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Evolution and Functional Adaptation of Tropical Tree

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Evolution and Functional Adaptation of Tropical Tree Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X Volume 337 – 3e trimestre – juillet 2018 – p. 79-80 RÉSUMÉ DE THÈSE 79 RÉSUMÉ DE THÈSE / ACADEMIC THESIS ABSTRACT / RESUMEN DE TESIS ACADÉMICA Évolution et adaptation fonctionnelle des arbres tropicaux : le cas du genre Evolution and functional adaptation Evolución y adaptación funcional Guibourtia Benn. of tropical tree species: a case study de los árboles tropicales: el caso on Guibourtia Benn. del género Guibourtia Benn. Félicien Tosso ABSTRACT RESUMEN RÉSUMÉ This thesis investigates diversification processes La presente tesis se interesa por los mecanis- La présente thèse s’intéresse aux mécanismes in tropical tree species, using the genus Gui- mos causantes de la diversificación de espe- à l’origine de la diversification des espèces bourtia Benn. as a biological model (Legumino- cies de árboles tropicales. Utiliza el género d’arbres tropicaux. Elle utilise le genre Gui- sae-Detarioideae). The aim is to understand the Guibourtia Benn. (Fabaceae-Detarioideae) bourtia Benn. (Fabaceae-Detarioideae) comme historical, biological and environmental mecha- como modelo biológico para comprender los modèle biologique afin de comprendre les nisms that account for the diversity of the genus. mecanismos históricos, biológicos y medioam- mécanismes historiques, biologiques et envi- In particular, this PhD aims to: (1) understand bientales, que originan la diversidad de este ronnementaux à l’origine de la diversité de ce the relative role, at the interspecies level, of neu- género. De forma más particular, el estudio pre- genre. Plus particulièrement, elle vise, d’une tral and selection forces in the diversification tende: (1) estudiar, a nivel interespecífico, el rol part, à étudier, au niveau interspécifique, le of Guibourtia species, by combining molecular relativo de las fuerzas evolutivas neutras y de rôle relatif des forces évolutives neutres et phylogeny with the characterization of functional selección en la diversificación del género Gui- de sélection dans la diversification du genre traits and ecological niches; and (2) at the intra- bourtia, y (2), a nivel intraespecífico, cuestionar Guibourtia et, d’autre part, au niveau intra- species level, investigate the causes of popula- las causas de la diferenciación de las pobla- spécifique, à questionner les causes de la dif- tion differentiation in three Guibourtia species. ciones de tres especies de Guibourtia. Al nivel férenciation des populations de trois espèces At the interspecies level, the molecular phy- interespecífico, la filogenia fechada basada de Guibourtia. Au niveau interspécifique, la logeny dating based on whole plastid genome en la secuenciación del genoma cloroplástico phylogénie datée basée sur le séquençage du sequencing was congruent with the current taxo- completo ha confirmado globalmente la taxo- génome chloroplastique complet a globalement nomy (the species were generally monophyletic). nomía actual. Ha mostrado una diversificación confirmé la taxonomie actuelle. Elle a montré The dating showed diversification in the Middle en el medio del Mioceno en tres clados que se une diversification au milieu du Miocène en Miocene into three clades corresponding to the describen actualmente como subgéneros (Gui- trois clades qui sont décrits aujourd’hui comme subgenera Guibourtia, Gorskia and Pseudoco- bourtia, Gorskia y Pseudocopaiva). Demuestra des sous-genres (Guibourtia, Gorskia et Pseu- paiva. It also showed that two neo-Tropical spe- además que dos especies americanas provie- docopaiva). Elle démontre en outre que deux cies resulted from migration from Africa to South nen de la migración de África hacia América al espèces américaines sont issues d’une migra- America during the Late Miocene. In considering final del Mioceno. Se ve asimismo que ciertos tion de l’Afrique vers l’Amérique à la fin du climate niches, it was also demonstrated that rasgos morfológicos fueron seleccionados de Miocène. Il est également apparu que certains the selection of some morphological traits was forma convergente en el seno de los diferentes traits morphologiques ont été sélectionnés de convergent within the different clades. This result clados del género Guibourtia en función de los manière convergente au sein des différents was confirmed by an ecophysiological experi- nichos climáticos de las especies. Este último clades du genre Guibourtia en fonction des ment, which showed that light was an important resultado fue consolidado mediante una experi- niches climatiques des espèces. Ce dernier factor of selection and adaptive differentiation mentación ecofisiológica que prueba que la luz résultat a été consolidé