422 AN 'ATTRACTED' SCRIPT July between the years 1358 and 1363, palaeography supplies an explanation. The scribe who during these years continued the thirteenth-century service book was ' attracted' by the hand of his predecessors, and either consciously or unconsciously copied it. G. R. COLB-BAKEB.

Englishmen at Wittenberg in the Sixteenth Century

THE matriculation-book of the university of Wittenberg contains Downloaded from many particulars of the Englishmen who resorted to it at the time when it had become the first capital of protestantism. The first to appear is ' Guillelmus Daltiei Ex Anglia 27 Maij 1524 ',x a name which, if this form be correct, cannot be identified.

It is well known that went to Germany in May http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ 1524 and, according to the testimony of Coohlaeus, who saw him at Worms, went to Wittenberg to see Luther. In default of other evidenoe of this visit half the biographers of Tyndale are inolined to doubt that it ever took place.8 It is indeed con- oeivable that the name of Tyndale is concealed in this first entry,8 and there is no doubt of the name of ' Guilhelmus Roy ex landino, 10 Iu[nii] 1525 ',* that is, William Roy, who is known to have been Tyndale's assistant as the translator and author at University College London on June 5, 2016 of various tracts, and who is held by Dr. E. Nestle to have been the forger of the Greek manuscript which deceived Erasmus about the spurious verse in 1 John.4 It must have been about the same time that Roy was at Wittenberg, that Thomas Duagate, alias Bennet, visited the place. The reason given by himself at bis trial for heresy—ho was martyred on 15 January 1532—is as follows : ' Feeling him- self muoh cumbered with the concupiscence of the fleBh and too weak to overcome it ... he departed from Cambridge and went to Luther in Germany.' After he had declared his ' great

1 Album Aeademiae Vittbergtntis, ed. 0. E. Foerstomann, 1841, i. 121. • 8M biographies by B. Demans, 2nd ed., 1886, ed. R. Lovett, pp. 117 f.; the Diet, of Nat. Biog.; T. More, Workes, 1607, p. 223 d.; O. 0. Macaulay, ' The English Bible", Quarterly Review, 1911; A. W. Pollard, Records of (he Engliah Bible, 1911, pp. 31, 108 ; J. J. Momfret, Engliah Versions of the Bible, 1907, pp. 83 f.; Fronde, Bittory of England, 1875, ii. 31; Gairdner, LoOardy and the Reformation, 1908, il. 227; H. E. Jaoobe, The Lutheran Movement in England, 1890, pp. 14 f.; The Nation (New York), 16 M»y 1912; L. F. Gruber, ' The Troth about Tyndale's New Testa- ment ', LmOeron Chvrch Review, October 1916, April 1917. • Through the courtesy of Dr. Panl Hemming of Pf orta, I am able to state that In the opinion of Professor F. A- Weissenbom, the arohiviat of Halle, who kindly examined the mannsoript now in his keeping, my oonjeotoral emendation ' Daltin * for ' Dnltid ' U ' nieht gana aoigeschloeaen'. This might be taken as an anagram for' Tindal \ • Album, I. 126. • Introduction to the Critical Study of (he New Testament, p. 6. 1921 ENGLISHMEN AT WITTENBERG 423 frailty ' Luther gave him the advice ' that if by no lawful means he could not live chast, that he should take a wif and lyve a meane lyfe '. Of this visit nothing else is known.1 Luther's next English visitor was William Paget, afterwards Lord Paget, one of Henry VlII's diplomatic agents. Probably as early as 1531 he came to Wittenberg on the matter of the divorce. While there he told Luther of the death of the duke of Buckingham, whom the king had put to death in 1521. Paget blamed Wolsey for the execution, and told the reformertha t the Emperor Charles V

had said, with a pun on the duke's name, ' It is a pity so noble Downloaded from a buck should be slain by such a hound '.* Robert Barnes was the most constant friend of the reformers. Coming bo Wittenberg first as a political refugee, he was later employed by Henry on several diplomatic errands.3 Like other travellers he often went

through Hamburg, where he apparently made good friends. The http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ treasurers of that city sent money by Barnes to Wittenberg to pay for the graduation of Aepinus as a doctor.4 Here also he became acquainted with some pious women, whose conversion to protestantism, perhaps through his agency, brought much joy to Luther.6 At Wittenberg Barnes made friends with Peter Beskendorf, Luther's barber and friend, to whom the reformer dedicated a tract on prayer. The pious barber, who in a moment of aberration murdered his son-in-law, kept an at University College London on June 5, 2016 autograph album in which many famous men entered their names. That of the Englishman appears there, with a German biblical quotation, as ' Doctor Antonius Anglus, Reg. Angl. Legatus '." On 20 June 1533 Barnes matriculated at Wittenberg under the name ' D. Antonius Anglus Theologiae Doctor Oxoniensis ', Melanchthon later writing his true name in the margin.7 Barnes must have been married at this time, though of this nothing seems to be known to any of his biographers. On 14 February 1533 Nicholas Hausmann of Zwickau, writing to George Helt of Wittenberg, sends greeting to Antonius Anglus and his wife.8 This is the only reference to the lady

