Glossary of Key Terms

Carpooling An alternative term for ridesharing, typically long-distance ridesharing (see below).

Car-sharing Two different models of . B2C car-sharing involves companies renting out shared cars that they own and are distributed around cities. P2P car-sharing involves the rental of privately owned cars. Both present an alternative to the individual ownership of cars.

Crowdfunding The of companies, projects, causes, or loans using crowd-sourced capital from a “crowd” of potentially thousands of people.

Crowdfunding comes in three variants, as described below.

Equity crowdfunding The funding of a company through an online platform that allows a pool of to subscribe for unlisted shares. Debt crowdfunding The funding of a loan or portfolio of loans by a group of individuals, without the involvement of a bank. Rewards-based crowdfunding The funding of projects, causes, or inventions from backers who, instead of equity, receive rewards or perks that are usually related to the campaign and increase in in proportion to the size of the backer’s contribution.

Meal-sharing The sharing of meals between strangers in private homes, with the host charging their guests on a per seat basis.

Ridesharing Individuals offering lifts in their car to other individuals. Ridesharing comes in a short-distance and long-distance form. “Short-distance ridesharing” involves shared car journeys within cities and is a substitute for traditional taxis. “Long-distance ridesharing” involves shared journeys between cities and is a substitute for rail or coach travel.

204 Glossary of Key Sharing Economy Terms 205

Sharing economy (condensed version) The value in taking underutilized assets and making them accessible online to a community, leading to a reduced need for ownership of those assets.

Timebanking A system for the reciprocal exchange of services using time as a . An hour of time, however spent or received, usually has the same value and is held in a central repository: a “timebank.” Appendix A Nonexhaustive Compendium of Sharing Economy Companies (in order of appearance)

Sector/Company Headquarters Founded Founder(s) CEO REAL ESTATE Short-term rentals 2008 Nathan Blecharczyk Brian Chesky Joe Gebbia Roomorama Singapore 2009 Jia En Teo Federico Folcia Federico Folcia onefinestay London 2009 Tim Davey Greg Marsh Greg Marsh Demetrios Zoppos HomeAway Austin, Texas 2005 Brian Sharples Brian Sharples Carl Shepherd HouseTrip London 2010 Arnaud Bertrand George Junjun Chen- Hadjigeorgiou Bertrand Home-swapping HomeExchange 1992 Ed Kushins Ed Kushins

Knok Barcelona 2011 Laura Martinez Juanjo Celada Rodriguez Juanjo Rodriguez Love Home Swap London 2011 Simon Walker Debbie Ben Wosskow Wosskow Debbie Wosskow Other space JustPark (parking) London 2006 Anthony Eskinazi Alex Stephany

LiquidSpace San Francisco 2010 Mark Gilbreath Mark Gilbreath (office) Doug Marinaro

206 Appendix 207

Sector/Company Headquarters Founded Founder(s) CEO Science Exchange Palo Alto, 2011 Ryan Abbott Elizabeth Iorns (laboratories) Silicon Valley Elizabeth Iorns Dan Knox Storemates London 2011 Shaff Prabatani Bally Sappal (storage) Ben Rogers VEHICLES B2C car-sharing 2000 Robin Chase Mark Norman Antje Danielson Car2Go Ulm, Germany 2008 - Nicholas Cole

P2P car-sharing RelayRides San Francisco 2008 Shelby Clark Andre Haddad

SnappCar Utrecht, 2011 Pascal Ontijd Victor van Tol Netherlands Victor van Tol San Francisco 2009 Elliot Kroo Sam Zaid Jessica Scorpio Sam Zaid Drivy Paris 2010 Paulin Dementhon Paulin Dementhon Other vehicles Scoot Networks San Francisco 2011 Matt Ewing Michael Keating (scooters) Michael Keating Dan Riegel Santa Monica, 2012 Will Dennis Marcelo Loureiro (bicycles) California Jeff Noh Boatbound San Francisco 2012 Aaron Hall Aaron Hall (boats) Matt Johnston RIDESHARING Short-distance ridesharing San Francisco 2012 Logan Green Logan Green San Francisco 2009 Garrett Camp Travis Kalanick Travis Kalanick San Francisco 2012 Jahan Khanna Sunil Paul Sunil Paul Long-distance ridesharing Carpooling.com Munich 2001 Michael Reinicke Markus Barnikel Matthias Siedler Stefan Weber Appendix 208

Sector/Company Headquarters Founded Founder(s) CEO BlaBlaCar Paris 2004 Nicolas Brusson Fred Mazzella Fred Mazzella Francis Nappez GoCarShare London 2009 Drummond Gilbert Drummond Gilbert General yerdle San Francisco 2012 Carl Tashian Andy Ruben Andy Ruben Adam Werbach eBay San Jose, 1995 Pierre Omidyar John Donahoe Silicon Valley Etsy New York 2005 Robert Kalin Chad Dickerson Chris Maguire Haim Schoppik Jared Tarbell Peerby Amsterdam 2011 Eelke Boezeman Daan Daan Weddepohl Weddepohl Freecycle Tucson, 2003 Deron Beal Deron Beal Arizona Clothes Rent the Runway New York 2009 Jennifer Fleiss Jennifer Hyman Jennifer Hyman Poshmark Menlo Park, 2011 Manish Chandra Manish Chandra Silicon Valley Gautam Golwala Chetan Pungaliya Tracy Sun Threadflip San Francisco 2012 Jeff Shiau Manik Singh Manik Singh thredUP San Francisco 2009 Chris Homer James Reinhart Oliver Lubin James Reinhart Books Chegg Santa Clara, 2007 Josh Carlson Dan Rosensweig Silicon Valley Aayush Phumbhra Osman Rashid BookMooch San Francisco 2006 John Buckman John Buckman

Dogs BorrowMyDoggy London 2012 Les Cochrane Rikke Rosenlund Rikke Rosenlund Appendix 209

