Flutes: articulations THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL
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FLUTES Articulations
Section: Articulation markings in general Woodwind Articulation on the bass flute Transposing? NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Picc, Alto and Flute: Bass: Yes low register C Flute: No middle register played without high register Construction legato tonguing Piccolo: Range low register Articulations middle Effects register high register Extended Flute: Player's Tips low register middle and Tricks register each individual high register nonlegato note tongued and Links Piccolo: separated low register middle register high register staccato need not mean aggressively short!
Flute: short and low register staccato separated notes middle (all tongued) register high register Piccolo: low register middle register high register Either a verbal indication, thus:
Flute: low register middle register file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/3. Woodwinds/Flutes articulations.htm[17/10/2015 11:17:28 πμ] Flutes: articulations
high register very short notes staccatissimo Piccolo: (tongued) or 'wedge' low register notation, as middle follows: register high register
tongued slurring interpretation depending on context Players interpret tongued slurred Flute: these symbols in (no specific notes, in low register different ways. name) between legato middle Watch the video and nonlegato register clips for a brief high register explanation. Piccolo: low register middle register high register This is often called 'tenuto':
Flute: low register middle register high register variation on Here's another 'tenuto' Piccolo: nonlegato common low register variation of middle nonlegato: register high register
double tonguing
Flute: low register middle register double tonguing high register Piccolo: low register
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partial tonguing middle in groups of two register double and or three (e.g. on high register triple syllables ta-ka, triple tonguing tonguing or ta-ka-ka) to triple give a very rapid tonguing articulation Flute: low register middle register high register Piccolo: low register middle register high register dynamics when fluttertonguing about Not all players fluttertonguing can do Flute: notation fluttertonguing. low register Those that cannot flutter a rolled 'r' middle have to 'fake' tonguing tonguing register with a throat high register flutter that Piccolo: sounds less low register effective. middle register high register
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FLUTES Effects
Section: NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Vibrato is integral Woodwind vibrato on to flute the flute Transposing? verbal instruction, technique, but undulation in vibrato on Picc, Alto and vibrato sometimes with can also be pitch the piccolo Bass: Yes wavy line specifically vibrato as a notated as a C Flute: No special effect special effect. Construction Very limited on all flutes. The Range total absence of Articulations key holes on the piccolo, and the Effects limited key holes Extended on the flute, slide in pitch mean that lipping Player's Tips glissando between notes is the usual way and Tricks to alter pitch. A glissando over a Links perfect fifth would be executed as a very fast chromatic scale. Harmonics begin on sounding G5 produced by (written C5) on harmonics fingering a the flute and on the flute fundamental low sounding A6 o - over the harmonics harmonic note, then using (written D5) on notehead. on the piccolo keys or the piccolo. tuning embouchure to Anything below harmonics produce partials. these pitches is a normal note on the instrument. Low down on the flute, tremolos do not work so well because of the large number of keys to depress. shakes This is especially tremolo a trill between elastic band- true of shakes on or two notes more assisted a bottom C. "shake" than a tone apart. shakes! However, a (N.B. This shake tremolos rubber band can lasts two beats) be applied to the
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C-key to make these possible, as is demonstrated in the video clip. Low C to C# trills are so difficult as to be impossible. Timbral trills are trills on a single note, using this shows a minor different trill followed by a fingerings. These rapid alternation major trill, indicated trills are only possible trills between two by accidentals over timbral trills above the point pitches the note. If these at which are not given, harmonics are players will choose used (i.e. trill type based on sounding G5 musical context. The (written C5) on wavy lines indicating the flute and duration of trill are sounding A6 also optional. (written D5) on the piccolo
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OBOES Articulations Section: general comments about tonguing Woodwind interpretation of accents Transposing? NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Oboe: No legato Cor Anglais legato and (and others): staccato Yes compared
Oboe: Construction low register played without Range legato middle tonguing Articulations register high Effects register Extended Cor Anglais: low register Player's Tips middle and Tricks register
