Non-Ethnic Motivations for the War in Bosnia And

CEU eTD Collection

N W ON

AR IN In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree offorthe degree requirements the offulfillment partialIn -

E THNIC

B Department of Nationalism Studies Studies Nationalism of Department OSNIA AND

Central European University European Central

Profes Professor Florian Bieber Florian Professor

M Drekovic Jasmina Jasmina Drekovic Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Masters of Artsof Masters s Submitted to Submitted OTIVATIONS Supervisors: or Szabolcs Pogonyi Szabolcs By: 2013

ERZ

EGOVINA

FOR THEFOR

CEU eTD Collection complex very a of simplification a represent pro would actors exogenous into taking without the war this consideration analyzing that argues and Herzegovina and Bosnia of case the Without implica givingany processes. mentioned above the to contributed factors external how analyze to was ethnicity. with connected not was which conflict the for motivation another motivation. conf only Muslim intra the formation the focuseson also not alliance the was ethnicity the that examining shows thesis By this parties, ethnic. war the as between labeled often very is which Herzegovina,

cess. hs hss el wt te non the with deals thesis This

tions on the wider understanding of ethnic wars, this thesis focuses only on focuseson only thesis this wars, ethnic of understanding wider the on tions lict that took place in the Bosnian war which represents represents which war Bosnian the in place took that lict A BSTRACT - ethnic i

motivations of the war in Bosnia and and Bosnia in war the of motivations

The second aim aim second The

It It CEU eTD Collection alwaysme.forbeenthere have who Zuko Anesa and Hadžić Anidaespecially Sarajevo, from friendsmy to and Fligler; Bojan and Árnadóttir, Guðrún Rosivack, my Christina Ramos, Carse to Kinville, Patrick especially process; difficult this through guidance their for Bieber Florian and Pogonyi Szabolcs Professors supervisors, my to inspiring; and supportive First of all, I would like to thank my parents, who have always been incredibly incredibly been always have who parents, my thank to like would I all, of First

A CKNOWLEDGMENT ii

friends from Nationalism Studies, Studies, Nationalism from friends

CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUS 4: INTRATHECHAPTER NON 3: CHAPTER HERZEGOVINA1992 2: HISTORICALTHECHAPTER WAR BOSNIAOF THE IN ANDOVERVIEW HERZEGOVINA 1: THEORETICALCHAPTER WAR BOSNIAFRAMEWORK THE IN AND OF INTRODUCTION 4.6 Existing 4.6 Explanations theMuslim for Intra Conflict 4.5 TheofEndAutonomous the Province Westernof Bosnia 4.4 TheCooperationwith the BosnianBosnian Serb, andCroats Neighboring Countries 4.3 ProclamationAutonomousof Provinceof BosniaWestern Abdic‘s 4.2 Political Careerand Relationshipwith the Background 4.1 Information theabout Region ofKrajina Cazinska 3.3 TheInfluenceof onExternal Factors GroupFormation inBosnian War 3.2 TheCaseofand Bosnia Herzegovina 3.1 CivilWars Understanding 1.2 inthe War Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.1 TheDissolution Yuof 4.1.1 Fikret4.1.1 Abdic: An Introduction ION

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CEU eTD Collection Honor:TheThird Balkanwar, 1998 Bosnia 3 ExplanatoryApproaches.‖ 2 Reviewof Explanatory Approaches", 101 1 ethnicity byhasbeennowrefuted, remains however mainasa motivator. treated t in participation of processes and nineties outinstigation act oldthroughgrievancesdid and in so of participationand wars the th When regime. socialist hate had under argument, was Herzegovina and citizens. its and inYugoslaviawar andoftheHerzegovina. nature the ManyBosnia and Herzegovinauntiltoday would did certainly and prepared not was Europe especially and world Europe in place took that conflicts devastating most the of

Misha V.P. Robert

even some scholars, perceived it as the perceivedit as somescholars, even Gagnon, - Herzegovina: EthnicConflict andInternational Intervention Glenny, The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia in Thewar The ―ancient ethnic‖ ―ancient The of dissolution the about published been has literature of amount considerable A Kaplan, isle n uh voet way. violent a such in dissolve ,

d each other for centuries, but but centuries, for other each d but wa but 1 ecfl oxsec bten ifrn ntoaiis n uolva n Bosnia and Yugoslavia in nationalities different between coexistence Peaceful The Myth ofEthnicWar TheFall ofYugoslavia: The Third Balkan Wars,1993 BalkanGhosts s

a later forcefully dismissed by a majority of scholars majorityof a by dismissedforcefully later peaceful surface, the people who inhabitinenemies fact peacefulwerepeoplearea thiswho the surface, who , ;

Susan in their understanding their in

the interestthe peop collapsed, regime Titoist e . ;Bill Clinton Woodward, argument .

