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Biyani's Think Tank Taxonomy and Embryology of Angiosperm B.Sc Biyani's Think Tank Concept based notes Taxonomy and Embryology of Angiosperm B.Sc. Part-III Dr Ruby Deptt. of Scienge Biyani Girls College, Jaipur 2 Published by : Think Tanks Biyani Group of Colleges Concept & Copyright : Biyani Shikshan Samiti Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan) Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007 E-mail : [email protected] Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org Edition : 2012 While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions. Leaser Type Setted by : Biyani College Printing Department For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com Taxonomy and Ebbryology 3 Preface am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the students. I The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the “Teach Yourself” style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach. Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the author shall be obliged. I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work. I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned address. Author For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com 4 Section-A Taxonomy Q.1 Classification of Angiosperm with special reference of Linnaeus, Bantham and Hooker? Ans. ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION The classification of angiosperms is still very controversial, and two schemes are presented here – the first (B&H) as a means to LEARNING the families, the second (APG) as a presentation of the rudiments of an agreed EVOL UTIONARY TREE. Historically a number of schemes have been produced. Bentham & Hooker's Genera Plantarum (1862-1883) – comprising 200 families and 7,569 genera – pre-dated the publication of Charles Darwin‘s Origin of Species, so this is essentially a non-evol utionary scheme. However, the arrangement of families was based on characters which provided a sequence fr om what they took as the most primitive to the most derived families – the Scalae Naturae. The classification was based on few, essential characters, and as a result is highly predictive – examination of these characters will place an unknown specimen into a particular category. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG): Systematic research over the past 150 years has changed our view of plant classification, especially in the last 10 years, when major advances in DNA sequencing have provided a completely new ave nue of approach. Numerous classifications and schemes have been published: Hutchinson (328 families), Cronquist (388), Takhtajan (592) Dahlgren (477), Thorne (454) Brummitt (445), and Reveal (612), each differ in the recognition of families and the overall scheme. As a result, fam ilies, orders and sub-classes are not comparable between any of these systems. Molecular studies are by no means final, and, contrary to what many reference books and journals might imply, a modern synthesis is far from stabilised. However, a consensus is now beginning to emerge. The combin ed work of many scientists under an umbrella grouping known as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has produced the rudiments of an agreed evolutionary tree. Bentham and Hooker George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker - Two English taxonomists who were closely associated with the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew, England have given a detailed classification of plant kingdom, particularly the angiosperms. For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com Taxonomy and Ebbryology 5 Fig. - Taxonomists: Bentham and Hooker They gave an outstanding system of classification of phanerogams in their Genera Plantarum which was published in three volumes between the years 1862 to 1883. It is a natural system of classification. However, it does not show the evolutionary relationship between different groups of plants, in the strict sense. Nevertheless, it is the most popular system of classification particularly for angiosperms. The popularity comes from the face that very clear key characters have been listed for each of the families. These key characters enable the students of taxonomy to easily identify and assign any angiosperm plant to its family. Bentham and Hooker have grouped advanced, seed bearing plants into a major division called Phanerogamia. This division has been divided into three classes namely: 1. Dicotyledonae 2. Gymnospermae and 3. Monocotyledoneae 1 Class :Dicotyledonae This group includes angiosperms in which the seed bears two cotyledons and leaves exhibit reticulate venation. It is divided into three subclasses - Polypetalae, Gamopetalae and Metachlamydae. Sub-class Polypetalae The flowers contain distinct non-essential whorls calyx and corolla. In the corolla petals are free. This sub-class includes 8 series Thalamiflorae, Disciflorae and Calyciflorae. For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com 6 Series Thalamiflorae: Many stamens in the androecium. Flower is hypogynous. Series Disciflorae: Hypogynous flowers with a cushion-like disc around or below the ovary. Series Calyciflorae: Flowers epigynous or perigynous. Thalamus is in the form of a cup. Sub-class Gamopetalae Flowers with distinct calyx and corolla. In the corolla petals are fused. This sub- class includes 3 series. Series Inferae: Flowers with inferior ovary. Series Heteromerae: Flowers with superior ovary. Number of carpels - more than two. Series Bicarpellatae: Flowers with superior ovary. Number of carpels - two. Sub-class Monochlamydae The flowers are with only one non-essential whorl (perianth) or absence of non- essential whorls. It includes 8 series. Curvembryae: Usually single ovule, embryo coiled around the endosperm. Multiovulate Aquaticae: Aquatic plants with syncarpous ovary and many ovules. Multiovulate Terrestris: Terrestrial plants with syncarpous ovary and many ovules. Microembryae: Only one ovule, small, tiny embryo endospermic seed. Daphnales: Only one carpel and single ovule. Achlamydosporae: Ovary inferior, 1 to 3 ovules - unilocular. Unisexuales: Flower unisexual, perianth usually absent. For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com Taxonomy and Ebbryology 7 Ordines Anomali: (Anomolous families) Plants with uncertain systematic position but closer to unisexuales. 2 Class : Gymnospermae This group includes the gymnosperms in which seeds are not enclosed in fruits. This class is divided into three families Gnetaceae, Confiraceae and Cycadaceae. Fig. - Angiosperm Classification 3 Class: Monocotyledonae This group includes angiosperms in which the seed bears only one cotyledon. The leaves exhibit parallel venation. It is divided into the following seven series. Microspermae: Ovary is inferior, seeds are minute and non-endospermic. Epigynae: Ovary inferior, seeds are large and endospermic. Coronarieae: Ovary superior, perianth petalloid. Calycinae: Ovary superior, perianth sepalloid. Nudiflorae: Perianth reduced or absent. Seeds are endospermic. For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com 8 Apocarpae: Carpels more than one, free, seeds are endospermic. Glumaceae: Perianth reduced or absent, scaly bracts present. Each of the series mentioned under dicotyledonae and monocotyledonae have been further divided into orders and families. Bentham and Hooker classified the angiosperms into 202 families. They were able to provide distinct diagnostic key characters to each of these families. This is the reason for the popularity of Bentham and Hooker's classification particularly amongst the taxonomists Microspermae: Ovary is inferior, seeds are minute and non-endospermic. Epigynae: Ovary inferior, seeds are large and endospermic. Coronarieae: Ovary superior, perianth petalloid. Calycinae: Ovary superior, perianth sepalloid. Nudiflorae: Perianth reduced or absent. Seeds are endospermic. Apocarpae: Carpels more than one, free, seeds are endospermic. Glumaceae: Perianth reduced or absent, scaly bracts present. Each of the series mentioned under dicotyledonae and monocotyledonae have been further divided into orders and families. Bentham and Hooker classified the angiosperms into 202 families. They were able to provide distinct diagnostic key characters to each of these families. This is the reason for the popularity of Bentham and Hooker's classification particularly amongst the taxonomists. Q.2 Explain concept of Binominal Nomenclature and its advantage? Ans. Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although
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