Prospectus for the Next LAPACK and Scalapack Libraries: Basic Algebra Libraries for Sustainable Technology with Interdisciplinary Collaboration (BALLISTIC)∗
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Recursive Approach in Sparse Matrix LU Factorization
51 Recursive approach in sparse matrix LU factorization Jack Dongarra, Victor Eijkhout and the resulting matrix is often guaranteed to be positive Piotr Łuszczek∗ definite or close to it. However, when the linear sys- University of Tennessee, Department of Computer tem matrix is strongly unsymmetric or indefinite, as Science, Knoxville, TN 37996-3450, USA is the case with matrices originating from systems of Tel.: +865 974 8295; Fax: +865 974 8296 ordinary differential equations or the indefinite matri- ces arising from shift-invert techniques in eigenvalue methods, one has to revert to direct methods which are This paper describes a recursive method for the LU factoriza- the focus of this paper. tion of sparse matrices. The recursive formulation of com- In direct methods, Gaussian elimination with partial mon linear algebra codes has been proven very successful in pivoting is performed to find a solution of Eq. (1). Most dense matrix computations. An extension of the recursive commonly, the factored form of A is given by means technique for sparse matrices is presented. Performance re- L U P Q sults given here show that the recursive approach may per- of matrices , , and such that: form comparable to leading software packages for sparse ma- LU = PAQ, (2) trix factorization in terms of execution time, memory usage, and error estimates of the solution. where: – L is a lower triangular matrix with unitary diago- nal, 1. Introduction – U is an upper triangular matrix with arbitrary di- agonal, Typically, a system of linear equations has the form: – P and Q are row and column permutation matri- Ax = b, (1) ces, respectively (each row and column of these matrices contains single a non-zero entry which is A n n A ∈ n×n x where is by real matrix ( R ), and 1, and the following holds: PPT = QQT = I, b n b, x ∈ n and are -dimensional real vectors ( R ). -
Abstract 1 Introduction
Implementation in ScaLAPACK of Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms for Banded and Tridiagonal Linear Systems A. Cleary Department of Computer Science University of Tennessee J. Dongarra Department of Computer Science University of Tennessee Mathematical Sciences Section Oak Ridge National Laboratory Abstract Described hereare the design and implementation of a family of algorithms for a variety of classes of narrow ly banded linear systems. The classes of matrices include symmetric and positive de - nite, nonsymmetric but diagonal ly dominant, and general nonsymmetric; and, al l these types are addressed for both general band and tridiagonal matrices. The family of algorithms captures the general avor of existing divide-and-conquer algorithms for banded matrices in that they have three distinct phases, the rst and last of which arecompletely paral lel, and the second of which is the par- al lel bottleneck. The algorithms have been modi ed so that they have the desirable property that they are the same mathematical ly as existing factorizations Cholesky, Gaussian elimination of suitably reordered matrices. This approach represents a departure in the nonsymmetric case from existing methods, but has the practical bene ts of a smal ler and more easily hand led reduced system. All codes implement a block odd-even reduction for the reduced system that al lows the algorithm to scale far better than existing codes that use variants of sequential solution methods for the reduced system. A cross section of results is displayed that supports the predicted performance results for the algo- rithms. Comparison with existing dense-type methods shows that for areas of the problem parameter space with low bandwidth and/or high number of processors, the family of algorithms described here is superior. -
Overview of Iterative Linear System Solver Packages