Sector/Company Headquarters Founded Founder(s) CEO Rover.com 2011 Greg Gottesman Aaron Easterly Philip Kimmey DogVacay Santa Monica, 2012 Aaron Hirschhorn Aaron California Hirschhorn Food Feastly San Francisco 2013 Danny Harris Noah Karesh Noah Karesh EatWith Tel Aviv, Israel 2012 Guy Michlin Guy Michlin Shemer Schwarz Shareyourmeal.net Utrecht, 2012 Jan Thij Bakker - Netherlands Marieke Hart Cookisto Athens 2013 Michalis Gkontas Michalis Petros Pitsilis Gkontas Other Fon (wifi) Madrid 2006 Martin Varsavsky Martin Varsavsky Quirky New York 2009 Ben Kaufman Ben Kaufman

SERVICES Paid TaskRabbit San Francisco 2008 Leah Busque Leah Busque oDesk San Francisco 2005 Odysseas Tsatalos Fabio Rosati (since oDesk’s merger with Elance) Skillshare New York 2010 Michael Michael Karnjanaprakorn Karnjanaprakorn Malcolm Ong PeoplePerHour London 2007 Simos Kitiris Xenios Xenios Thrasyvoulou Thrasyvoulou Vayable San Francisco 2010 Samrat Jeyaprakash Jamie Wong Jamie Wong Airtasker Sydney 2012 Tim Fung Tim Fung Jonathan Lui Instacart San Francisco 2012 Brandon Leonardo Apoorva Mehta Apoorva Mehta Max Mullen Time-based Time Republik Lugano, 2012 Gabriele Donati Gabriele Donati Switzerland Karim Varini Karim Varini Appendix 210

Sector/Company Headquarters Founded Founder(s) CEO Echo London 2014 Matthew Matthew McStravick McStravick CROWDFUNDING London 2012 Jeff Lynn Jeff Lynn Carlos Silva Exeter, UK 2011 Luke Lang Darren Westlake Darren Westlake Debt crowdfunding Lending Club San Francisco 2006 Renaud Laplanche Renaud Laplanche Funding Circle London 2009 Samir Desai Samir Desai James Meekings Andrew Mullinger Prosper San Francisco 2006 Chris Larsen Aaron Vermut John Witchel Auxmoney Düsseldorf, 2007 Raffael Johnen Raffael Johnen Germany Philipp Kriependorf London 2005 James Alexander Giles Andrews Giles Andrews Richard Duvall David Nicholson Rewards-based crowdfunding New York 2009 Charles Adler Yancey Strickler Perry Chen Yancey Strickler San Francisco 2008 Danae Ringelmann Slava Rubin Slava Rubin Eric Schell RocketHub New York 2009 Jed Cohen Brian Meece Brian Meece Vladimir Vukicevic People investing Pave New York 2012 Oren Bass - Sal Lahoud Justin Mitchell Upstart Palo Alto, 2012 Dave Girouard Dave Girouard Silicon Valley Mark Levin Index

3Doodler 116–17, 149 new categories 45–6 9Flats 46 new metric for sharing economy 99Designs 94 193 1099.is 65–6 NYC subpoena 164–6, 169 online community 25 Abbott, Ryan 207 payment 21 Partners 4, 100, 101, 139 professionalization 148 Accenture 41, 129 real estate 46–8, 50, 51–2 Addison Lee 156 28 Adidas 145 regulation 164–6, 170–1, 174, Adler, Charles 210 175–6, 179, 195 AIG 191 risk 66–7 Airbnb 3, 4, 11, 14, 92, 95, 135–6 sharing food 60 Bedford 40, 43 social experience 44, 45 beginnings 18–20 trust 30 Blecharczyk 28, 66–7, 87–91, 206 visit to Germany 182 buy-to-share 124, 125–6 Airtasker 63, 209 Chesky 18–21, 42, 46, 87–91, 95, Alamo 11 166, 201, 206 Alexander, James 210 compared with 61 algorithmic regulation 178 compared with JustPark 65 AlleyNYC 49 Cooperatives 2.0 196 Alterkeys 46 corporates 129, 135–6 Amazon 10, 98, 116, 144, 164, 185 creating entrepreneurs 41 143–4 disruption 154 investors 101 empowerment 42 partnering with corporates 141, 142 future 198, 201 Ruben 76–7 Gebbia 30, 78, 87–91, 171, 206 Amazon Payments 124 government engagement 152, 176 Amazon Web Services 17 Hurricane Sandy 179–80 Anderson, Joel 143 investors 97–8, 100–2, 105, 106, 124 Andreessen, Marc 120 lack of certainty 26 Andreessen Horowitz 100, 101–2, 112, marketplaces 103–4, 105, 106 119, 170

211 Index 212

Andrews, Giles 84–5, 210 BayShare 169 Android 21, 23 BBC 153 AngelList 112, 119, 122, 164 B Corporation model 196 AOL 7, 20, 100, 102 Beal, Deron 208 AOL-Time Warner 102 Bedford, Brittney 40–1, 42, 43, 65, AOL Ventures 139 148, 194 Apache 21 Belk, Russell 19 Appear Here 49, 152 Benchmark Capital 105–6 Apple 22, 27, 128, 131 Benkler, Yochai 190 investors 97, 99 Berger, Roland 199 apps 132, 142–3, 177, 180 Berkshire Hathaway 11, 180 car-sharing 23, 194 Bernanke, Ben 191 lending 137 Bertrand, Arnaud 206 parking 127–9, 171 Best Buy 141, 144 regulation 159, 162–3, 173, 179 Betahaus 49 ridesharing 173, 179, 194 Betfair 106 taxis 157–60, 190, 197 Bicing 57 Argos 144 Biddell, Sam 195 Ariely, Dan 188 bike-sharing 17, 19, 56–7, 169, 188, 207 Artisan’s Asylum 116 automobile industry 132–4 ASOS 144 future 198 AT&T 144 London 146, 180 Atkin, Douglas 166 Bitcoins 119, 175 Atlas 117 BitTorrent 191 ATzuche 199 BlaBlaCar 53–5, 133, 134, 198, 201 August Capital 103 founders 91–4, 208 automobile industry 131–4, 136, 140, investors 100, 101, 107 194 partnership with IKEA 142 Auxmoney 62, 138, 210 black cabs 156–7, 159, 197 AVC.com 104, 124 BlackJet 189 Avis Budget 4, 102, 133 BlackRock 139 Blanc, Louis 23 B&Q 146 Blecharczyk, Nathan 28, 66–7, 87–91, Badger, Emily 31, 67, 174 206 Bakker, Jan Thij 209 Blockbuster 18 Balanced Payments 21 Bloomberg, Mayor 176 112 Blue Bottle café 169 BaldLogo.com 121 BMW 80, 127–33, 149, 183 banking and finance 84–5, 137–9, DriveNow 131–2 163–4, 173–4, 183–4 iVentures 98, 128, 132 Bank of Happiness 64–5 JustPark 127–9, 131, 139–40 Barclays 146 Boatbound 25–6, 56, 57, 67, 207 Barclays Global Investors 139 Boethius 26 Barnikel, Markus 207 Boezeman, Eelke 208 Bass, Oren 210 Bogue, Max 115–16 Bataller, Bernardo Hernández 177 Bookabooka 162, 181 Index 213