au moyen d’une expé- between three species (G. ehie, G. coleosperma constituye un importante factor de selección y rimentation écophysiologique prouvant que and G. tessmannii). At the intraspecies level, a de diferenciación adaptativa entre ciertas espe- la lumière constitue un important facteur de phylogeographic study of two Guibourtia spe- cies del género. A nivel intraespecífico, un estu- sélection et de différenciation adaptative entre cies revealed that biogeographic barriers clima- dio filogeográfico permitió poner en evidencia certaines espèces du genre. Au niveau intraspé- tic gradients appear to have contributed to the que las barreras biogeográficas enG. ehie y cifique, une étude de phylogéographie a permis genetic differentiation of G. ehie and G. coleo- los gradientes climáticos en G. coleosperma de mettre en évidence que les barrières biogéo- sperma populations respectively. This study also habrían contribuido a la diferenciación gené- graphiques chez G. ehie et les gradients clima- investigates the limits of G. ehie distribution, tica de las poblaciones. Además, este estudio tiques chez G. coleosperma auraient contribué à since its populations showed a strong genetic demuestra una fuerte diferenciación entre las la différenciation génétique des populations. En differentiation between West and Central Africa, poblaciones de G. ehie de África occidental y outre, cette étude montre une forte différencia- associated with diagnostic morphological fea- de África central en relación con algunos ras- tion entre les populations de G. ehie d’Afrique tures. Finally, in G. tessmannii, a species with gos morfológicos, lo que anticipa la existen- de l’Ouest et d’Afrique centrale, en lien avec dehiscent fruits and arillate seeds, we identified cia de una nueva especie. Finalmente, para G. quelques traits morphologiques, ce qui préjuge the main dispersal species, including hornbills tessmannii, especie con frutos dehiscentes de l’existence d’une nouvelle espèce. Enfin, (Ceratogymna atrata), that may have contributed y semillas ariladas, hemos identificado a los chez G. tessmannii, espèce aux fruits déhis- to long-distance gene flows influencing the spa- principales dispersores, entre ellos los cálaos cents et graines arillées, nous avons identi- tial structure of genetic variation among popu- (Ceratogymna atrata), que podrían contribuir a fié les principaux disperseurs dont les calaos lations. This thesis, using the Guibourtia genus una dispersión a larga distancia e influyen en la (Ceratogymna atrata) qui pourraient contribuer as a biological model, has brought new material distribución espacial y la variación genética de à une dispersion à longue distance, influen- to help understand the mechanisms generating las poblaciones. Esta tesis, que utiliza el género çant la structure spatiale de la variation géné- diversity in tropical tree species. Guibourtia como modelo de estudio, ha apor- tique des populations. Cette thèse, en utilisant tado nuevos elementos a la comprensión de los le genre Guibourtia comme modèle d’étude, a Keywords: evolution, adaptation, tropical trees, mecanismos que generan la diversidad en el apporté de nouveaux éléments à la compréhen- Fabaceae-Detarioideae, Africa seno de las especies arbóreas. sion des mécanismes qui génèrent la diversité au sein des espèces d’arbres. Palabras clave: evolución, adaptación, árboles tropicales, Fabaceae-Detarioideae, África. Mots-clés : évolution, adaptation, arbres tropicaux, Fabaceae-Detarioideae, Afrique. Doi : 10.19182/bft2018.337.a31632 Droit d’auteur © 2018, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques © Cirad Date de publication : 1er juillet 2018. Licence Creative Commons : Attribution - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN: L-0006-57 Volume 337 – 3rd quarter - July 2018 - p. 79-80 80 THESIS ABSTRACT Pseudocopaiva a 11.78 Ma Guibourti a Gorski Leonard (1949) Figure 1. Phylogénie du genre Guibourtia montrant la structuration en trois sous-genres (Guibourtia en jaune, Gorskia en vert et Pseudocopaiva en rouge) comme décrit par Léonard (1949). Un encadré rouge sur la phylogénie montre les deux espèces américaines qui seraient issues d’une migration de l’Afrique vers l’Amérique à la fin du Miocène (– 11,78 Ma). Figure 1. Phylogeny of the genus Guibourtia showing the structure in three subgenera (Guibourtia in yellow, Gorskia in green and Pseudocopaiva in red) as described by Léonard (1949). The red squares on the phylogeny shows the two neo-Tropical species that appear to have migrated from Africa to South America at the end of the Miocene (~11.78 Ma). Figura 1. Filogenia del género Guibourtia que muestra la estructuración en tres subgéneros (Guibourtia en amarillo, Gorskia en verde y Pseudocopaiva en rojo) como describe Léonard Photo 1. (1949). Un cuadro rojo sobre la filogenia
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