,2004. he war and alliance formation. alliance and war he –

103. I of scholars forofhas scholarstopic the NTRODUCTION CitedinDe ; BalkanTragedy

had some scholarly influence at influence scholarly some had

Jovic,―The Disintegration of Yugoslavia A Critical Review of

ee ocd o ie oehr ne Yugoslavia‘s under together live to forced were rm h bgnig f h w the of beginning the From , consequenceof

w ,

1 hich occurred between 1992 andbetween 1992 hichoccurred only superficial. According to the logic of this this of logic the to According superficial. only

jan Jovic,"TheDisintegration of Yugoslavia A Critical .

,2000.

. le were suddenly given free rei free given suddenly were le ; an since BurgS ;Michael ‗ancient ethnic hatred‘ between between hatred‘ethnic‗ancient

not subsidenot the Second World War. The The War. World Second the tivenandShoup Paul, Although ―ancient hatreds‖ hatreds‖ ―ancient Although not expect that Yugoslavia that expect not 2

looking at other factors other at looking Ignatieff, journalists

the beginni the ar in Bosnia and and Bosnia in ar d .

The Warrior’sThe

1995 3

, politicians , .

, ng of the the of ng TheWar in

was one one was n to to n CEU eTD Collection 8 7 6 5 4 and eventsactors influencedwhich non these mention groups ideology. or religion language, race, fractionalizationand underminewell.importance as ofethnicity continuesto the becausesomeofthe Fotini to According Muslims. Croats‖ against Muslims and Croats, with Serbs Muslims, with Serbs Croats, and Muslims against ―Serbs enemies: and allies were war the in parties periods did ethnicity of alliances process of the creation in that argues she groups, ethnic principal three the between alliances the provi itselfethnicwar their and ethnicity, to connected characteristic not often very are wars the in groups ethnic ground. the on events the on mislea Kalyvas to According

Ibid.,6. Ibid.,153. Fotini Kalyvas S tathis ded by Christia Fotini in herinFotini Christia by ded ding. What is perceived to be the be to perceivedis What ding. Christia, In my thesis I wi I thesis my In oiiage htte nr ulmcnlc htas okpae in place took also that conflict Muslim intra the that argues Fotini is B&H in war the for motivations the on presented argument convincing most The Kalyvas, she omits to take intocons take sheto omits

, ―CivilWars,‖ , 420. ed

processes s

AllianceFormation inCivil Wars are not s not are The OntologyThe o becauseformationalliancein very picture.different a shows wars often se se

. was was

This thesis addresses this problem by analysing the role of external external of role the analysing by problem this addresses thesis This doshare not groups the labelling table and fixed. In his work his In fixed. and table

ll mostly focus on the work of work the on focus mostly ll driven mainlybydrivendistributionvictory,byand not identity,and power

f 4 : Action andActionIdentities : inCivil wars, 481

Even if the war starts as a result of ethnic division, behaviour of behaviourof division, ethnic of result a as starts war ifthe Even ,

some of of some of of

ideration book book war o play not 8

However, However, s

, its actors, violence and motivations as ethnic can be can ethnic as motivations and violence actors, its , Alliance Formation in Civil War Civil in Formation Alliance main cleavage of the war very often is not complying not is oftenvery war the mainof cleavage the , 2012. ,

external fa external

- aforementioned al aforementioned the main role. role. main the ethnic processes. ethnic 2 same identity same characteristics.

when analysing alliance formations between between formations alliance analysing when ,

ctors which highly influenhighlywhich ctors he even questions even he Stathis She argues that arguesthat She uig h confli the During

. liances wou liances

Kalyvas 7

and even Muslims against Muslims even and ,

6 the exis the and Christia Fotini. Fotini. Christia and

where, focusing on focusing where, d not ld allianceformation

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tence of the the of tence in different different in be possible be identity 5

CEU eTD Collection ZločiniSvi Fikreta Abdića 9 signedbywar‘s the elit suchInaddition,sources started. will and war asuse theI documents primary agreements also after and before events of sequence the on focus which articles and books historical as well prov which books scientific sources: secondary be consideredcannot asthe Muslim intra The biased and descriptive are they and available few are there sources domestic the under is case The Krajina. which conflict Muslim intra Herzegovina. and Bosnia of case the on theories ethnic. as labeled wars the in motivations ethnic non the of wars civil on theories the introduce will chapter sufficient to on each of elements has motivation, ethnic non ethnicor inismanwar perceived the that show will Bosnia.It in war thefor explanations existing the on insight offerand issue well from literature relevant the examine will chapter

Senudin n usig hs ie f ruet h thes the argument of line this pursuing In Mysourcesbasedlargestqualitativeis on thesisTheresearch. are of empiricalthe data ba historical the providing After Jasarevic,