Bookalokal 60 Carma 176 BookMooch 9–10, 208 carpooling 53–4, 55–6, 82, 176, 200, books 9–10, 161–2, 208 204 BorrowMyDoggy 10, 208 corporates 132, 133, 143 Boston Consulting Group (BCG) 29 Carpooling.com 36, 53–4, 56, 132, Botsman, Rachel 32–4, 36, 37, 42, 45, 198, 207 200 Carr, Paul 170 Box 160 car-sharing 4, 26, 52–7, 58, 204, 207 BP 152 apps 23, 194 Braintree’s Marketplace 21 automobile industry 131–4, 194 brand-buffing 145–6 buy-to-share models 125 Branson, Richard 90, 119 cities 31 Braungart, Michael 16 collaborative consumption 33 Brin, Sergey 34 corporates 142, 143 broadband penetration 20 engagement of authorities 176, 177 Brusson, Nicolas 91–4, 208 founders 70, 71–3, 82–3, 91–4 Bryant, Martin 194 future 199 BT 87 83, 161 Buchheit, Paul 110 investors 102, 103 Buckman, John 208 risks 67–8 Buffett, Warren 11, 56, 121, 180 see also RelayRides; Zipcar Burning Man 37, 52 Case, Steve 20, 102 Bush, President George 79 Cassano, Joseph 191 -to-business (B2B) CCTV in ridesharing cars 179 timebanking 64 Celada, Laura Martinez 206 business-to-consumer (B2C) models Cellan-Jones, Rory 15 12–13, 58, 147, 204, 207 Chan, Wesley 108 Busque, Leah 209 Chandra, Manish 73–5, 208 buy-to-share models 46, 124–6, 136, ChargeKey 42 175, 196 119 Buzzcar 82 Chase, Robin 82–3, 207 Chegg 4, 59, 101, 162, 181, 208 Cable & Wireless 142 Cheh, Mary 168 Cadwalladr, Carole 4, 41 Chen, Perry 210 Cahill, Josh 50 Chen-Bertrand, Junjun 206 Cahill, Paul 135 Chesky, Brian 18–21, 28 Cahn, Edgar 64 Airbnb 18–21, 42, 46, 87–91, 95, calico ban 155, 156 166, 201, 206 Cameron PM, David 151, 177 Chevalier, Erik 124 Camp, Garrett 157–8, 207 Chicotsky, Brandon 120–1 CampinmyGarden.com 18 Chrysler 133 CanaryHop 61 circular economy 16 capitalism 14, 94 Cisco 97 Car2Go 23, 33, 132, 133, 207 Cisneros, José 164 Carlson, Josh 208 Citibank 146 Carlyle 156 Citi Bike 146 Index 214

Citigroup 139 Cowen, Daniel 116–17, 149 Citi Ventures 139 co-working 19, 33, 34, 45, 49 Citroën 133 CoWork Station 49 CityCarClub 177 47, 77 Clark, Shelby 70, 71–3, 125, 132, 157, Crashpadder 104 169, 207 Crowd Companies 15 Click, Adam 51–2, 62 Crowdcube 109, 112, 163, 210 climate change 32 CrowdFlower 94 clothing 25, 57–8, 80–2, 106, 144, Crowdfund Capital Advisors 110, 119 178, 208 crowdfunding 42, 102, 108–25, 133, see also Poshmark; Rent the 177, 196–7, 210 Runway defined 204 Coca-Cola 201 farms in Bulgaria 5 Cochrane, Les 208 future 188, 200 Cohealo 198 investors 107 Cohen, Jed 210 regulation 163–4, 174 Coinbase 119 taxation 65 20 without giving away equity 115–17 Cole, Lily 24–5 92, 94, 100, 143–4 Cole, Nicholas 207 Crushpad 145 collaborative consumption 32–4, 129, Cruzin 56 169, 177 Cunningham, Simon 137 CollaborativeConsumption.com 37, 42 collaborative economy 15 Daimler 132, 133 Collaborative Fund 106, 112, 118, 124 Danielson, Antje 207 Collaborative Lifestyles 33, 45 Dasa, Rasanath 60 community 5, 12, 74, 77, 84–5, 88, Davey, Sally 140 89–91 Davey, Tim 206 Gorenflo 34–5 Davis, Donn 102 online 24–6 Davis, Evan 153 sharing economy definition 9, 11 DaWanda 106 sharing economy lobbying 167, 168 Dayton, Troy 66 Congressional Bank 138 D’Cruz-Young, Ted 162 consumerism 18–19 deafness 43 contracts 65–6 debt crowdfunding 108, 110, 112, Conway, Ron 27 113–14, 204, 210 co:NYC 170 Dell, Michael 72 Cookening 60 Dell Ventures 139 Cookisto 60–1, 67, 209 Dementhon, Paulin 207 cooperatives 19 Dennis, Will 207 Cooperatives 2.0 196–7 Desai, Samir 210 Corning 155 Desks Near Me 135 CORT 11 Deutsche Telekom 86, 87 Costolo, Dick 23 deviantART 41 couchsurfing 36, 50, 61, 76, 154, 187, Diamandis, Peter 22 196 Diamond 131 Index 215

