys variegatus Clupea pallasii (Lake type Pungitius sp. 1 Cottus reinii variegatus populations in the side of Pacific) Pungitius sp. 2 Cottus sp. Squalidus chankaensis biwae Cyprinus carpio (Wild type Microphis (C oelonotus) argulus Lates japonicus Pseudobagrus aurantiacus population in Lake Biwa) Microphis (L ophocampus) retzii Sillago macrolepis Silurus lithophilus Tribolodon brandti (Populations in Microphis (O ostethus) jagorii Kuhlia munda Hypomesus olidus Honsyu along the Sea of Japan) Cestraeus plicatilis Butis amboinensis Oncorhynchus masou masou Tribolodon sachalinensis Tetraroge barbata Bostrychus sinensis Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae (Populations in Tohoku District) Tetraroge niger Hypseleotris cyprinoides Oncorhynchus masou subsp. Spirinchus lanceolatus Apogon hyalosoma Ophieleotris sp. 1 ungitius sp. 3 (Populations in Erimo Cape and Lutjanus goldiei Apocryptodon punctatus Pungitius tymensis westward) Sillago parvisquamis Boleophthalmus pectinirostris Zenarchopterus dunckeri Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus Mesopristes cancellatus Taenioides cirratus Hyporhamphus intermedius (Populations in Kii Peninsula) Mesopristes argenteus Sicyopterus lagocephalus Cottus pollux Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus Mesopristes iravi Cristatogobius lophius Acanthopagrus berda (The land-rocked pacific type Enneapterygius cheni Gymnogobius scrobiculatus Ophieleotris sp. 2 populations in Fukushima Omox biporos Gymnogobius sp. Periophthalmus modestus prefucture and southward) Omobranchus ferox Schismatogobius ampluvinculus Luciogobius pallidus Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus Rhyacichthys aspro Schismatogobius roxasi Eutaeniichthys gilli Scartelaos histophorus (Japan Sea type populations in Pandaka lidwilli Acentrogobius caninus Honsyu) Lentipes armatus Rhinogobius sp. BB Rhinogobius sp. TO Sicyopus leprurus Pungitius pungitius (freshwater Rhinogobius sp. YB Tridentiger barbatus type populations in Honsyu) Sicyopus zosterophorum Parioglossus rainfordi Stiphodon imperiorientis Cottus hangiongensis (Populations 6. Data Deficiency (DD) in Tohoku and Hokuriku Stiphodon atropurpureus 4. Vulnerable (II） Luciogobius albus Anguilla japonica Districts) Callogobius sp. Lethenteron sp. 1 Anguilla bicolor pacifica Cottus nozawae (Populations in Eviota ocellifer Lethenteron sp. 2 Carassius sp. Tohoku District) Oxyurichthys sp. Lethenteron japonicum Carassius auratus subsp. 1 Lateolabrax japonicus Cristatogobius aurimaculatus Coilia nasus Phoxinus lagowskii yamamotis (Populations in the Sea of Ariake) Cristatogobius nonatoae Opsariichthys uncirostris
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