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researched in researched mainmotivator. occurred occurred

or or an aggression. during the war in the w the in war the during ckground on the war in the second the in war the on ckground another example of of example another The argument will not be that itwa bewillThe notargument that existing academic literature, and when it comes to to comes it when and literature, academic existing

ide a theoretical background of the war, as as war, the of background theoretical a ide The

s il ae h floig route. following the take will is The forth chapter forth The . the ; Nijaz Bosnian war was so complicated that it complicatedthat so was war Bosnian - above mentioned authors and focus on on focus and authors mentioned above in just one of th of one just in known and respected scholars on the the on scholars respected and known . Veladzic,

I will proceed by applying those those applying by proceed will I the estern part of Bosnia, Cazi Bosnia, of part estern Bosnian war w war Bosnian KrajskeGazije will present the case of of case the present will e se approaches is approaches se

s a civilsa with war, chapter, t chapter, .;

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CEU eTD Collection 12 11 10 wars the of Herzegovina and Bosnia in war the in especially History. Kaplan Robert was them among influential argument The one. scholarly ofonethem causeasa collapseof the state. of the approaches Approaches Explanatory of Review the t at look to necessary is it Herzegovina 1.1 mainargumen and Herzegovina and Bosnia in war the anglesmany fromdifferent place took that occurred which Herzegovina and Bosnia in war the of character the and Yugoslavia of dissolution

Kaplan, Ibid.101. Jovic,Disintegration―The of Yugoslavia A Critical Review of Explanatory Approaches.‖ esn fr t dissolution. its for reasons The Dissolution of Yugoslavia CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER hr ae many are There n o te ruet i te acet tnc hatred‖ ethnic ―ancient the is arguments the of One like would one If 12 BalkanGhosts:A Journey through History from 1 from

ertain prominent prominent ertain dis its for that that ts of respected scholarsstudyof respected issue.thists who

cr 992 until 1995 until 992 eate curd n h trioy f Form of territory the on occurred solution d :

THEORETICAL FR THEORETICAL the different different

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOV AND BOSNIA o explain to . pc for space It is very difficult to presentis veryto difficult It politicians,

was presented in presented was . He emphasizes that it that emphasizes He . .

The fact that there is no simplistic explanation simplistic no is there that fact The n i atce ‗ article his In theories and approaches when it comes to explaining the the explaining to comes it when approaches and theories ‘ 10

a the Dejan Jovic offers Jovic Dejan he o he

because of that that of because ag body large who

causes and the nature of the war in Bosnia and and Bosnia in war the of nature the and causes . verall picture of the break the of picture verall

and his and

were highly involved in the Yugoslav crisis and crisisYugoslav the ininvolved highly were 4

The Disintegration of Yugoslavia, A Critical Critical A Yugoslavia, of Disintegration The the , AMEWORK OF THE WAR IN THE WAR OF AMEWORK

also also

me of of book book er di would be too simplistic to choos to simplistic too be would had literature

this a and a Yugoslavia. the full theorythebody offeredon the of Balkan Ghosts: A Journey A Ghosts: Balkan

a critical overview of of overview critical a

chapter is going to offer only the the only offer to going is chapter similar opinion about the nature the about opinion similar INA in 11

which deals deals which several books, and the most the and books, several hc is which

n o te is them of One - up of not not

Yugoslavia, and and Yugoslavia, with this topic, topic, this with

for the events events the for necessarily the the through existing existing former e just e

CEU eTD Collection 16 BalkanTragedy 15 14 13 hand other the On War. World Second the after century how explain lastlong in andform great state not the could thisdifferences too were Islam. and Christianity especially and Christianity of diversities traditional which to according one, at affected ancient. was which especi and conflict ethnic an as start not did Yugoslavia been a and period, note driven was conflict the since failure, book co Bi politician, by resolved be to surface, demagoguery. the to rose tensions the to answer whose rulers by imposed stability false a was it but stability, of picture a projected Nations because justified was Yugoslavia FR against intervention of president

Jovic,"TheDisintegrati G StuartJ. Jovic,"TheDisintegration of Yugoslavia CriticalA Review ofExplanatory Approaches", 101 the beginningthe agnon,

that the same line of arguments was used by the same person not to intervene in one one in intervene to not person same the by used was arguments of line same the that dismissed dismissed he Jovic also took o took also Jovic the attitude the Kaufman, TheMyth of EthnicWar realized that that realized ethnic tensions was to suppress and deny them. When communist repression lifted, repression communist When them. deny and suppress to was tensions ethnic the these supposedly different people different supposedly these ll Clinton, who said who Clinton, ll . a s

‖ 13 of the nineties.ofthe

United Sta United ay times many

esnt gt novd in involved get to reason ModernHatreds: The Symbolic Politics of EthnicWar nte polm with problem Another 16 of the US policy US the of

onof Yugoslavia CriticalA Review ofExplanatory Approaches", 103. T he only importance of this of importance only he Balkan the in intervention ther arguments ther the

the te . 15 s,

Yu aa dsiy f h sae a b cnetdt h cultur the to connected be can state the of destiny fatal (2004).