Dickerson, Chad 42, 208 Reinhart 80 Dilworth, Peter 115 reputation 186 DiNunzio, Tracy 95 review systems 24 DisCo 167 eBay Motors 106 Disney 118 Echo 64, 210 Disraeli PM, Benjamin 110 Ecomobilité Ventures 139 disruptions 154–5, 156–8, 170, 177, Ecomodo 59 179 189–91 future 197, 201 economic stability 191–2 Uber 158–60 Edmunds.com 27 Dodge 133 Eekhof, Victor 50 dogs 10, 11, 40, 105, 140, 208–9 Eisenstein, Charles 26 DogVacay 11, 40, 105, 209 Elance 63, 209 Donahoe, John 208 Eli Lilly 139 Donati, Gabriele 209 Ellison, Larry 72 Donne, John 15 Emmott, Stephen 184 Dönnebrink, Thomas 36 Emmy’s Organics 115 Dopios 61 empowerment 42–3 Dorling, Danny 31–2, 184–5 Endurance Lending Network 114 dot-com bubble 111 Eni 143 112 Eni 143 DriveNow 131–2 Enterprise 134 Drivy 52, 207 environmental concerns 5, 16, 31–2, Dropbox 80 33, 34, 106, 184–5 Dunn, Elizabeth 200 BlaBlaCar 92 Duvall, Richard 210 yerdle 75–7 Dwolla 138 equity crowdfunding 108–12, 113, 119, 122, 204, 210 Earth Overshoot Day 31 eRated 186 Easterly, Aaron 209 Eskinazi, Anthony 77–80, 153, 206 Eastman Kodak 7 eToro 121 easyCar 134 Etsy 29–30, 42, 46, 191, 196, 208 easyCar Club 134 corporates 141, 147 EasyJet 134 Craft 179 EatWith 25, 60, 61, 209 investors 100 regulation 155, 162, 172 marketplaces 103, 105 eBay 10, 14, 58, 143, 192–3, 208 new metric for sharing economy acquires Half.com 59 193 acquires StumbleUpon 157 Peers 170 beginnings 20 regulation 179 compared with yerdle 76–7 reputation 186 corporates 149 Eventbrite 94 Jordan 102 Ewing, Matt 207 marketplaces 103, 106 Exclusive Resorts 102 Patagonia 144 Expedia 136 regulation 170, 173 experience economy 16 Index 216

Fab 141 Freelancer.com 170 24, 52, 53, 136, 145 Friendsurance 197 acquires Rift 120 Fukuyama, Francis 190 caution 180 FundersClub 111, 112, 119, 164 crowdfunding 108, 121 Funding Circle 62, 113–14, 123, 138–9, Foneras 86 210 future 187, 202 British government 177 innovations 156 investors 100, 101, 107 investors 97, 101, 106 regulation 173 Pepsi and TaskRabbit 146 Fundrise 121–2 Poshmark 74 Fung, Tim 209 regulation 167 Furniture Exchange 59 reputation 186 worth 185 Gansky, Lisa 7–8, 17–18, 19, 30, 32–3, Fairchild company 34 37, 145 Faul, Nadège 133 influence on Léonard 36 Feastly 25, 60, 209 The Mesh 7, 17–18, 30 Federal Reserve 190, 191 Gates, Bill 72 feedback 91, 116 Gebbia, Joe 30, 78, 87–91, 171, 206 Fehrenbacher, Katie 198 General Electric (GE) 140–1, 183 Felson, Marcus 33 (GM) 132 Fiverr 194 Generation Y 19, 27 FixMyStreet.com 179 Geron, Tomio 27 Fleiss, Jennifer 208 Getable 94 102 Getaround 30, 52–3, 102, 176, 207 FlightCar 161 Getrid 28 FlipKey 135 GiffGaff 141 FloodVolunteers 180 gifting platforms 24, 58–9, 65, 76–7 Folcia, Federico 206 Burning Man 37, 52 Fon 14, 22, 85–7, 198, 209 Gigwalk 63 Foneras 85–6 Gilbert, Drummond 208 Fong-Jones, Liz 67–8 Gilbreath, Mark 206 Fontinalis Partners 134 Gilmore, James 16 food and meal-sharing 25, 43, 59–61, Girl Meets Dress 58 67, 155, 204, 209 Girouard, Dave 210 happiness 200 Gkontas, Michalis 209 regulation 155, 162, 172 GlaxoSmithKline 139 Ford, Bill 134 GLG Partners 120 Ford 133, 134 Global Network Navigator 7 Ford2Go 132 Gmail 110 Fortuna, Patrick 67–8 GoCarShare 56, 109, 208 Foster, Natalie 169–70 Godin, Seth 89 Foursquare 88 GoGet 53 Fquare 122 Goldilocks Complex 4, 27 Franklin, Benjamin 65 Goldman Sachs 99 Freecycle 59, 77, 208 GoLoco 82 Index 217