1 British Museum, Harleian MS. 410, fo. 120. This paper once belonged to John Foze, but in his Aetes and Monuments, v. 18, he departed widely from the original. On Dusgate see also Diet, of Nat. Biog., and Isaoke, Antiquities of Exeter, 1734, p. 116. • Lather, Werkt, KritistAe Qtsamtausgabe, TiseJmden, i. no. S37. On Paget's visits, ante, xxv. 669 {., xxvii. 6761. « On Barnes, Diet, of Nat. Biog.; Qalrdner, i. 029, n. 2; ante, xxr. 665 f. • Letter of the Hamburg Treasurers to Bugenhagen and his reply, 28 April and 8 May 1633, in O. Vogt, Bvgtniagen's BriefietcMsel, 1888, pp. 1871 • Letter of Luther to Abekke Sohelhoves and other*, 30 Jane 1033; Luther* BriefveeJuel, ed. Enders-Kawerau-Flemming, rvii. 310 L • N. MftDer, ' Peter Beskendorf', in Aus DeutseUands kireUieher Vergangtnheit, 1912, p. 67. ' Album, i. 140. This fact is not noted in Oaiidner's life of Barnes in the Diet. of Nat. Biog. • Otorg HtUs BriefveeMsel, ed. 0. Clemen, 1907, p. 44. 424 ENGLISHMEN AT WITTENBERG July I have found, unless one may so interpret a greeting sent by Roger Ascham in 1551 to Bucer at Oxford and to ' mine hostess Barnes'.1 In 1535 made a special effort to form an alliance with the Schmalkaldic princes, with the purpose of frustrating the calling of a council by the . The diplomatic work of his envoys has been sufficiently treated,1 but several hitherto unnoticed, incidents of their visit may be here recorded, and twp letters of Barnes written at this time are given as an

appendix to this article. One of the ambassadors was Edward Downloaded from Fox, bishop of Hereford, and one was Nicholas Heath, archdeacon of Stafford and afterwards archbishop of York. They brought a handsome present to Melanchthon as an acknowledgement of his dedication of a new edition of his Loci Communes to Henry.8

Indeed, there was much talk of their taking Melanchthon with http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ them to England, and when they failed to get him, they thought of another reformer, Prince George of Anhalt.4 The English talked freely of affairs to Luther. They complained of the tyranny of their king and admired the freedom of the German theologians.* Barnes, however, told Luther more good of his king than the reformer could readily believe,* but he and the others agreed that Henry did not care for religion,7 and the others added, ' Rex noster est inconstans '. They told a strange at University College London on June 5, 2016 tale of a king of England and a rustic, which appears thus in the Table Talk: 8 When the king of England was wandering in the woods, he came to the hut of a poor rustic who did not know him bat received him kindly and offered him food left over from a meal. When the king spurned Borne of it, the rustic hit him, remarking,' Don't you know that every one is king of his own house ?' The king bore this patiently and later invited the rustio to a dinner at court. There he offered him many courses, and the rustio ate some of every one. Laughing, the king said,' Tou are wiser than I; otherwise you also would have been smitten,' and dismissed him.

1 Aaoham, Wort*, 1761, p. 378. • Ante, xxv. 666 (., xxvii. 671 L ; R. B. Merrimao, Life and Utters of T. Cromwell, 1902, pp. 218-41, 372, 410; 0. MenU, JoJutnn friedricX von Saehstn, 1908, ii. 80 ff. ; Q. Hants, Die Wittenberg* Artikel torn 1636, 1906. • This dedication, August 1636, Corpus Seformatorum, ii. 920. Henry's letter to Melanchthon, 1 October 1636, ibid., p. 947; Melanchthon's thanks, 1 December 1636, ibid., p. 996. Aooording to a letter of A. Musa, dated Wittenberg, 11 December 1686, Fox brought 300 or 600 crowns to Melanchthon and Aleriui 200 (BnchwmJd, Zw Wittenberger Stadt- und VnivertitSU-QtMthielUt, 1893, p. 113). • F. Wectphftl, firtt Otorg tow Anhalt, 1907, p. 34; Seokendorf, Hiitoria Lvthera- nismi, iii. 111. • Luther to Buoer, 14 October 1639, Enders, Luther* Briefvethad, iii. 260. ' Lather's preface to Bamw's Setantnu* des Qlaubeas, Wittenberg, 1640 (British Museum 3906, cc 10). ' Enders, iii. 269. 1 D. M. Luthtri Coiloquia, ed. H. E. Bindaeil, i. 434. The editor applies this story to Henry VIII, bat it is hard to imagine that it was h*. 1921 IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 425 In order to enlighten the F"glj«h, many debates were held at the university on moot points. The first of these, at which Barnes and the Scotsman Alesius took part, was on the occasion of granting the doctorate in theology to Cruciger, Bnllinger, and Aepinus, on 16 Jane 1533.1 A debate especially for the benefit of the English delegation, on the subject of private masses, was held on 29 January 1536, or possibly a week later. In this Fox took part by recalling the words of the prophet, ' I have kept seven thousand men who have not bowed the knee 8 to Baal', which words Luther approved. A debate on the Downloaded from subject of justification was also held expressly for the benefit of the visitors.3 By 28 March a series of articles of faith had been decided upon and drafted,4 though Luther was doubtful whether Henry would accept them.6 As a matter of fact the