Bill Clinton Bill s oi sae i hs ril an article his in states Jovic As olv ain wt a emphasis an with Nations goslav

at the beginning of beginning the at , Dragovic by towar into uncontrollable ‗ancient hatred‘.‖ ‗ancient uncontrollable , ds hs ruet is argument this

- who stated in ‗The Sunday T Sunday ‗The in stated who Soso, a 5 ifrn period. different the

were were consideration, and one of them is the cultural cultural the is them of one and consideration,

ex Yugoslav republic Yugoslav ex ―WhyYugoslaviaDid Disintegrate?‖. s argument today argument

able to survive together survive to able n epcal Bosnia especially and the codn t ti argument this to According ally not as a consequence of a of consequence a as not ally nineties ― : ,

no nation is a fixed one, and and one, fixed a is nation no also connected to the same same the to connected also such rule, Communist Under , , 5. hs argument This - prto o epotd by exploited or operation ohr agree others d Kaplan‘s read he after that ,

is on

to see how such how see to .

However t However s Eastern and Western Western and Eastern , 14 particularly imes‘

It is It

ws doom ―was for however, , –

interesting to interesting 103. almost half a a half almost in 1999 that that 1999 in hisnot does the , Woodward,

as in wars Bosnia ,

claims al and and al hatred ed these these

has has

to to ,

CEU eTD Collection YugoslaviaDisintegrate?, 14. 21 20 19 18 17 wit state‘ Serbian ‗Grater a creating r is leader single Yugoslavia phenomenon.‖ and 1986 Milosev Slobodan intellectualagencies politicaland whichonly factor kept the was he that say to naive very be would it but strong, that Yugoslavia made that factors it for the of president lifelong as him declared 1974 fromConstitution the that fact the and history, Yugoslav in figureinfluential most the was Tito Broz Josip Milosevic. Slobodan oth the on and Tito, Broz Josip andwhereHerzegovina, place.genocideethnic and cleansing took explai cannot but Yugoslavia, of dissolution the understand to trying in point starting good a be certainly definitely th after dissolved that one only the not was Yugoslavia

L L Gagnon, Ibid.112. Ibid.108 o o uis Selluis Selluis self. On the one hand, keeping Yugoslavia together was always connected to one person, person, one to connected always was together Yugoslavia keeping hand, one the On The 18

– TheMyth of EthnicWar, the one with the biggest consequences. biggest withone the the s s 110.

, Slobodan , Milosevic destruction and of Yugoslavia, 4.cited in Slobodan , Milosevic destruction and of Yugoslavia, No one can deny how strong his cult of personality was or that he was one of the of one was he that or was personality of cult his strong how deny can one No the the ot research most : n the wars that occurred on occurred that wars the n

―Yugoslavia did not die a a die not did ―Yugoslavia 19

expla According to Luis Sell in his book his in Sell Luis to According esponsible‖ ic ,

ain ht h wr w wars the that nation the the

eba Academy Serbian ed Yugoslavpeople

ar 2004

codn t hs approach this to According gument of all is the one which deals with the role of the the of role the with deals which one the is all of gument er hand the dissolution is very often blamed on another one, one, another on blamed often very is dissolution the hand er . This argument focus argument This .

the slogan Yugoslav ground, especially in the case of Bosnia Bosnia of case the in especially ground, Yugoslav aua dah n Mlsvc more Milosevic and death natural together. together. of Science Science of 6

ere

‗all Serbs in one state‘. state‘. one in Serbs ‗all Cultural, linguistic, Cultural,can differencesreligious

eie e, s poe t gas roots grass to opposed as led, ―elite

Slobodan Milosevic and Destruction of Destruction and Milosevic Slobodan

es 2002. and the famous Memorandum from from Memorandum famous the and

on the Serbian nationalistpolitician Serbian the on e end of of end e ,

Milosevic had the final goal of of goal final the had Milosevic Dragovic 17

the - Soso, WhySoso, Did This kind of politics politics of kind This Cold War, but was was but War, Cold than state

any other other any

speaks ,

CEU eTD Collection 27 26 25 24 23 Disintegrate?,‖14 22 associations, ethnic forcespolitical units, parties, agencies, armed law ministries,enforcement components,‖ organizational its and By ―state the groups. means he ethnic organizations certain among powerful and influential very are which organizations G changing. was defi truth blue it as and Serbia of position the on focusingcrisis, wasdrafted state the of collapse star and Serbia, in trends existing already the to response the was he notes, positive from is It person. one just on blame the put to simplistic too be would it but Herzegovina, and Bosnia and Croatia in wars radical t try even not will I When first, thewarsas the a creating of

roups Ibid. Rodgers Ibid.19. Sell Jovic,Disintegration―The of Yugoslavia,‖ 113. Sell ted even power.before ted he cameto nitely . Evenif . s s , 15. , ,Slobodan Milosevic and destruction of Yugoslavia, 4. Cited5. Dragovic in ,Slobodan Milosevic and destruction of Yugoslavia, 44.Cited inIbid. Milosevic appeared in the political arena, the crisis in Yugoslavia became even severe. severe. even became Yugoslavia in crisis the arena, political the in appeared Milosevic

nte atr hs rl i consider is role whose actor Another . or try to deny his huge his deny to try or 26

- Brubaker,

print for war and war for print be taken as taken be He argues argues He

in1986

, but but , homogenous state for Serbs could Serbs for state homogenous the M the 25 - 15.