Golwala, Gautam 208 hedge funds 120, 147 Google 24, 34, 98, 124, 167, 185, Hill, Dan 104 193 Hilton 13, 129, 135, 136, 147, 174 crowdfunding 113 Hilton Homes 135 investors 97 Hipmunk 136 Lending Club 140 Hirschhorn, Aaron 209 mobile devices 23 Ho, Eric 49 Shopping Express 143 Holiday Inn 147 Uber 140, 142 HomeAway 47–8, 101, 136, 206 YouTube 131 HomeExchange 14, 206 Google Analytics 95, 108 HomeFood 59 Google Campus 94 homepreneurs 43 Google Glass 77 Homer, Chris 208 Google Mine 145 Horlick, Nicola 109 Google Ventures 108, 139 Hornik, David 103 Gorenflo, Neal 27, 34–5, 36, 57, 131 Horowitz, Sara 195 GoTravelYourWay.com 50 hotel industry 44, 102, 134–6, 147, Gottesman, Greg 209 182 GPS 23, 43, 132, 172 taxation 164, 165, 166 Graham, Paul 73, 90 see also Hilton GravityLight 115 HouseTrip 125, 152, 206 Green, Logan 207 Howe, Neil 19 106 HSBC 129, 138 Grind 49 Hubway 57 gross domestic product (GDP) 137, Hugo, Victor 201 190, 192, 193, 200 Hyatt hotels 135 82, 140 Hyman, Jennifer 208 Gurley, Bill 105–6 idling capacity 10, 31, 46–7, 52, 56, H&M 144 65, 102 Häagen-Dazs 200 IGO 134 Hacker Dojo 34 IKEA 142 Haddad, Andre 161, 207 Impact Hub 49 Hadjigeorgiou, George 206 Impossible 24 Haji-Ioannou, Stelios 134 IncuBus 109 Haldane, Andy 183 80, 100, 107, 201 Hales, Mayor 176 Indiegogo 42, 114–15, 117, 118, 119, Half.com 59 174, 210 Hall, Aaron 207 innovation 29, 34, 80, 89, 107, 155–8, Haque, Umair 129, 183 162 Harris, Danny 209 corporates 127–8, 131, 135, 141 Hart, Marieke 200, 209 disruption 154, 155–8, 179 Harvey, John 14 regulation 155–6, 161, 173 Hathaway, Ian 190 risk 72, 173 Hawken, Paul 32 Innovations 107 Hearst 73, 118 Instacart 63, 209 Index 218 insurance 65–6, 68, 72, 123, 158–61, community 91 191, 197 disruption 154 Airbnb 165 expansion 147 BlaBlaCar 92 Eskinazi 77–80, 153, 206 regulation 174, 181 future 199 Uber 158–60, 181 investors 98–100, 104, 107 Zipcar 83 marketplaces 103, 104 Intel 34 mobile devices 23 Intel Capital 112, 139 Peers 169–70 InterContinental Hotels Group 102, 135 regulation 153–4 2, 19–20, 21–2, 152, 186, 199 50 accessibility 12 social experiences 44 Airbnb 89 e-commerce 107 Kaboodle 73 Fon 86–7 Kaizen Furniture 114 mass production 46 Kalanick, Travis 157–9, 207 mobile devices 23 Kalin, Rob 105, 208 Netscape 120 Karesh, Noah 209 regulation 167–8, 170, 172 Karnjanaprakorn, Michael 209 rewards-based crowdfunding 114 Karp, David 27 smartwatch 117 Kaufman, Ben 209 social web 23–4 Kayak 149 Iorns, Elizabeth 207 Keating, Michael 207 iPhone 22, 27, 40, 55, 61, 171 Kelly, Kevin 26 key-ring sized 42 Kelly Services 141 Poshmark 74, 75 Kennedy, President JF 155 preloaded with recommendations 45 Kerviel, Jérôme 29 i-Road 133 Khanna, Jahan 207 Kickstarter 44, 117–18, 143, 145, 156, JC Penney 128 188, 210 Jeyaprakash, Samrat 209 3Doodler 116–17, 149 Jia En Teo 206 crowdfunding 65, 116–20, 124 Jobs, Steve 22 innovation 156 Johnen, Raffael 210 investors 100, 106 Johnson, Milicent 169 launching a campaign 95 Johnson, Ron 128 Kimmey, Philip 209 Johnston, Matt 207 Kimpton Hotels 135 Jones, Matt 59 Kindle 144 Jones, Michael 143 Kingfisher 146 Jordan, Jeff 101–2, 103, 110, 170 Kiple 178 JP Morgan 30, 51, 99 Kitiris, Simos 209 JSTOR 161–2 71, 73 JumpSeat 56, 189 Kivi, Airi 64 Jurich, Lynn 26 Klein, Karen 115 JustPark 2, 3, 5, 48–9, 65, 142, 206 Klein, Robin 107, 201 BMW 127–9, 131, 139–40 Klein, Saul 107 Index 219

Kleiner Perkins 34, 100–1, 112 Lifeshare 142 Knok 45, 48, 180, 206 Lin, Alfred 98–100, 102 Knowledge Commons DC 95 LinkedIn 24, 62, 97, 106, 108, 119 Knox, Dan 207 Linux 21, 86, 197 Korski, Daniel 151 LiquidSpace 135, 140, 142, 206 Kowalewski, Julia 56 Loconomics 197 Kozaza 178 Loosecubes 4 Kriependorf, Philipp 210 L’Oreal 167 Kroes, Neelie 177 Loureiro, Marcelo 207 Kroo, Elliot 207 Love Home Swap 48, 152, 177, 206 Kuhn, Michael 132 Lubin, Oliver 208 Kushins, Ed 14, 206 Lui, Jonathan 209 Kuznets, Simon 192 Lyft 1–3, 5, 8, 53, 148, 190, 207 government engagement 176 Lacy, Sarah 15, 180 GPS 23 Lahoud, Sal 210 investors 100, 101, 106, 124 Landshare 33 online community 26 Lang, Luke 210 recession 28 Laplanche, Renaud 137, 210 recruitment 43 Larsen, Chris 210 regulation 159, 173 Leahy, Patrick 168 resilience 180 Lee, Richard 163 slogan 56 Lee, Mayor 176 Lynn, Jeff 210 LeftoverSwap 61, 162–3 legislation see regulation MacArthur, Dame Ellen 16 Lehman Brothers 27 MachineryLink 31 Lending Club 30, 62–3, 137–9, 183, Mack, John 139 196, 210 Macmillan 167 corporates 129, 137–9, 140 Madoff, Bernie 29 debt crowdfunding 113 Maguire, Chris 208 expansion 147 Mallek, Dominic 56 future 201 Marinaro, Doug 206 investors 101 marketplaces 103–4, 105–7 risk 123 size 13–14 Leonard, Andrew 195 Marks & Spencer 144 Leonard, Annie 32 Marriott Hotels 44, 135, 136, 182 Léonard, Antonin 34, 35–6 Marsh, Greg 152, 206 Leonardo, Brandon 209 Marx, Karl and Marxism 19, 37 Levie, Aaron 160 materialism 19 Levin, Mark 210 Matofska, Benita 151 Levi’s 103 Mazzella, Frédéric 91–4, 208 Levy, Steven 22 McDonald’s 149 LeWeb 145, 157 McDonough, William 16 licenses and licensing 158–61, 162, McKinsey 199 170, 174, 176 McLuhan, Marshall 24 Uber 158–60 McStravick, Matthew 210 Index 220