Overview of Iterative Linear System Solver Packages Victor Eijkhout July, 1998 Abstract Description and comparison of several packages for the iterative solu- tion of linear systems of equations. 1 1 Intro duction There are several freely available packages for the iterative solution of linear systems of equations, typically derived from partial di erential equation prob- lems. In this rep ort I will give a brief description of a numberofpackages, and giveaninventory of their features and de ning characteristics. The most imp ortant features of the packages are which iterative metho ds and preconditioners supply; the most relevant de ning characteristics are the interface they present to the user's data structures, and their implementation language. 2 2 Discussion Iterative metho ds are sub ject to several design decisions that a ect ease of use of the software and the resulting p erformance. In this section I will give a global discussion of the issues involved, and how certain p oints are addressed in the packages under review. 2.1 Preconditioners A go o d preconditioner is necessary for the convergence of iterative metho ds as the problem to b e solved b ecomes more dicult. Go o d preconditioners are hard to design, and this esp ecially holds true in the case of parallel pro cessing. Here is a short inventory of the various kinds of preconditioners found in the packages reviewed. 2.1.1 Ab out incomplete factorisation preconditioners Incomplete factorisations are among the most successful preconditioners devel- op ed for single-pro cessor computers. Unfortunately, since they are implicit in nature, they cannot immediately b e used on parallel architectures. -
Accelerating the LOBPCG Method on Gpus Using a Blocked Sparse Matrix Vector Product
Accelerating the LOBPCG method on GPUs using a blocked Sparse Matrix Vector Product Hartwig Anzt and Stanimire Tomov and Jack Dongarra Innovative Computing Lab University of Tennessee Knoxville, USA Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract— the computing power of today’s supercomputers, often accel- erated by coprocessors like graphics processing units (GPUs), This paper presents a heterogeneous CPU-GPU algorithm design and optimized implementation for an entire sparse iter- becomes challenging. ative eigensolver – the Locally Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (LOBPCG) – starting from low-level GPU While there exist numerous efforts to adapt iterative lin- data structures and kernels to the higher-level algorithmic choices ear solvers like Krylov subspace methods to coprocessor and overall heterogeneous design. Most notably, the eigensolver technology, sparse eigensolvers have so far remained out- leverages the high-performance of a new GPU kernel developed side the main focus. A possible explanation is that many for the simultaneous multiplication of a sparse matrix and a of those combine sparse and dense linear algebra routines, set of vectors (SpMM). This is a building block that serves which makes porting them to accelerators more difficult. Aside as a backbone for not only block-Krylov, but also for other from the power method, algorithms based on the Krylov methods relying on blocking for acceleration in general. The subspace idea are among the most commonly used general heterogeneous LOBPCG developed here reveals the potential of eigensolvers [1]. When targeting symmetric positive definite this type of eigensolver by highly optimizing all of its components, eigenvalue problems, the recently developed Locally Optimal and can be viewed as a benchmark for other SpMM-dependent applications. -
Arxiv:1510.00844V3 [Cs.DC] 16 Nov 2016 Splitting (As Opposed to Replicating) Input Submatrices Across Processor Layers
EXPLOITING MULTIPLE LEVELS OF PARALLELISM IN SPARSE MATRIX-MATRIX MULTIPLICATION ARIFUL AZAD∗, GREY BALLARDy , AYDIN BULUC¸ z , JAMES DEMMELx , LAURA GRIGORI{, ODED SCHWARTZk, SIVAN TOLEDO∗∗, AND SAMUEL WILLIAMSyy Abstract. Sparse matrix-matrix multiplication (or SpGEMM) is a key primitive for many high-performance graph algorithms as well as for some linear solvers, such as algebraic multigrid. The scaling of existing parallel implementations of SpGEMM is heavily bound by communication. Even though 3D (or 2.5D) algorithms have been proposed and theoretically analyzed in the flat MPI model on Erd}os-R´enyi matrices, those algorithms had not been implemented in practice and their complexities had not been analyzed for the general case. In this work, we present the first implementation of the 3D SpGEMM formulation that exploits multiple (intra-node and inter-node) levels of parallelism, achieving significant speedups over the state-of-the-art publicly available codes at all levels of concurrencies. We extensively evaluate our implementation and identify bottlenecks that should be subject to further research. Key words. Parallel computing, numerical linear algebra, sparse matrix-matrix multiplication, 2.5D algorithms, 3D algorithms, multithreading, SpGEMM, 2D decomposition, graph algorithms. AMS subject classifications. 