negotiations continued for some years, the Germans sending http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ ambassadors to Henry and his theologians.6 The Lutheran pro- positions had considerable influence on the men who drafted the Book of Articles of Faith and Ceremonies handed by Fox to Convocation on 11 July,7 and also on the Institution of a Christian Man, published by the English government in 1537. By these channels they emerged to some extent in the Forty-two Articles of Edward VI and in the Thirty-nine Articles of Elizabeth. Until the death of Catharine of Aragon one of the main at University College London on June 5, 2016 subjects of discussion between the reformers and the English envoys was the royal divorce,8 but after that the common cause

1 P. Drews, Ditputatione* Dr. M. LvAers, 1805, p. rv; Corpus Reformatory*, xii. 517, 919f. • DisptUationen, pp. 69 fi.; for the date see also p. 903. One account assigns tbe debate to 29 January, another to the' nones of February. • Ibid., p. 33, 14 January 1636. ' Hente, Wittenberger Artihel. Preliminary article* bad been mentioned by Barnes to Cromwell on 6 October; see appendix. • Luther to Elector John Frederic, 28 March 1536. The articles themselves state that they were signed 8 April. Cf. Prince George of Anhah, to Helt, 3 June 1636, HOts BrieftoecJucl, p. 103. • On the visit of the German envoys see Herriman, i. 220; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, nn. ii. 741; Cranmer, Works, ii. 397; Bumet, L 408; Strype, Eode- siattical Memorials, i, appendix, nos. 94-102. Henry himself wrote a reply to the German* on theological matters, which is extant in a manuscript at Corpus Chdsti College, Cambridge, and is printed, from a different manuscript, in Pocock's edition of Bumet, iv. 373. ' Wilkina, Concilia, iii. 803 j P. Smith, The Age of Ae Reformation, 1920, p. 301. • On this ante, xxv and xxvii, %bi supra. I may add the following details to what I there advanced. •Erasmus wrote, the Bespontio ad DispuUUiontm cuiusdam Phtiostoni de Divortio on 19 August 1632 (Eratrni Opera, ed. le Clerc, ii. 966), appa- rently with Henry's case in mind. There was an early Wngiuh translation of this, on which see Bibliotiieca Eramiano, 1897, i. 174. Erasmus's amanuensis, Gilbert Cousin, wrote against the divorce a tract dated ' ex aedibus Eraamicis ' (L e. 1630-6), but fint published in his De its qui Romae lvs dieebant olim, Lyons, 1669. I owe this reference to Professor Edna V. Moffett of Wellealey College. Andrew Friteoh (on whom see Pamiftnik LUeraeU, Lemberg, 1906, p. 512) wrote to John a Lasco from Cracow on 426 ENGLISHMEN AT WITTENBERG July of the protestants against the pope took the leading place. Henry, determined, if possible, to prevent the German protestants from attending the council lately summoned by Paul III, instructed his ambassadors to take this matter up with the reformers. Barnes, accordingly, took an active part in a great debate on the authority of general councils, held at Wittenberg on 10 October 1536 ; and two days later he attended a banquet at Luther's house, where the same subject was discussed amidst copious potations of wine.1 When, shortly after this, the papal nuncio Vergerio came to Wittenberg, he tried to meet Barnes, Downloaded from but the latter declined his invitation, and he also tried, without muoh success, to draw out Luther's opinion on the plans of the English monarch.' Barnes continued to discuss in private with Luther the lawfulness of resisting the pope in oalling a council 8 in which the protestants were sure to be condemned, and when http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ Fox arrived he brought with him an important manifesto on the subject. It is significant, though not heretofore noticed, that this was at once reprinted in Wittenberg,4 and that another letter of Henry on the same subject, urging Christian princes not to appear at the future papal council, was at once translated into German by Justus Jonas.6 But all these negotiations, inspired by Cromwell and sealed by the marriage with Anne of Cleves, eventually came to nothing. Each side entertained a deep at University College London on June 5, 2016 suspicion of each other, and in July 1539 Melanohthon wrote to Camerarius of the cruel edicts of the tyrant, as reported by English married priests who had come to Germany.9 Besides the official envoys a good many Englishmen drifted to Wittenberg to profit by the society of the reformers. Some of these were decent men, some were fanatics, some knaves.