Mead, Margaret 71 Nappez, Francis 91–4, 208 Mealku 67, 162 Napster 131 MealMeets 60 Nap Time Startups 118 meal-sharing see food and meal- NBC 146 sharing NearDesk 152 Mechanical Turk 144 Near Me 94 Meece, Brian 119, 210 Neiss, Sherwood 119 Meeker, Mary 27 Nelson, Ron 133 Meekings, James 210 Netflix 18 Meetic 91 NetJets 56 Meetup.com 94 Netscape 120 Mehta, Apoorva 209 nextbike 132 Merrill Lynch 99 Nicholson, David 210 Mesh 17–18 Nike 167, 200 Meur, Loïc Le 145 Nixon, President Richard 62 Michlin, Guy 209 Noh, Jeff 207 microcapitalism 42 Norman, Mark 207 71 Nordstrom 141 Microsoft 21, 140, 142, 184 Nurse, Paul 184 Microsoft Ventures 139 Migicovsky, Eric 117 Obama, President Barack 88, 164, 169, Mila 141 176 miLES 49 Occupy 94 Miller, Dan 122 O’Connor, Daniel 167 MINIs 17, 127, 131 119–20 Mint Cars 134 oDesk 17, 129, 141, 178, 209 Mitchell, Justin 210 Ofoto 7, 17 Mittal, Alex 111 Omidyar, Pierre 20, 208 mobile devices 22–3, 73–4, 77, onefinestay 45, 107, 135, 152, 206 86–7 Ong, Malcolm 209 MonkeyParking 171 online accessibility 9, 10–11, 12 Monroe, Rachel 125–6 online payments 21 MoolaHoop 118 OnStar 132 Moovel 132 Ontijd, Pascal 207 Morgan Stanley 139, 190 OpenShed 58 Moritz, Michael 97 open source 21–2 Mozilla 167 OpenTable 102 MP3s 130–1 Oracle 97 MTC 87 Orange 139 Mullen, Max 209 Orchard 139 Mullinger, Andrew 210 O’Reilly, Tim 192 Multicity 133 Orlick, Jeff 61–2 industry 130–1 Orsi, Janelle 125, 155, 174, 197 Musk, Elon 72 OuiCar 133 MyEvent.com 118 OuiShare 35–6 MySQL 21, 80 Owners Direct 47 Index 221 ownership 9, 11–12, 26–7 open source 22 recession 27–9 prosumers 43 Owyang, Jeremiah 15, 42, 133 regulation 173 risks 67–8, 123 P2P Finance Association 173–4 Ruben 77 Page, Larry 34, 81 skills and services 63 Pandit, Vikram 139 startups 94, 95 Pandora 131 storage 48, 50, 67 ParkatmyHouse.com 78–80, 127, 147 student goods 59 Parker, Sean 97, 131 tools 143 Park Won-soon 177 trust and reputation 186 Patagonia 144 vocational skills learning 179 Patterson, Drew 149 wifi 86 Paul, Sunil 207 winners 195 Pave 120, 210 Pegoraro, Rob 157 PayPal 72, 97, 102, 121, 170 PeoplePerHour 31, 209 Pebble 119 Pepsi 146 Peerby 58, 59, 177, 208 performance economy 15–16 peer economy 15 Petco 140 Peers 168–70, 177 Petricone, Michael 158, 172, 174 peer-to-peer economy 15 Petridish 118 peer-to-peer (P2P) models 10, 12–13, Peugeot 133 15, 161, 176 PhillyCarShare 134 accommodation 50, 90, 135, 136 Phumbhra, Aayush 208 banking and finance 62, 84–5, Pickles, Eric 153 137–9, 163–4, 173–4, 183–4 Pine, Joseph 16 bicycles 57 Pinterest 24, 34 car parking 147 Pishevar, Shervin 102 car rental 133, 176 Piton Capital 106 car-sharing 68, 70–3, 103, 125, 132, Pitsilis, Petros 209 134, 204, 207 pivots 81–2 clothing 57–8, 106 planning laws 152–4, 164 Cooperatives 2.0 196 Platshon, Mark (“Big Wise Bear”) 98, 99 crowdfunding 121, 125 Pliny the Elder 155 customer 141 Polanco, Charles 122 disruption 154 political stability 192 dog-sitting 140 population 30–1, 32, 184 file-sharing 157, 191 Poshmark 23, 40, 57, 73–5, 76, 208 food 61 possessions see ownership future 197, 200, 201 Postmates 63 insurance 68, 191 PowerUp 117 investors 107, 125 118 marketplaces 103, 106 Prabatani, Shaff 207 mesh businesses 17 Preloved 192 microfinance 71 Priceonomics 50 mobile devices 23 Product Service Systems 33 Index 222