Ethnicitywithout Groups, This argument goes in line with with line in goes argument This

e ol nt ae en success been have not would he

emorandum is not taken as a master plan of creating Great creatingplan of master a as taken not is emorandum

byintellectual sixteenSerbian a is theis ageta hs oiia act political his that argue o that the main protagonists protagonists main the that second,and he accordingargument this was wellto ofawareth an indicator that the attitude towards Yugoslavia as a multiethnic state state multiethnic a as Yugoslavia towards attitude the that indicator an

certain that the nationalist politics of Slobo of politics nationalist the that certain

Serbian Academy Serbian the

creation of greater Serbia greater of creation role in the process of dissolution of the state and after in the the in after and state the of dissolution of process the in role 23

2006

the the of Science and Art and its Memorandum,its and Art and Science of 7

in framing the the framing in Serbs in Yugoslavia. inYugoslavia. Serbs not not

ions s o be to . TheMemorandum analyzed . ful if he had not had support. support. had not had he if ful go without consequences, d consequences, without go

oohr uolv eulc wr not were republics Yugoslav other to Brubaker‘s ,

24 ey motn i researching in important very

while others re others while conflict 14.

article - dan Milosevic were far far were Milosevic dan Soso,―WhyYugoslavia Did Some

as ethnic ethnic as 27 the

fused to take as thistake fusedto which Ethnicity Ethnicity scholars consider consider scholars processes which which processes er

Serbia, it can itcan Serbia, the issolution as as issolution are different different are a include can

post Tito post As Jovic Jovic As is without

fact. which which the the 22

CEU eTD Collection 29 28 the of Few confession. religious or ethnicity their on based another one against wars civil fight not did they though countries, neighboring against wars fight r did Bosnia rulers. Bosnian state the follow to obligated were and state, one in coexisted churches these of three All Church. Bosnian the and Church, Orthodox Eastern the Church, Catholic Roman the ChristianChurches; ofconsisted three Bosnia Kingdom Medievalof territory. The background religious different of people where country history. Bosnian of overview historical Herzegovina and Bosnia and 1.2 and the especially event, this in found be can Herzegovina and Bosnia in war the of roots the and consequences, severe had state rep would in factors mentioned above ambiguous organizations between ―relationship these between difference a make to have analysts that argues Brubaker group. particular that of part a be to andclassify asbeingofcertain a part group thenpeople organizations These etc. radio the newspapers, churches, organizations, movement social

RobertDonia and John Ibid.16.

Understanding the Herzegovina. xmn te neato bten t ihbtns t inhabitants its between interaction the examine In the In To understand the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is necessary to go into the past past the into go to necessary is it Herzegovina, and Bosnia of case the understand To

resent resent . ‖ 28 attempt to explain the dissolution of Yugoslavia it is important to take all ofall take to important is it Yugoslavia of dissolution explain the to attempt

organizations and the groups in whose name they are speaking, because the the because speaking, are they name whose in groups the and organizations a

simplifi

Fine,

: A A : W ain f vr cmlx process complex very a of cation Bosniaand Hercegovina o account to ar in Bosniaar in and Herzegovina

rdto Betrayed Tradition irredentist politics of Slobod of politics irredentist

and groups they claim to represent is often deeply deeply often is represent to claim they groups and ,

Since u ba i mind in bear but

the middle ages, Bosnia and Herzegovina was a a was Herzegovina and Bosnia ages, middle the 8

:ATradition Betrayed 29

oet Donia Robert imposeitwhat means category a asto h rough rough

that that s

naie ad hrd h sa the shared and inhabited .

h c The singling out just one of them them of one just out singling

an Milosevic towards towards Milosevic an h centuries. the , 1995. ,

ollapse of the Yugoslav Yugoslav the of ollapse and

on Fine John ls moe by imposed ules

n hi book their In offer a a offer Bosnia the the me CEU eTD Collection 33 32 31 them 30 considered 28% good, them considered 36% where place work the in relations was nation Yugoslav of 62% another and Yugoslavia, of dissolution discovered Croat. were 17% and populat ofthe 44% 1991, Aprilof in held was census,which etc). Jews (Roma, minorities different and ethnic Serbs and Croats Muslims, three from constructed was country The majority. puppet of part a was exceptionof the with territory Bosnian on religious wars Bos in war religious or ethnic an considered be cannot also this but conflict, the of sides both on found be could Bosnians either.‖ period Ottoman member as another one fight not did ―Bosnians court. in resolved were they wars, religiousand ethnic through disputes these settlingthan rather but Church Orthodox the Catholicabout ofbuildingsChurchchurchthepossession and taxes, and Ot the of beginning the At ethnicity. to according labeled not were Bosnians rule, Ottoman the during religion, their by people characterized Ottomans the that fact the Considering country. the of regions Serb, or Croat as themselves to referred inhabitants Anthony Kasim Ibid.6 Ibid. , 12. V - ona n Hreoia u Herzegovina, and Bosnia – state,nationalist provoked sentiments,which inresultedviolence. ethnic Trnka,Konstitutivnost Naroda, 29. arious t arious 13.

