Reproduction Types Asexual Fission Budding Parthenogenesis

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Reproduction Types Asexual Fission Budding Parthenogenesis

Types • Asexual • Sexual Reproduction • Sexual vs. asexual – costs associated with sexual but benefits (“lottery” model) Asexual fission • Fission • budding, • parthenogenesis • Fragmentation- the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring. Planarians exhibit this type of reproduction. • Regeneration- a piece of a parent is detached, it can grow and develop into a completely new individual. Echinoderms exhibit this type of reproduction. budding Parthenogenesis • in females, where growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization by a male (rotifers, crustaceans, some sharks, nematodes) 1 Sexual reproduction Broadcast spawning • One of the • Broadcast spawning most common • Live birth forms of reproduction • Mating systems in the oceans • Hermaphrodites • Eggs and sperm are – Sequential released into the water – Simultaneous column and are fertilized by neighbors • Often it is synchronous fertilization Live birth in fishes Anadromous fishes 2 Mating systems in sexual smoltification reproduction • Transition to ocean form • Monogamy • Silvering of skin – deposition of purines • Polygamy • Polygyny (the most common polygamous mating such as guanine system in vertebrates so far studied): One male • Parr territorial, smoltification results in has an exclusive relationship with two or more schooling behavior females • Polyandry: One female has an exclusive • Hormonal changes, increased NaK- relationship with two or more males ATPase in gills preparing for salt tolerance • Promiscuity: A member of one sex within the • Body shape changes becoming more social group mates with any member of the streamlined opposite sex. • Coral spawning: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrMAOBT_Vco&NR=1 • Hermaphrodites • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVqf2geKju4 – Sequential • Barnacle • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1SW-pl2gYs&feature=related – Simultaneous • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TnB4dm3KyM&feature=related • Sea urchin fertilization • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6BtSMerBmw&feature=related • Sea hare hermaphrodite • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lp87hrb-5I • Cuttlefish mating • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fR7Dqf0vzzQ&feature=related • Protandry: Simultaneous hermaphrodite Where an organism is born • Hamlet fish as a male, and • Sea hares then changes sex • Barnacles to a female - clownfishes 3 • Protogyny: Where the organism starts as a female, and then changes sex to a male - wrasses 4.

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REVIEW Physiological Dependence on Copulation in Parthenogenetic Females Can Reduce the Cost of Sex
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 2004, 67, 811e822 doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.05.014 REVIEW Physiological dependence on copulation in parthenogenetic females can reduce the cost of sex M. NEIMAN Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington (Received 6 December 2002; initial acceptance 10 April 2003; final acceptance 27 May 2003; MS. number: ARV-25) Despite the two-fold reproductive advantage of asexual over sexual reproduction, the majority of eukaryotic species are sexual. Why sex is so widespread is still unknown and remains one of the most important unanswered questions in evolutionary biology. Although there are several hypothesized mechanisms for the maintenance of sex, all require assumptions that may limit their applicability. I suggest that the maintenance of sex may be aided by the detrimental retention of ancestral traits related to sexual reproduction in the asexual descendants of sexual taxa. This reasoning is based on the fact that successful reproduction in many obligately sexual species is dependent upon the behavioural, physical and physiological cues that accompany sperm delivery. More specifically, I suggest that although parthenogenetic (asexual) females have no need for sperm per se, parthenogens descended from sexual ancestors may not be able to reach their full reproductive potential in the absence of the various stimuli provided by copulatory behaviour. This mechanism is novel in assuming no intrinsic advantage to producing genetically variable offspring; rather, sex is maintained simply through phylogenetic constraint. I review and synthesize relevant literature and data showing that access to males and copulation increases reproductive output in both sexual and parthenogenetic females. These findings suggest that the current predominance of sexual reproduction, despite its well-documented drawbacks, could in part be due to the retention of physiological dependence on copulatory stimuli in parthenogenetic females.
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