10 June 1636, that Henry had executed Anne for inoest, adding,' talem exitium habet matrimonlum illud exeorabile'; see 8. A. Gabbema, Epittvlano* ab iUustritms et darit Viris tcriptanm Centuriae Tru, 1664, p. 22. Albert Pighius, provost of Utreoht, wrote •gainst the divorce in 16S9-10; see Zeittchrift fir Kirehenguchichtt, xx. 115, 118, 123. Osiander's opinion is in a newly found letter to Lather, in Thealogiteke 8tadien u*d Kritiktn, 1918, p. 293. For Breni on the diroroe, see H. Orisar, Luther, 1912, ii.876. » Drews, Ditputationen, pp. 99, 106. • P. Smith, Life and Letters of , 1911, p. 304; W. Friedensburg, Nuntiatwberiehte am Deutschland, i. 1892, p. 638; Corpus Rtfonmtorum, ii. 9871 BindaeU, LtUheri Colloquia, iii. 89. • Bindseil, Lutheri Colloquia, i. 362. • lUtutrUsimi ae potentittimi Regis, Senatus, poptUiqpe Anglian stnterUia & it to Ooneiiio, quod Paulut Epiacopus Ronanut Mantvae futurum amtUarit, & itta b*Ua quae ad Calendar Novtmbrtt id prorogavit. Vitambergae apod Iohannem Loft. MDXXXVIL A oopy of thia extremely rare work is in my poseesaion. ' Uniortnnately I have been unable to iee this, but a oopy of it, printed at' Wittem- berg duroh Joseph King, 1639', hw been advertised for tale in Mr. Frauds Edwards'! Catalogut 3S2, no. 333. • Druffol, ' Melaaohthon-HAiulaohriften aus der Chigi-BibUothek', Akadtmie ier WissetHchafttK, Munehen, Sitamgtberidtie, 1876, p. 611. 1921 IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 427 One of the fanatics was a certain ' Thomas Synnortonua Anglus ', who matriculated at the university in the winter of 1535-6.1 He may be identified with Thomas Swinnerton,8 and perhaps with the ' Sir Swinnerton ' who about this time made trouble for John Longland, bishop of Lincoln, by preaching heresy and sedition.8 A man of better character was ' D. Edwardus Morns Anglus ', who matriculated at Wittenberg in April 1539.4 We find him receiving grants, as warden of Winchester College, on 2 March 1538,8 and in July,8 and a letter from him to Wriothesley, dated 10 June 1538, presumably written at home, has survived. He Downloaded from probably came to Germany soon after this, for an Englishman, who may probably be identified with him,7 appears constantly as a guest at Luther's table in November 1538 and the following months. When he first came Luther offered him the services of his wife as an instructor in German, with a joke about her http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ loquacity. A little later he talked over English pestilences with his guest—perhaps with special reference to the so-called English sweating sickness—and also wine.8 On 15 January 1539 More discussed justification by faith,* and it may also be he who gave Luther the extremely twisted account of the conspiracy of Exeter and Pole that is recorded in the Table Talk.10 Luther was also kept informed of the progress of the Reformation in at University College London on June 5, 2016 England, of the excommunication of the king,u and of the pious frauds discovered by Latimer's visitation.14 In Maroh 1539 two sayings of his, contrasting the valour and sincerity of the English with the arrogance of the Scots whom he had known at Ihe cloisters of Erfurt and Magdeburg, probably reflect the influ- ence of his English guest.13 Further information about the pro- gress of his gospel in England was furnished in May 1538 by one Remige, a servant of Dr. John Thixtoll, who said that the names of the German reformers were so honoured in his country that those who had visited them were held in high honour.14 While most of Luther's English friends were honourable men, it is not remarkable that a few scoundrels tried to impose on him in the name of England, or on England in his name. An Italian priest known as Jerome Sanese (of Siena) went around pretending