Oberschall,"The Manipulation of Ethnicity", 998.

that in a nationalist sample of 4,232 Yugoslavs, only 7% of them believed in the the in believed them of 7% only Yugoslavs, 4,232 of sample nationalist a in that the ensions arose as a result of Bosnia‘s partial adoption of of adoption partial Bosnia‘s of result a as arose ensions Croatian Independent State. The extreme nationalist regime, as a Nazi Nazi a as regime, nationalist extreme The State. Independent Croatian oa rl in rule toman

very important to them. to important very 32

30 n h sre o ehi rltos hc ws h was which relations ethnic on survey the In

After the rebel forces started to fight against the Ottoman regi Ottoman the against fight to started forces rebel the After

nia

During the period of Yugoslavia, there were no ethnic or or ethnic no were there Yugoslavia, of period the During lk ohr uolv republics, Yugoslav other nlike

ona tee a sm tension some was there Bosnia, 9 33

The survey was also held on ethno on held also was survey The epnet si ta being that said respondents

of religious groups in any time of of time any in groups religious of and those who did lived in the border border the in lived did who those and the the ion was Muslim, 31% were Serb, Serb, were 31% Muslim,ion was Second constituent

World War when Bosnia Bosnia War when World

did not have a strong strong a have not did

ewe te Bosnian the between According to the last the to According the eld in 1990, it was was it 1990, in eld

Islamic faith, but but faith, Islamic rus Bosnian groups, 31 a part of the the of part a

- national me, me, the the CEU eTD Collection 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 in andways, other chose reasonthey t playing leaders of manipulation, Herzegovina and Bosnia in especially could one no that and state, multiethnic other any important. not Yugoslavia argueis he that not trying to that was from the forces. military and political Serbian and Croatian the by communities those sentiment‖ home.‖ at homogeneity politicalcreate to inorder support their and challengers demobilize marginalize,and ―silence, inelite Serbia conservative byviolence the used enemies was and of part a was 1990s the of wars Yugoslav husbands, neighbors, wivesbecame enemies difficult very is it above, bad. very or bad them considered 12% baonly that showed relations neighborhood as them perceived 6% only and satisfactory, he fact that that fact he

Ibid.xvi. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.,xv. Gagnon, YugoslavSurvey 25 cited1990, in

a ad ilne copnig t was it accompanying violence and war Belgrade and Zagreb with the support of their followers in the ―war zones‖. ―war the infollowers their of support the with Zagreb and Belgrade

n h In

TheMyth of Ethni 37 is book book is

the and that the violence in what he calls plural communities was created outside of of outside created was communities pluralcalls he what inviolence the that and

H elite was not able to mobilize the population based on based population the mobilize to able not was elite is aim is h Mt o Ehi War Ethnic of Myth The is cWar. 36

to show that ethnic tensions in Yug in tensions ethnic that show to

He o nesad o pol wo were who people how understand to

Ibid. believes the

the the e . thnic card‖ thnic Gagnon‘s argument ―is not a story of pure and simple simple and pure of story a not ―is argument Gagnon‘s Yugoslav case it was ―creating a violent conflict as conflict violent ―creatinga it was case Yugoslav ht h wr wr nt pout f ―gras of product a not were wars the that a practically overnight. practically a 10 broad strategy in which images o images which in strategy broad

35 taei pa md by made plan strategic

, a 40

Gagnon expect

multiethnicethnicity that and paradise to produce the violence the produce to d or very bad. The results regarding regarding results The bad. very or d

the level of violence that violence of level the argu oslavia were not bigger than bigger not were oslavia es

and Croatia‖ with an aim to to aim an Croatia‖with and that ok colle work the the the . On the contrary, the On . conservative ethnic card is the the is card ethnic voec o the of ―violence 38 a

g As he As 34 f threatening threatening f u 39 es,

Based He shows He occurred friends, argues s

roots elite elite was was the in a , ,

CEU eTD Collection 45 44 43 42 41 th groups‖ other towards passions ―violent the have puzzle the of part of demobilization and violence led elite about argument Gagnon‘s analyze to starts then and argument, ethnic the and Yugoslavia answerto inmisleadingquestionwillthis resultpicture a probably events.of the argu decide supporters andhorrible their why actions, tr Kaufman a unity‘ and ‗brotherhood Yugoslav actions. aforementioned ―outsi were events horrible forces. Serbian paramilitary about stories horrifying with Herzegovina. inand Bosnia war aboutof thenature largerthe startingdebate thefor point representsgood a and Bosnia questi ofand case the in important very hand, one the on countries, neighboring the ofinvolvement the emphasizing isByHerzegovina. wars, for reasons the and Yugoslavia, strategy