low register Links each individual middle nonlegato note tongued and register separated high register staccato
Oboe: low register middle register short and high staccato separated notes register (all tongued) Cor Anglais: low register middle register high register Either a verbal indication, thus:
Oboe: low register middle register
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high very short notes register staccatissimo (tongued) or 'wedge' Cor Anglais: notation, as low register follows: middle register high register
tenuto under slur
Oboe: staccato As the video clips under slur tongued slurred reveal, low register (no specific notes, in between interpretations of middle name) legato and these markings register nonlegato vary from player high to player! register Cor Anglais: staccato under slur low register This is often called 'tenuto': tenuto
Oboe: low register middle register Means either a variation on Here's another high stress or a full 'tenuto' nonlegato common register sustain, depending variation of Cor Anglais: on the context. nonlegato: low register middle register high register
double tonguing
partial tonguing double in groups of two tonguing double and or three (e.g. on (oboe) triple syllables ta-ka, or triple tonguing double tonguing ta-ka-ka) to give tonguing (cor a very rapid anglais) articulation
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on the oboe
Cor Anglais: low register separate notes a rolled 'r' flutter low register Not all players can tonguing or tonguing slurred do fluttertonguing. throat growl middle register separate notes middle register slurred
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OBOES Effects Section: NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Woodwind verbal instruction Transposing? (con vibrato), vibrato Vibrato is an sometimes with (oboe) integral part of vibrato undulation in pitch Oboe: No wavy line if a vibrato (cor oboe and cor Cor Anglais specific exaggerated anglais) anglais technique. (and others): effect is required Yes glissando (oboe) glissando Construction (cor anglais) Range More or less Articulations Cor Anglais impossible on the glissandi: oboe. A few Effects long, ascending slide in pitch upwards, G-C glissandi may be Extended glissando between notes sharp possible on the Player's Tips longish, up, cor anglais (but and Tricks C sharp to F NOT descending), sharp but this is same, but unusual. Links short shorter still
a soft object mute (oboe) Improvised mutes inserted into the mute con sord. mute (cor are used on both end of the anglais) instruments. bassoon tremolos (oboe) Most tremolandi tremolos are possible, but (cor anglais) check fingerings. If many fingers tremolo a trill between two D4-F4 have to be moved or notes more than a (minor 3rd) the effect "shake" tone apart. D4-F#4 becomes (N.B. This shake (major 3rd) unreliable. This is lasts two beats) F5-Ab5 (min especially the 3rd) case high on the Gg5-Bb5 instrument. (maj 3rd)
Trills are no
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problem in the this shows a minor lower two octaves trill followed by a of both rapid alternation major trill, indicated trills instruments, but trills between two by accidentals over trills higher up they pitches the note. If these double trills rapidly become are not given, difficult as players will choose fingerings become trill type based on awkward. musical context. The wavy lines indicating duration of trill are also optional.
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CLARINETS Articulations
Section: Woodwind General remarks about phrasing Transposing? Yes General remarks about slurring General remarks about tonguing Construction NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Range about legato Articulations played without legato Effects tonguing clarinet Extended bass clarinet Player's Tips and about nonlegato each individual Tricks clarinet (low nonlegato note tongued register) and separated Links clarinet (high register) about short and staccato separated staccato notes (all clarinet tongued) bass clarinet Either a verbal indication, thus:
about staccatissimo very short staccatissimo notes clarinet (tongued) or 'wedge' notation, as follows:
Players interpret these tongued symbols in slurred notes, (no specific tongued different ways. in between name) slurring Watch the legato and
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video clip for a nonlegato brief explanation.
This is often called 'tenuto':
Players interpret these symbols in variation on Here's another different ways. 'tenuto' tenuto nonlegato common Watch the variation of video clip for a nonlegato: brief explanation.
the player Possible on the tongues 'd-k' bass clarinet double or some other double and clarinet, tonguing front/back of tonguing but not very mouth clear. articulation
fluttertonguing
Clarinet Not all players (low can do register) fluttertonguing. (middle Those that flutter a rolled 'r' register) cannot have to tonguing tonguing (high 'fake' with a register) throat flutter that sounds Bass Clarinet less effective.