1 Album, i. 127. * Diet, of Nat. Biog. His matriculation at Wittenberg U not mentioned. ' Letter* and Papers, x. 804. « Album, i. 174. • Letters and Papers, xiii. 648 (4). • On Edward More (1479-1641) see Diet, of Nat. Biog., which, however, doe* not mention hit visit to Wittenberg. ' Barnes was in England at this time, and no one else can be thought of. 1 TiwArafen, Weimar, iv, nos. 4081,4104,4133. • Ibid, iv, no. 4331. u Ibid., nos. 4337, 4563. " Ibid., noe. 4432, 4437. u Ibid., no. 4385. «• Ibid., nos. 4376, 4877. " Conversations with LvAer, translated by P. Smith and H. P. Gaffinger, 1010, pp. 81 f.; Ti*ekTtde*,itt, no. 3873. 428 ENGLISHMEN AT WITTENBERG July to have letters from the Wittenberg reformers. With these— if they were indeed, as seems probableo forgeries—he deceived Ambrose Blaurer at Constance,1 after he had caused Cromwell to suspect his character by letters purporting to come from the Wittenbergers to Cranmer and Thixtoll.* No trace of him can be found at Wittenberg. Whether the forged articles8 fathered on Melanohthon and circulated in England and France to the detriment of the protestant cause were due to him, I do not

know. In the same year (1539) there appeared at Wittenberg Downloaded from one Thomas Mintern, suspected and perhaps convicted of being an English spy.4 Though he was sometimes called an Italian, and once definitely a Paduan, he stated, when arrested, that he was of a noble English family, born in a place whioh appears in

the original documents once as ' Zuebun ' and once as ' Serba ' http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ (perhaps Salisbury). His claim that he had studied in various universities of Germany is borne out by their records, bub his assertion that he had come to Wittenberg only for the purpose of study was discredited by Melanchthon, to whom the task of examining him was assigned by the elector. He aroused sus- picion by loitering about Luther's house and trying to steal some of his manuscripts, which, when arrested, he claimed

he wanted only as specimens of the reformer's autograph. His at University College London on June 5, 2016 further assertion that he was in the diplomatic employ of Henry VIII cannot be verified. Possibly some Englishman in power was trying to collect material to discredit Luther. On being bound over by the Saxon government not to do any harm he was allowed to leave Wittenberg. An experience causing more* personal inconvenience to Luther was the appearance in 1541 - of an unnamed Englishman with letters of introduction from Osiander. After a short stay at the Black Cloister (Luther's house) he departed, leaving his boy in Luther's care. As he never returned to claim him, the reformer eventually had the boy sent to an orphan asylum.6 John Rogers, the Marian martyr, is known to have lived some years at Wittenberg. He matriculated at the university on 25 November 1540. While there he took the pseudonym Thomas Matthews, under which the English Bible of 1537 was issued.9 1 Blaorer to Bullinger, 17 May 1640, Britfwtctod der Blanrer, hwg. von T. 6chie», 11, 1908, 47 S. 1 Meniman, i. 21S; Letters and Papers, xiv. i. no. 806, April 1689. • On these of. Lather, Ifarfa, xxxviii. 386. ' He had matriculated at Erfurt in the Bummer, 1638 (J. C. H. Wetaenborn, Aeten der BrfurUr Univenitft, 1884, ii. 348). On his trial see W. Friedensborg, ' Ein engUsober Splon in Wittenberg 1639', Artkiv fir BeformationtgucKichte, xiv, 1917, pp. 301-10. He ni evidently ' the King's scholar, Thomas Mynto', given £6 in 1639 {Utter* and Papery xiv. U. 781). • Enders, xiv. 87; Oorjnu Seformatonm, iv. 661 f. ' Album, i. 186; the Dkt. of Nat. Biog. does not speak of bis matriculation. 1921 IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 429 Two sons, Daniel and John, were born to him there. Dr. John Cains (1510-73) visited Germany during the years 1541-3, and made the acquaintance of Melanchth'bn.1 Farther details of his journey are unknown to me. After an interval of several years during which no Englishman can be traced at Wittenberg, one ' Gutbertus Angonius Anglus ' registered on 7 December 1557? On 17 May 1560 ' Daniel Schnaus Londinen. AngluB' and ' Robertus Belus Londinensis Anglus' matriculated.3 Of the former nothing is known; the latter may be identified, though doubtfully, with Sir Robert Bell, later chief baron of the exchequer, Downloaded from who died in 1577. Neither have I been able to learn anything of ' Ioannes Wrotus Anglus', who wrote his name on the record on 30 May 1577.* It has long been known that Fynes Moryson visited Wittenberg .in 1591. In his Itinerary,6 published in 1617, he wrote that at this town' they show a house wherein Dr. Faustus, http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ a famous conjurer, dwelt', and he also saw ' an aspersion of ink cast by the Divell when he tempted Luther, upon the wall of St. Augustine's college '. This is interesting as being much the earliest form of the story about Luther, the inkstand, and the devil. Peter the Great saw the same spot here at Wittenberg ; others saw it at Coburg, and now it is shown to every visitor at the Wartburg.6 The usual legend is, of course, that Luther threw the ink at the devil, not the other way, as Moryson appears at University College London on June 5, 2016 to have it. On 12 June 1591 ' Fynes Morison LdncolnienBis, Antonius Everstildus Sussexien.' and ' Martin Turnerus Ebora- oen.'7 inscribed their names on the Wittenberg register. Some- thing is known of Moryson, but nothing of Everstild of Sussex, or of Turner of York. ' Henrious Robertus Londiniensis Anglus \8 who matriculated on 16 December 1591, may possibly be the Henry Roberts who in 1585 was Elizabeth's envoy to the emperor of Morocco, and who was still alive in 1606. Nothing, however, is known to me of the three names completing the present record: Thomas Locke, 7 July 1592; ' Philippus Nowellus Anglus ex comitatu Salopiae', who registered gratuitously