ProFounder 124 Uber 158–60, 164, 168, 172, 173, Project Startup 118 180–1 Prosper 62, 101, 113, 123, 137–9, 163, Regulation 2.0 175–6 210 Regus 142 prosumers 43–5, 148 Reinhart, James 80–2, 208 Pubslush 118 Reinicke, Michael 207 Pulitzer, Joseph 114–15 RelayRides 7, 28, 52, 67–8, 207 Pungaliya, Chetan 208 business model 12–13 Putnam, Robert 25 buy-to-share 125 Clark 70, 71–3, 125, 132, 157, 169, Quakle 123 207 Qualcomm Ventures 139 competitor of Buzzcar 82 Quirky 100–1, 140–1, 209 corporates 132, 134 QXL 47, 106 disruption 157 Peers 169 Rapoport, Stephen 104 regulation 161 Rashid, Osman 208 trust and reputation 186 RateSetter 123, 173 RenRen 24 real estate 46–8, 121–2, 206–7 Rentez-vous 57 experience 50–2, 53 Rent the Runway 16, 58, 101, 130, 208 less obvious 48–9 reputation 112, 173, 185–7, 199 saving money 50, 53 stations 59 recession and credit crunch 27–9, 30, rewards-based crowdfunding 108, 188–9, 190, 193 114–15, 116–18, 124, 210 timebanking 64 defined 204 reciprocity 43–5 Kickstarter 116–17, 118–20, 124 recommerce 101, 144–5, 188 118–20 clothing 57, 144 RideScout 132 reCrib 33, 58 ridesharing 36, 52–6, 194, 198, 104, Redistribution Markets 33 207–8 Red Swoosh 157 corporates 132, 134, 142 regulation 152–5, 161–4, 167–76 crowdfunding 109 Airbnb 164–6, 170–1, 174, 175–6, defined 204 179, 195 regulation 158–61, 173, 174, 176, banking in Ireland 183 179 caution 180–1 venture capital 107 engagement of authorities 176–7 see also BlaBlaCar; Lyft; Uber finance 163–4 Ridley, Matt 190–1 future 109, 186, 201 Riegel, Dan 207 innovation 155–6, 161, 173 Riello, Giorgio 156 liberalization 178–9 Ries, Eric 81 Regulation 2.0 175–6 Rifkin, Jeremy 194 resilience 179–80 Rightmove 135 ridesharing 158–61, 173, 174, 176, Ringelmann, Danae 114–15, 119, 210 179 Rinne, April 179 self-regulation and exemptions 173–4 Rise Art 11 Index 223 risk 66–8, 84, 123–4, 126 self-regulation 173–4 banking and finance 62, 84, 123, 138 97–9, 139 corporates 128, 129, 149 Shaftesbury, Earl of 171 crowdfunding 108–9, 111–13, 120 Shapiro, Craig 106, 112, 124 hotels 134–5 Shareable 27, 34–5, 36, 57, 131 innovation 72, 173 shareNL 170, 177 public health 162, 172 Sharetribe 94 regulation 174, 175–6, 180–1, 195 shareyourmeal.net 43, 200, 209 sector-specific 67–8 sharing 18–19 venture capital 108, 119 definition dispute 14–15 Robinson, Patrick 152 Sharing 2.0 23–4 Roche 139 sharing economy 18–19, 36–7 RocketHub 118, 119, 174, 210 Bedford 40–1 Rodriguez, Juanjo 44–5, 206 buy-to-share 124–6 Rogers, Ben 207 campaigning bodies 168–70 Rogers, Richard 33 cash 62–3 Rogers, Roo 33–4, 37 caution 180–1 Roomorama 18, 47, 206 coincidence of wants 20 Rosati, Fabio 209 Cooperatives 2.0 196–7 Rosenberg, Tina 19 corporates 129–30, 135–49 Rosenlund, Rikke 208 crowdfunding 108–24 Rosensweig, Dan 208 defined 9–12, 13–14, 205 Rothman, Simon 106 disruption 154–60 Rover.com 140, 209 economic growth 189–91 Ruben, Andy 75–7, 192–3, 208 economic stability 191–2 Rubin, Slava 210 entrepreneurs 41–2 Rumsfeld, Donald 202 environmental concerns 32–3 Russell, Bertrand 26 experience 16, 44–5, 50–2, 60–2 founders of companies 70, 71–96 SabbaticalHomes.com 11 France 35–6 Sadowski, Cathy 64 future 184–9, 197–202 Samberg, Andy 61 Gorenflo 34–5 Samsung 22, 82, 149 governments 151–2, 176–8 Santander 139 happiness 199–200 SAP 143 increasing asset utilization 12 Sappal, Bally 207 Internet 21–2 Schell, Eric 210 investing in students 120–1 Schmidt, Eric 23 investors 97–102, 107, 111–12 Schneiderman, Eric 165–6, 169 liberalizing with technology 178–9 Schoppik, Haim 208 lobbying 167–8 Schwarz, Shemer 209 losers 194–5 Science Exchange 7, 207 marketplaces 103–7 Scoot Networks 7, 56, 207 mobile devices 22–3 Scorpio, Jessica 207 new categories 45–6 Seedmatch 109 new metric 192–3 Seedrs 109, 123, 163, 210 online communities 24–6 Index 224

overlapping terms 15–16 smartphones 2, 22–3, 56, 117, 158–9, professionalization 148–9 186 prosumers 43–5 cost 61 recession 27–9 deaf drivers 43 regulation 152–5, 161–4, 167–76, 201 future 185, 199 resilience 179–80 investors 100 risk 66-8, 123–4 South Korea 178 skills and services 63 smartwatch 117 South Korea 177–8 Smith, Adam 187 startups 94–6, 109, 147–8 SnappCar 26, 52, 177, 207 storage 48, 50, 67 SNCF 139 taxation 65–6 social commerce 74, 76–7, 89–91 time and expertise 61–2 social media 23–4, 30, 94, 100, 110, timebanking 63–5 121, 185 trust 23–4, 30, 185–7, 190 regulation 167, 172 winners 195–6 social value 187–8 Sharples, Brian 206 SoftBank 87 Shepherd, Carl 206 Sony 22, 131 Sheraton Hotels 147 118 Sherlock 45 Spaeth, Joe L 33 Shiau, Jeff 208 Spark Capital 112 Shuttleworth, Allison and Dave 148 Spinlister 17, 56, 207 SideCar 53, 124, 130, 160, 207 Spotify 131 SideTour 60, 140 Stahel, Walter 15–16 Sidorov, Max 115 Stallman, Richard 22 Siedler, Matthias 207 computer game 118 Siemens 139 Starwood Group 135 SigoCar 53 Stephany, Alex 206 Silicon Valley 3, 4, 27, 90, 170, 195, Stephany, Paul 4 201 Stoller, Mike 131 company details 207, 208, 210 StorageMarket 48 Fairchild 34 Storemates 48, 207 investors 97–8, 102 Storenextdoor 48 startups 88, 95, 120 Strauss, William 19 venture capital 97, 98, 164 Streetclub 146 Silva, Carlos 210 Strickler, Yancey 210 Sina Weibo 24 StumbleUpon 157 Singer, Jonas 31 subletting 164–5 Singh, Manik 208 Sun, Tracy 208 131 Sundararajan, Arun 12, 15, 22, 129, Skillshare 28, 95, 106, 179, 197, 209 193, 198 Sky 142, 153 regulation 173, 178–9 Skype 80, 201 SunRun 26 Slee, Tom 169 Surowiecki, James 3, 121, 181, 191 SliceBiz 109 swapping 48 smart money 100–1 Swapz 11 Index 225