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CLARINET Effects
Section: Woodwind NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Transposing? Yes This is verbal instruction, normally undulation in vibrato sometimes with used as an pitch Construction wavy line exaggerated Range effect. Articulations Clarinet: works best Effects between Extended (written) D4 glissando on and F6. Player's Tips and the clarinet Avoid in the Tricks lower glissando on register. the bass slide in pitch Links glissando clarinet Bass between notes Clarinet: Gershwin's glissandi glissando in don't work, Rhapsody in because of Blue covered holes. Fast chromatic scales are substituted. produced by o - over the fingering a notehead. fundamental (It is probably a Very rare low note, then good idea to include and fairly harmonic picking out a note explaining harmonics ineffective partials using whether the on the venting, notehead is the clarinet. register keys sounding or fingered or octave holes pitch) All trills are possible on the clarinet and on the bass clarinet (except very trills high on the this shows a minor instrument). trill followed by a rapid Bass major trill, indicated alternation Clarinet trills Timbral trills trills by accidentals over between two involve the note. If these pitches 'Timbral' trilling are not given, trills on the between file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/3. Woodwinds/Clarinet effects.htm[17/10/2015 11:21:10 πμ] Clarinet: effects
players will choose bass clarinet alternative trill type based on fingerings musical context. The for a given wavy lines indicating note, or duration of trill are using very also optional. little embouchure. These are possible, but avoid crossing the register tremolando a trill between break, two notes more especially on tremolando Bass than a tone bass clarinet Clarinet apart (which tremolando sounds particularly effective in the bottom register). An extreme verbal instruction: pianissimo very quiet echo tone, subtone, will be subtones subtone sound mezzo voce or sotto drowned out voce by other sounds.
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BASSOONS Articulations
Section: Woodwind Articulation on the bassoon Transposing? No Articulation on the contra Tonguing on the contra Construction Articulations in context
Range NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Articulations downward Effects slurs Extended Bassoon: Player's Tips and (low register) Tricks played without (high legato tonguing register) Links Contra: (low register) (high register) Contra: each individual (low nonlegato note tongued register) and separated (high register) Bassoon: (low register) (high short and register) separated staccato notes (all Contra: tongued) (low register) (high register) Either a verbal indication, thus:
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(tongued) Contra: notation, as (low follows: register) (high register)
Bassoon: (low register) tongued (high Players slurred notes, register) (no specific interpret these in between name) symbols legato and Contra: differently. nonlegato (low register) (high register) This is often called 'tenuto': tenuto
Bassoon: (low register) Means either a (high stress or a full variation on Here's another 'tenuto' register) sustain, nonlegato common depending on variation of Contra: the context. nonlegato: (low register) (high register)
Although accents and sforzandi are standard for write sfz above most sffzp heavily note (sffz for instruments, sforzando (low) accented note extreme on a double (high) articulation) reed instrument they produce a particular timbre. double tonguing
partial tonguing in groups of two double and or three (e.g. double and triple on syllables ta- triple tonguing triple tonguing tonguing ka, or ta-ka- ka) to give a very rapid
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articulation
fluttertonguing the bassoon
fluttertonguing the contra Not all players Bassoon: can do (low fluttertonguing. register) Those that flutter a rolled 'r' (high cannot have to tonguing tonguing register) 'fake' with a throat flutter Contra: that sounds (low less effective. register) (high register)
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BASSOONS Effects Section: Woodwind Transposing? No NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Vibrato is Construction verbal instruction vibrato on fully available Range (con vibrato), the bassoon on the undulation in sometimes with vibrato on bassoon, but Articulations vibrato pitch wavy line if a the contra is used Effects specific exaggerated how vibrato sparingly, Extended effect is required: is produced especialy in chords. Player's Tips and It is usual to Tricks leave the using different Fingerings may be player to fingerings to varied specified using different choose the Links change the fingerings standard fingering fingerings fingering. This timbre of a notation is normally given note done to effect dynamics. Possible on holed notes, but extremely limited on keyed notes. available The glissandi on slide in pitch contrabassoon glissando the bassoon between notes has entirely glissandi on covered the contra holes, so embouchure gliss is the only possibility. produces a reedy sound molto 'reedy' sound verbal instruction (molto crescendo as it becomes crescendo) louder Only effective in the bottom a soft object register of bassoon inserted into the bassoon mute con sord. mute the end of the and contra mute bassoon extremely rare on the contra. Most are possible,
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except for very low on a trill between the bassoon. tremolo two notes more tremolos However, or than a tone tremolos shakes over "shake" apart. more than a (N.B. This shake 4th can sound lasts two beats) clumsy on a solo instrument.
Trills are all this shows a minor possible, trill followed by a trills except low rapid major trill, indicated down on the alternation trills by accidentals over trills on the bassoon and between two the note. If these contra the contra. pitches are not given, timbral trills Timbral trills players will choose are also trill type based on possible. musical context. The wavy lines indicating duration of trill are also optional.
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