Ibid.9. Ibid. Ibid.,1. Kaufman, Ibid. e se projects. se es

He also provides also He that there is no simple reason why ethnic wars occur wars ethnic why reason simple no is there that

Stuart J. Kaufman starts his book book his Kaufmanstarts J. Stuart

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, , 1. a quick overview of the existing arguments about the dissolution of of dissolution the about arguments existing the of overview quick a

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CEU eTD Collection 54 2000,89. 53 52 51 realthe eventsoccurred ofthethat picture them, or argument ofthesisthis and state the of up brake by nationalistCrpoliticiansfrom politicsirredentist of consequence of without the scholar of trail the during provided were Slobodan―Belgrade‘sMilosevicculpability has beeninwar the extensively documented.‖ that information and literature existing the on based war. the on influence approaches the abounded these to According fighting. for motivation ethnic on emphasis Herzegovina and Bosnia in Serbia of Army. National Yugoslav and government plan strategically were B&H in actions Herzegovina. and Bosnia in war the for responsible place.and state warsthat took Kaufman that seen be can it

Ramet, Steven Christopher Sabrina

an the forces in Bosnia. Ethnicity is in is Ethnicity Bosnia. in forces the main reason for the conflict, which occurred between Bosnian Muslims, Serbs and Croats, Croats, and Serbs Muslims, betweenBosnian which occurred conflict, thefor main reason

and tying to put the war in Bosnia in just one of those approaches is not enough to give to enough not isapproaches those of one just in inBosnia war the put to tying and aggression. s

The nature of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzegovina and Bosnia in war the of nature The

Some . Some of them perceived it as a civil war, civil a as it perceived them of Some . Burgand Paul Shoup, The Thinking AboutYugoslavia Ramet, n sgiiat nlec from influence significant any Bennett, idea about Greater Serbi Greater about idea coas ecie lbdn Mil Slobodan perceive scholars ThinkingAbout Yugoslavia The Yugoslavia 53 will not beit wa not that will Bosnian war was so complicated that it has elements of each one of of one each of elements has it that complicated so was war Bosnian

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the importance of ethnicity in the dissolution of the the of dissolution the in ethnicity of importance the

- n Herzegovina 52 neighborin s a civilnonsa withmotivation, ethnic war, or ethnic ed several months in advance by the Serbian Serbian the by advance in months several ed

,187.

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51 with an emphasis an with : EthnicConflict and International Intervention,

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CEU eTD Collection 55 inher scholars few the ethnici of importance gain they self (APWB) entity separate own their create and Sarajevo, the of part one w the for motivation vice changing parties the

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AllianceFormation

h spot f h peiet o Cota n Sri. hs lo undermine also This Serbia. and Croatia of presidents the of support the hs at lo ugss ht n h Bsin a ethnicity war Bosnian the in that suggests also fact This

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14 and h wr n ona n Herzegovina and Bosnia in war the the fact that during the war the during that fact the ,

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they collaborated with the other other the with collaborated they

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CEU eTD Collection 56 of peoples constituent the of one as Herzegovina, and Bosnia and Croatia in population asked Carrington Lord 1991, November t and Yugoslavia, in situation new the concerning opinions legal 15 down laid commission The advice. legal with conference the provide to order in Commission, Badinter the as known Commission, conference peace a of secession the since influence.SloveniaCroatia,andbiggest Serbiathe had where, Yugoslavia, in stay to wanted they Instead, desires. same the in independent live and Yugoslavia from secede to wanted Croats Bosnian and Muslims Bosnian signi a represented Yugoslavia in situation new The Republics. Yugoslav other unlike majority, t wasS Muslim,were 31% BosniaHerzegovinaandcountry a with was makeneededto t thereafter shortly followed Croatia and Yugoslavia, of part a be to wished longer Yugoslavia. of Republic Federative C hat though Muslims constituted the constituted Muslims though hat

Kasim Trnka,Ko HAPTER HAPTER iat su fr ona eas i dvdd t multi its divided it because Bosnia for issue ficant Before B&H gained gained B&H Before On the 27 the On population the of 44% 1991, of April in held was which census, last the to According

country of Bosnia, but a significant number of Bosnian Serbs did not sha not did Serbs Bosnian of number significant a but Bosnia, of country 2: 2: nstitutivnostNaroda, 29.

th choiceleftstayinfederationwasto whether leave. Yugoslavof the what or THE HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE WAR IN BOSNIA BOSNIA IN THE WAR OF OVERVIEW THE HISTORICAL e ihs f t rpbi t bcm idpnet tts O te 20 the On states. independent become to republic its of wishes he

of August of c , ard y the by haired AND HERZEGOVINA 1992 HERZEGOVINA AND erb, and 17% were Croat.erb,andwere 17%

needne i ws n o sx republic six of one was it independence, the European Community and its members decided to establish to decided members its and CommunityEuropean the