1 Did. of Not. Biog. • Album, i. 339. • Ibid. ii. 4. * Ibid.,p. 268. Three brother*, Richard,Thomas, and Edward Wroth, matriculated as English nobles at Heidelberg on 4 May I860. Against the name of Edward ra added: ' minorennis, fidem tantam dedit' (G. Toepke, Die Matrihti der Onivertit&t Heidelberg, 1L 20). Has it ever been noticed that the great WngH-h Puritans Thomas Cartwright and Riohard Smith matriculated at Heidelberg on 26 January 1674 {ibid., p. 69) ? * Itinerary, 1907, i. 14 fl.; iv. 348. Neither the biography in the introduction nor that in the Diet, of Nat. Biog. speaks of his matriculation. * On the ink-spot see Koatlin-Kawerau, Martin Luther, 9th ed.t 1903, i. 440 note. The earliest record of seeing thia spot here mentioned is that of Peter the Great in 1712. ' Album, ii. 383. » Ibid., p. 387, and Did. of A'at. Biog. 430 ENGLISHMEN AT WITTENBERG July on 25 October 1595 ; and ' Guilielmus Friston Anglus in comi- tatu Soffolcie prope Gipsicum [] natus, gratis inscriptns ' 1 on 15 October 1601. PRESERVED SMITH. APPBITDIX British Museum, Cotton Ma Vitelllni B, xxi, fo. 120 f.' Wittenberg, 6 October 1636. Robert Barnes to Thomas Cromwell To the ryght honorable M. Thomas Cromwel, secretary to our sovereign lorde the Kyng's grace most worthy. Downloaded from Ryght honorable Syr, my deuty concyderyd your hfonor should know] that I have byn here with the elector and with hys [theologians] and have proposyd suche thynges as ware commytty[d unto me. Your] hfonorable] goodness© shal persayve be myne oration had to [the elector that(] thanke god) I have optaynyd al my petitions; as your h[onorable] http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ M[astership will] understand by the electors ansuer, wyche I send yow als[o]. I desyre your h[onorable] M[astership] to rede myne oration to the elector and t[o] geve M. Almoner* hys articles, that he and I mae agre, fo[r] we must propose more artycles here than wone, ne videamfur] tantum quererc nostra. I dyd tel M. Almener my menyng. Here ys a gret preparyng for hym in the electors owne cartel. And as for locum in federe,4 the elector was very glad of, in so much that streyt ways he

wrot owt for a congregation of al them that be in federe to be had on at University College London on June 5, 2016 S. Nycolas day B next. And his counsel ys that the Kynges imbassaturs shuld be ther with the King's g[race's] leters for dyvers causys, lest that other men shuld thynke that he wold take al the honore to hym selfe and so myght cause a gruge, and also he myght spoke frelyer in the Kyng's cause yf the matter ware proposyd by us and not by hym. He intendeth very emestly on owr pryncys eyde, and doutyth not but al thynges shal oome to passe as your g[racious] prynse wyl haue yt. And as for hys fnl consent we haue yt, as your h[onorable] M[astership] shal pereeyve by hyi ansuere. As concernyng phylyppus,4 here hath byn gret labor, and VB yyt to haue hym in to franse, but I haue stopyd yt, and by gods gfraoe] (yf he and I do lyve) I shal bryng hym with me, not wythstondyng the elector wold not grant me so moche in hys ansuer for dyvers causys, nor yyt wold that I shuld wryt yt from me, be cause he wold not haue yt noysyd, and the sayng gothe here that the elector wyl not let hym departe, Notwithstanding he hathe grantyd me with hys owne mouth that I shal haue hym at his retornyng home agene wyche wyl be within vi weks. Yt dyd cost me gret labur ere I brout yt to passe for as moche as he had [promised] the Kyng of franse afore, but I had wone furdele7 1 Album, ii. 391, 426, 484. * An abstract of this is in Letters and Papers, ix. 643. In this and the following letter, extension* and restorations where the text is damaged are indicated by brackets. ' An agent often spoken of in the contemporary State Papers. ' i. e. in the Schmalkaldic League. A Bundestag was called especially to consider the admission of PJngUnH as an ally. 5 6 December. 0 On this effort to bring Melanchthon to France, see Smith, Lift of Luther, p. 296. ' fordeal, Vortheil. 1921 IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 431 afore [in that] I had a) hys doctors of Wytemberg on my syde, wyche wrote [letters] to hys grace, hose letera I send yow here. I thynke yt wyl greue the Kynge of franse very sore, in so much that here is word oomyn that Langiusl shal come in al haste to feche phyiype, but I haue provydyd for hym al redy. Here I send your h[igh] goodnesse the copy of the Kynge of fransyB leter sent on to phyiype,1 wheryn yow mae know the Kynges mynde. More, I send yow the copy of the elector's leters • sent to the Kyng of franse denyyng phylyps comyng in to franse. So that I trust your h[onorable] goodnesse shal persayve my faythful dilygense in my pryncys cause. Tour h[onorable] goodnes knowyth (no man beter) ho that I deayre no thyng more in erthe than to be found faythful to god, and Downloaded from treu to my prynce, notwythstandyng how untreuly that men hath reportyd of me in thea causys, your h[onourable] M[asterabip] knowyth also. But yf they intendyd as treuly to ther prynse as I do, we shuld haue no nede to fere owie outwerd enemysse, god shal iudge bothe them and me. But to my purpose. Al thyng is brought to passe that my prynse hath reouyryd http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ of me; wherf ore I desyre your h[onorable] M[aBtership] that Master almener mae come shortly, and none other but he, for in the handlyngof thoe artycles that he shal bryng hyth al to gether the stablessyng of al christendome, and the stoppyng of al owre aduersaryse mouthes, and I know no man so fyt to do thes thynges as he. * Neua.