Swartz, Aaron 161–2 TradeYa 58 Swartz, Robert 162 tragedy of the commons 188 Sweetch 171 Traity 186 Swisscom 141 transaction costs decrease 20 Trash 2 Treasure 59 Tarbell, Jared 208 Trendwatching 130 Target 141, 144 TripAdvisor 135, 140 Tashian, Carl 208 Tripbod 61, 140 Taskhub 180 Tripid 54 TaskRabbit 10, 40–1, 63, 146, 194, trust 11, 23–4, 29–30, 185–7, 190 197, 209 tryvertising 17 taxation 65–6, 92, 164, 168, 176 Tsatalos, Odysseas 209 hotels 164, 165, 166 Tumblr 27, 66, 167 regulation 174, 175 Turner, Molly 193 Taxi2 145 Twitter 5, 23, 24, 36, 88, 156, 160 Taxistop 54, 55 crowdfunding 121 TeamUp! Against Cancer 10 investors 104 Teespring 118 regulation 167 Teman, Ari 66 TwoGo 143 Tesco 142 Tesla 72, 127 Uber 3, 8, 140, 142, 158–60, 197, 207 Thatcher PM, Margaret 41 buy-to-share 124 The Accelerator Group (TAG) 107 investors 98, 100, 101 The Home Depot 142, 143, 146 marketplaces 105 The People Who Share 151 regulation 158–60, 164, 168, 172, The Sandbox House 45 173, 180–1 The Trampery 49 UberX 158, 168, 194 Thompson, Derek 47, 189–90 Udemy 197 Thrasyvoulou, Xenios 209 Ulule 118 Threadflip 25, 57, 208 underutilized assets 9, 10, 12 thredUP 58, 80–2, 178, 208 Unilever 152 Tiberius, Emperor 155, 156 Union Kitchen 31 Tilt 102, 118 100–1, 104–5, timebanking 63–5, 205 137, 170 TimeBanks USA 64 crowdfunding 118, 119 Time Republik 64, 209 Upstart 120–1, 210 Titan Bank 138 urbanization 19, 30–1, 184 T-Mobile 144 Toffler, Alvin 16 value 9–10, 12 Tol, Victor van 207 Varini, Karim 209 Torvalds, Linus 86 Varsavsky, Martin 14, 85–7, 198, 209 Total 139 Vayable 61, 148, 200, 209 Toyota 133 venture capital 3–4, 17, 27, 80, 164, 195 TPG 100 corporates 128, 132, 134, 139, 141 School 95 crowdfunding 108, 110, 111–12, Tradesy 57, 58, 95, 101 118–20 Index 226

investors 97–104, 107, 124 Wohlsen, Marcus 4 marketplaces 103–7 Wong, Jamie 209 Vermut, Aaron 210 Wonga 138 Viacom 167 WordPress 21, 94–5, 167 Victoria, Queen 171 Wosskow, Ben 206 Videdressing 106 Wosskow, Debbie 177, 206 Virgin Atlantic 145 Visiting Nurse Service in New York XPRIZE 22 (VNSNY) 64 Vodafone 146 YachtPlus 86 VRBO 47 Yahoo 97, 100, 167 Vukicevic, Vladimir 210 73, 89 Yelp 65, 178 Walentas, David 51 yerdle 10, 11, 58–9, 146, 200 Walker, Mark 151 Ruben 75–7, 192–3, 208 Walker, Simon 206 Yiannopoulos, Milo 196 Walmart 143, 144 YouTube 24, 81–2, 98, 106, 115, 156 Warren, Nigel 165 Yunus, Muhammad 42 waste 16, 17, 61, 76 Waze 142 Zaarly 63, 147–8 We Are Pop Up 49 Zagster 134 Weber, Stefan 201 Zaid, Sam 207 WeChat 24 Zak, Paul 185 we-conomy 15, 50, 122, 129, 183 Zappos 98 Weddepohl, Daan 208 Zien, Jake 140 WeDid.it 118 Zimmer, John 207 Wefund 118 134 174 Zipcar 7, 53, 56, 82–3, 132, 151, 207 Weiss, Scott 141 Avis 4, 102, 133 Weissman, Andy 137–8 business model 12–13, 58 Wells Fargo 137 Clark 71, 73 Werbach, Adam 76, 200, 208 environmental concerns 32 West Elm 141 Ford 134 Westlake, Darren 210 ownership 11–12 WhatsApp 97 partners 142 Wheels Up 56, 189 UK councils 177 WhipCar 4 Zipments 143 Whitaker, Forest 119 Zirtual 63 W Hotels 135 Zookal 59 WikiLeaks 161 Zoomaal 118 Wikipedia 9, 106, 167, 197 Zoopla 107 Williams, Pharrell 106 Zopa 62, 84–5, 113, 138, 143, 173, 210 Wilson, Fred 104–5, 112, 124, 170–1, Zoppos, Demetrios 206 175 Zuckerberg, Mark 72, 97, 185 Wishket 178 Witchel, John 210