05C50, 05C85, 65F50, 68W10 1. Introduction. Multiplication of two sparse matrices (SpGEMM) is a key operation for high-performance graph computations in the language of linear alge- bra [31, 40]. Examples include graph contraction [25], betweenness centrality [13], Markov clustering [47], peer pressure clustering [43], triangle counting [4], and cycle detection [49]. SpGEMM is also used in scientific computing. For instance, it is often a performance bottleneck for Algebraic Multigrid (AMG), where it is used in the set- up phase for restricting and interpolating matrices [7]. -
Over-Scalapack.Pdf
1 2 The Situation: Parallel scienti c applications are typically Overview of ScaLAPACK written from scratch, or manually adapted from sequen- tial programs Jack Dongarra using simple SPMD mo del in Fortran or C Computer Science Department UniversityofTennessee with explicit message passing primitives and Mathematical Sciences Section Which means Oak Ridge National Lab oratory similar comp onents are co ded over and over again, co des are dicult to develop and maintain http://w ww .ne tl ib. org /ut k/p e opl e/J ackDo ngarra.html debugging particularly unpleasant... dicult to reuse comp onents not really designed for long-term software solution 3 4 What should math software lo ok like? The NetSolve Client Many more p ossibilities than shared memory Virtual Software Library Multiplicityofinterfaces ! Ease of use Possible approaches { Minimum change to status quo Programming interfaces Message passing and ob ject oriented { Reusable templates { requires sophisticated user Cinterface FORTRAN interface { Problem solving environments Integrated systems a la Matlab, Mathematica use with heterogeneous platform Interactiveinterfaces { Computational server, like netlib/xnetlib f2c Non-graphic interfaces Some users want high p erf., access to details {MATLAB interface Others sacri ce sp eed to hide details { UNIX-Shell interface Not enough p enetration of libraries into hardest appli- Graphic interfaces cations on vector machines { TK/TCL interface Need to lo ok at applications and rethink mathematical software { HotJava Browser -
Prospectus for the Next LAPACK and Scalapack Libraries
Prospectus for the Next LAPACK and ScaLAPACK Libraries James Demmel1, Jack Dongarra23, Beresford Parlett1, William Kahan1, Ming Gu1, David Bindel1, Yozo Hida1, Xiaoye Li1, Osni Marques1, E. Jason Riedy1, Christof Voemel1, Julien Langou2, Piotr Luszczek2, Jakub Kurzak2, Alfredo Buttari2, Julie Langou2, Stanimire Tomov2 1 University of California, Berkeley CA 94720, USA, 2 University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, USA, 3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA, 1 Introduction Dense linear algebra (DLA) forms the core of many scienti¯c computing appli- cations. Consequently, there is continuous interest and demand for the devel- opment of increasingly better algorithms in the ¯eld. Here 'better' has a broad meaning, and includes improved reliability, accuracy, robustness, ease of use, and most importantly new or improved algorithms that would more e±ciently use the available computational resources to speed up the computation. The rapidly evolving high end computing systems and the close dependence of DLA algo- rithms on the computational environment is what makes the ¯eld particularly dynamic. A typical example of the importance and impact of this dependence is the development of LAPACK [1] (and later ScaLAPACK [2]) as a successor to the well known and formerly widely used LINPACK [3] and EISPACK [3] libraries. Both LINPACK and EISPACK were based, and their e±ciency depended, on optimized Level 1 BLAS [4]. Hardware development trends though, and in par- ticular an increasing Processor-to-Memory speed gap of approximately 50% per year, started to increasingly show the ine±ciency of Level 1 BLAS vs Level 2 and 3 BLAS, which prompted e®orts to reorganize DLA algorithms to use block matrix operations in their innermost loops. -
Jack Dongarra: Supercomputing Expert and Mathematical Software Specialist