The elector dothe take hys jorney to Kynge Fardinandus on 8. denyse at University College London on June 5, 2016 day* with 300 horse wel a parellyd. Fardinandus desyreth gretly his frenshyp. What the matter ys, I thynke to know at hys returnyng. The popet of Rome hathe sent hys legate B into garmany, he hathe not been with the elector nor with any of hys lege, wherfor I can not WTyte what hys matters be, but I have layd wayt to know. The elector of Brandenburgh ys comyn home and hys bryde the Kynges doughter of pole6 wyth hym on sonday last past. The Kynge of franse and his adherents hathe put forth certen articles7 in martyns phyly[pus and] pomerans 8 namys a genst whome merten * hathe wry[ten a reply which I send] yow here. Duke George10 dyd wryte a letter on to the [King of France which I send in as] moche as he makyth mention in yt of owr prynse, th[e King of England.] Christofer u the ducheman came to gene u owt of Franse t[o me. I saw him on] fryday was 8 dayB, and ther I left

1 De Langey, the French ambassador in Saxony. ' Dated 23 June 1036 (Corpus Beformaiorum, ii. 879). ' 18 August 1636 (ibid. 90S). • 9 October. • Peter Paul Vergerio (aee Smith, pp. 303-7). 1 Joachim II, elector of Brandenburg 1636-71, took as his second wife a daughter of Sigismund I of Poland. ' The forged articles, see above, p. 428. • Pomeranos, or John Bngenhagen, priest at Wittenberg. • Lnther, Werkt, xxxviii. 386. 10 Of Albertine Saxony, an enemy of Luther. 11 Mont, or Montaborinus, a German in English service. " Presumably the place that appears as ' Jainvil' in Mont's own letter of 7 Septem- ber, i.e. the principality of Joinville, then an imperial fief. 432 ENGLISHMEN AT WITTENBERG July hym. Lubicenses co[mparant] nouum exercitum.1 Thes be all the neva that I know. I desy[re your] h[onorable] mastershyp that we mae have a commission to dispute with cofchlaeus]1 et purgare famam nostri principis et extinguere virulenta [male]dicentia insulflissimi hominis, for al men here that be the Kynges frfiends] thynke it gretly for the Kynges honore that the folys [fool's] mouthe shuld be stopyd, evyn afore hys owne prynce, and it shuld also be a gre.t sty[f]lyng on to al papis[ts]. I am not a frayd to dispute with hym allone, yf none other man come. Fynally I wold pray your goodness to send me more money, for veryly I ame and must be dayly at gret charge, and yt shuld be a genst my pryncys honore yf I shuld pynche or spare, and I have nothyng of myne owne Downloaded from to bere owt the chargys wyth. Also I must have money plenty to pay for phylyps costs and al others that he shal bryng wyth hym and to by hym horse and other necessaryse for hys jorney, as your honorable wysdome can wel thynke. I deayre your mastershyp to excuse me that I wryte

not to my most gracius prynce, for I know not hys plesure, nor can I wryte http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ worthyly to so noble a prince. Your mastership knowyth my fayth. Thus Jesus kepe yow in honore and vertu. Amen. In Wyttembergh, 6 Octobris by your dayly oratur ROBEBT BAB. British Museum, Cotton MS. Vitellius B. xxi, fo. 123.' Goth*. 28 December 1635.

Robert Barnes to Thomas Cromwell at University College London on June 5, 2016 Gote in Turingia in festo puejrorum, 1535]. Ryght honorable syr my deuty consideryd. Your mastershyp [should know] that my lorde * hathe byne wyth al the confederators and hath h[andled all things . . . .]usly hard, in so moche that he hathe brought to passe al thy[nges that our] soverane lorde desyreth (as farre as I could evyr perseve by your m[astership's] comunycation) savying all only that he hathe not spokyn of the KyngeB [marriage] for ther was neyther tyme nor plaoe con- venyent, but now he is goy[ng to] Wyttenbergh to intrete of those matters ther, wher I trust thorow good's] helpe and my lordes wysdome we shal make a good ende. Thys thyng [I] do know that the elector wold gladly that hys lernyd men and w[e] myght a gre. I have so informyd 8 hys grace that he is not a genst us, but he had rather (for fere of the emperoure) that hys lerdnyd [sic] men should handyl the matter than he for as much as yt perteynyth to lernyng. Farder more, Marten est multo equior causae 1 LGbeck was now in the throes of a, struggle against Denmark, the populace having risen under Georg Wullanwever in the vain attempt to establish an independent republic On this see P. Smith, The Age of Ike Reformation, 1920, pp. 113 f. The State Papers show that England took a lively interest in the matter. * John Dobneck, commonly called Cochlaeus, had been aroused by the death of his friends More and Fisher to write an attack on Henry. See M. Spahn, J. CocUatus, 1898, p. 258. • Thia manuscript has been damaged by fire, making it necessary to supply a few words, which are here included in brackets. There U an abstract of the letter in Utters and Papers of Henry VIII, ix. 1030. 4 i.e. Fox, lord bishop of Hereford. 1 i. e. won him over. 1921 IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 433 quam antea; Jonas non repugnat; Phylippus videtur nobiscum ease. Solus pomeranus mordicus resistit sed non despero de felici suooessu. But as conoernyng thos matters that hathe byn handlyed cum con- federatis,1 treuly my lorde hathe usyd hym selfe wysely and leke a noble man, and drevyn the matters to the uttermost bothe for the Kynges pleasur, and also for the Kynges honore, wherfor I wolde desyre your h[onorable] M[astership] seyng that the matters be brought to so good a conclusion that yow wold thourow your wysdome fynd the mayns that nothyng be requyryd of thes men that shalbe to hard for them to grant, for then al owr labur ys lost, and no thyng shal come to passe, and I had

rather take some resonable thynge now than lose al. Aftyrwarde occasion Downloaded from mae be gyven to optayne al owr desyr. And as farre as evyr I dyd perseyve owr soverayne lorde nevyr desyryd more than that they shuld a gre as _ concemyng the counsel and the pope the wyche thyngs they have grantyd to the utmost. Ther ys nothynge that I can se to be [ . . . ] owt of [ . .

. . . . ] that they aske so moche money, the [ • . . I] tolde your http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ h[onorable] M[astership] always that they wold do, but thys I [deair]e that yt mae be brought to passe that they shal do sumethyng for thys money. Tour h[onorable] M[a8tership] is wyse and can mark better thys thyng than I can tel. But treuly your h[onorable] M[aster- ship] dyd the Kyng hey serrys whan yow sent my lord in these matters for doutlea he usyth hym selfe leke a wyse man in al poynts and sparyth no money in tyme and place. And it pleaseth thes men very moche that he yB so wyse and lyberal. They are also proud that yt plesyd the Kingefl g[race] to send them so honorable an embassatur. And treuly thes thynges at University College London on June 5, 2016 helpe moche to persuade men. Thys I dare say, that he ys not in Tnglond that could have done the kynge better servys in thes matters than my lorde. I ame in a gret love wyth hym by cause he hathe usyd hym selfe so honorably, thowh he and I do not a gre in omnibus articulis religionis, but I trust at length so to use hym that ther shalbe no gret varyans, for he ys gentyl and mae a byde al maner of honest iwtmmnnip.fi.tinn, wherfor I dout not but to drawe hym at length to me thorough goddes grace. I have reseyvyd zx li. of my lorde for the wyche I thank your h[onorable] Hastershyp, but I desyre your h[onorable] M[a*tership] to remember us with more money, for treuly we are at gret charges and your h[onorable] M[asterehip] promysed me at my departyng to increse my dyet at my lordys comyng. I have here at my charge to the Kinges honore v horse, for as your h[onorable] M[aBtership] knowyth such thynges wyl not be brought to passe with owt gret apparal. I dare say that my lorde do spend every weke above hys dyet xv li. or xvi li. at the lest, beayde rewards wyc[he] be very grete, but your h[onorable] M[astership].. .. • [Your dailjy bedeman. R. B. 1 I.e. with the Schmolkaldlc League. 1 Mnnnmript burnt away hoi?.

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