Biographies Jack Dongarra: Supercomputing Expert and Mathematical Software Specialist Thomas Haigh University of Wisconsin Editor: Thomas Haigh Jack J. Dongarra was born in Chicago in 1950 to a he applied for an internship at nearby Argonne National family of Sicilian immigrants. He remembers himself as Laboratory as part of a program that rewarded a small an undistinguished student during his time at a local group of undergraduates with college credit. Dongarra Catholic elementary school, burdened by undiagnosed credits his success here, against strong competition from dyslexia.Onlylater,inhighschool,didhebeginto students attending far more prestigious schools, to Leff’s connect material from science classes with his love of friendship with Jim Pool who was then associate director taking machines apart and tinkering with them. Inspired of the Applied Mathematics Division at Argonne.2 by his science teacher, he attended Chicago State University and majored in mathematics, thinking that EISPACK this would combine well with education courses to equip Dongarra was supervised by Brian Smith, a young him for a high school teaching career. The first person in researcher whose primary concern at the time was the his family to go to college, he lived at home and worked lab’s EISPACK project. Although budget cuts forced Pool to in a pizza restaurant to cover the cost of his education.1 make substantial layoffs during his time as acting In 1972, during his senior year, a series of chance director of the Applied Mathematics Division in 1970– events reshaped Dongarra’s planned career. On the 1971, he had made a special effort to find funds to suggestion of Harvey Leff, one of his physics professors, protect the project and hire Smith. -
C++ API for BLAS and LAPACK
2 C++ API for BLAS and LAPACK Mark Gates ICL1 Piotr Luszczek ICL Ahmad Abdelfattah ICL Jakub Kurzak ICL Jack Dongarra ICL Konstantin Arturov Intel2 Cris Cecka NVIDIA3 Chip Freitag AMD4 1Innovative Computing Laboratory 2Intel Corporation 3NVIDIA Corporation 4Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. February 21, 2018 This research was supported by the Exascale Computing Project (17-SC-20-SC), a collaborative effort of two U.S. Department of Energy organizations (Office of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration) responsible for the planning and preparation of a capable exascale ecosystem, including software, applications, hardware, advanced system engineering and early testbed platforms, in support of the nation's exascale computing imperative. Revision Notes 06-2017 first publication 02-2018 • copy editing, • new cover. 03-2018 • adding a section about GPU support, • adding Ahmad Abdelfattah as an author. @techreport{gates2017cpp, author={Gates, Mark and Luszczek, Piotr and Abdelfattah, Ahmad and Kurzak, Jakub and Dongarra, Jack and Arturov, Konstantin and Cecka, Cris and Freitag, Chip}, title={{SLATE} Working Note 2: C++ {API} for {BLAS} and {LAPACK}}, institution={Innovative Computing Laboratory, University of Tennessee}, year={2017}, month={June}, number={ICL-UT-17-03}, note={revision 03-2018} } i Contents 1 Introduction and Motivation1 2 Standards and Trends2 2.1 Programming Language Fortran............................ 2 2.1.1 FORTRAN 77.................................. 2 2.1.2 BLAST XBLAS................................. 4 2.1.3 Fortran 90.................................... 4 2.2 Programming Language C................................ 5 2.2.1 Netlib CBLAS.................................. 5 2.2.2 Intel MKL CBLAS................................ 6 2.2.3 Netlib lapack cwrapper............................. 6 2.2.4 LAPACKE.................................... 7 2.2.5 Next-Generation BLAS: \BLAS G2"..................... -
Evolving Software Repositories
1 Evolving Software Rep ositories http://www.netli b.org/utk/pro ject s/esr/ Jack Dongarra UniversityofTennessee and Oak Ridge National Lab oratory Ron Boisvert National Institute of Standards and Technology Eric Grosse AT&T Bell Lab oratories 2 Pro ject Fo cus Areas NHSE Overview Resource Cataloging and Distribution System RCDS Safe execution environments for mobile co de Application-l evel and content-oriented to ols Rep ository interop erabili ty Distributed, semantic-based searching 3 NHSE National HPCC Software Exchange NASA plus other agencies funded CRPC pro ject Center for ResearchonParallel Computation CRPC { Argonne National Lab oratory { California Institute of Technology { Rice University { Syracuse University { UniversityofTennessee Uniform interface to distributed HPCC software rep ositories Facilitation of cross-agency and interdisciplinary software reuse Material from ASTA, HPCS, and I ITA comp onents of the HPCC program http://www.netlib.org/nhse/ 4 Goals: Capture, preserve and makeavailable all software and software- related artifacts pro duced by the federal HPCC program. Soft- ware related artifacts include algorithms, sp eci cations, designs, do cumentation, rep ort, ... Promote formation, growth, and interop eration of discipline-oriented rep ositories that organize, evaluate, and add value to individual contributions. Employ and develop where necessary state-of-the-art technologies for assisting users in nding, understanding, and using HPCC software and technologies. 5 Bene ts: 1. Faster development of high-quality software so that scientists can sp end less time writing and debugging programs and more time on research problems. 2. Less duplication of software development e ort by sharing of soft- ware mo dules. -
Plenary Speakers
FoCM95 Park City: Plenary speakers: WEEK 1 Marie-Francoise Roy, Universite de Rennes Shmuel Winograd, IBM Dima Y. Grigoriev, Pennsylvania State University Richard S. Varga, Kent State University Steve Smale, University of California, Berkeley John CannyUniversity of California, Berkeley Felipe Cucker, Universitat Pampeu Fabra, Spain Victor Pan, Herbert H. Lehman College, CUNY Michael Shub, IBM Roger Brockett, Harvard University WEEK 2 Henryk Wozniakowski, University of Warsaw David Donoho, University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University Yosef Yomdin, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Margaret H. Wright, AT&T Bell Laboratories N. Karmarker, AT&T Bell Laboratories Manuel Blum, University of California, Berkeley Roger Temam, Indiana University Arkadi Nemirovski, Israel Institute of Technology Hubertus Th.Jongen, Reinisch-Westf Tech Hochschule James M. Renegar, Cornell University WEEK 3 Herb Keller, California Institute of Technology Gene H. Golub, Stanford University Alexandre J. Chorin, University of California, Berkeley T. Y. Li, Michigan State University James Yorke, University of Maryland Lenore Blum, MSRI Eugene L. Allgower, Colorado State University Arieh Iserles, University of Cambridge, UK James W. Demmel, University of California, Berkeley W. Dahmen, Reinisch-Westf Tech Hochschule WEEK 4 Ronald A. DeVore, University of South Carolina, Columbia Ulrich Kulisch, University of Karlsruhe Victor A. V. Vassiliev, Institute for System Studies, Moscow Jacques Louis Lions, College de France Henryk Wozniakowski, University of -
Grey Ballard [email protected] PO Box 7311 • Computer Science Department • Wake Forest University • Winston Salem, NC 27106
Grey Ballard [email protected] www.wfu.edu/~ballard PO Box 7311 • Computer Science Department • Wake Forest University • Winston Salem, NC 27106 Professional Assistant Professor 2016 { present Wake Forest University Department of Computer Science, Winston Salem NC Harry S. Truman Postdoctoral Fellow 2013 { 2016 Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CA Education Ph.D. in Computer Science Fall 2008 { Spring 2013 University of California Berkeley, with a Designated Emphasis in Computational Science and Engineering Advisor: James Demmel, Thesis: Avoiding Communication in Dense Linear Algebra M.A. in Mathematics Fall 2006 { Spring 2008 Wake Forest University, Advisor: John Baxley B.S. in Mathematics and Computer Science Fall 2002 { Spring 2006 Wake Forest University, summa cum laude with honors in mathematics and honors in computer science Honors and Awards WFU Award for Excellence in Research 2021 Awarded to early-career faculty member for significant research, creative activity, or scholarly activity NSF CAREER Award 2020-2024 National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development Program Dunn-Riley Faculty Fellowship 2020-2022 Wake Forest Faculty Fellowship Program ACM Senior Member 2021 Recognizes those ACM members with at least 10 years of professional experience who have demonstrated performance through technical leadership, and technical or professional contributions ICDM Best Paper Award 2015 Awarded by the program committee, with coauthors Tamara Kolda, Ali Pinar, and C. Seshadri ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award - Honorable Mention