In 1991, 1991, In majority with plurality, Bosnia did not have an absolute absolute an have not did Bosnia plurality, with majority od arntn Te etbihd h Arbitration the established They Carrington. Lord a the 15 highlymixed population. Slovenia was the first who first the was Slovenia

Badinter Commission: ―Does the Serbian Serbian the ―Does Commission: Badinter 56

From these statistics, itFromcan thesebestatistics, concluded

- ethnic population. The majority of of majority The population. ethnic - 1995

s declared that it that declared

of the Socialist Socialist the of . Bosnia re the the re th

no of of

CEU eTD Collection 60 59 58 57 of part by supported countries neighboring of claims April Herzegovina. est elite Serb Bosnian Bosni of thousands also were Herzegovina. and Bosnia of state independent an of favor in were voted, who population the of % 64.3 ofout %, 99.4 that referendum showed the of results the population, boycot to Bosnia in population Serb the invited of referendu favor in was country the of population referendu a hold not did government the because request, andinternationalrights obligations under law. state and entitle were They country. the from secede to entitled not was Herzegovina and Bosnia of population Serbian the that concluded minorities. of rights the respect to obligated are states which by norms law international under guaranteed is identity their of recognition to right the country, the within community linguistic or religious ethnic, more of principle the by protected was units federal international integ territorialTheotherwise. agree concerned states thewhen independence except of self of right the circumstances, the have Yugoslavia,

Noel Trnka,Konstitutivnost Naroda, 22. Ibid. OpinionofArbitration the Commission (Badinter Commission)

1992 Malcolm, Bosnia and Herzegovina was not recognized as an independent country, on the first first the on country, independent an as recognized not was Herzegovina and Bosnia minApril

y th by 60 Bosnia

ona a rcgie a a oeeg ad indep and sovereign a as recognized was Bosnia Erpa Cmuiy and Community European e the right to self to right the 1992 while, at samemembers thetime,thewhile, Assembly1992 Bosnianof the Serb

, , 2002,304 the bihd Te eulc f Srpska of Republic ‗The ablished Bosnian Se Bosnian

an Serbs from urban areas. As a response to the referendum, the the referendum, the to response a As areas. urban from Serbs an

–

305. - , determination?‖

- determination cannot change existing frontiers at the time the at frontiers existing change cannot determination eba n Croatia and Serbia rbs and Croats, who wanted who Croats, and rbs d to declare the nationality of their choice, with the all all the with choice, their of nationality the declare to d 16

needne Te alaet ald o a for called parliament The independence.

the t it. Despite the boycott of the Bosnian Serb Serb Bosnian the of boycott the Despite it. t 57

ntd States. United The commission answered that whatever that answered commission The By .

‘ within the borders of Bosnia and and Bosnia of borders the within ‘

became clear. clear. became m to determine whether determine to m nentoa lw they law international

uti possidetis uti the territories the net tt o te t of 7th the on state endent

A tr ht te irredentist the that, fter 58

These claims were were claims These From this it can be can it this From . If there is one or or one is there If . 59 in which they they which in Among them Among

referred to to referred

or not the the not or rity of of rity CEU eTD Collection 64 63 62 61 act to not majorpowers ―Thethestop decision war. of the measuresto takenappropriate were Serbia?‖ from aggression or war external civil a it ―Was war: Bosnian the international of nature the the of about behavior dilemma the of was kind community this for reason The force. any use to allowed not a than more neut nothing was UNPROFOR keeping. peace of aim the with territory Bosnian powers. ethnic and camps war happeni were atrocities, cleansing huge that world the reminding Bosnia, from pictures disturbing show to started media the time, same the At community. international the from author Bosnian country, the over all spreading was war the and started crisis. Yugoslav the in efficiency its demonstrate to Europe c They becomemilitarilyto engaged. impo smal a just became Herzegovina Union, Soviet the of collapse the with but importance geopolitical significant a had It West. the and Yugosla War, Cold the During community. recognitionofBosnia. the were

Ibid.,274. Woodward, Leo Woodward, ral United Nations force on force Nations United ral rtance. The lack of interest from interest lackrtance. Theof Tindemansand

niee te a t b a concern a be to war the onsidered Bosnia and Herzegovina represented a substantial challenge for the international international the for challenge substantial a represented Herzegovina and Bosnia At the beginning of the war in Bosnia, the United States did not want to be to want not did States United the Bosnia, in war the of beginning the At 63 the importance of Yugoslavia disappeared. After its dissolution, Bosnia and and Bosnia dissolution, its After disappeared. Yugoslavia of importance the majorityintoSerbia incorporated be Croatia.officiallyand War started

s rsos UPOO, h Uie Ntos rtcin oc, a sn to sent was Force, Protection Nations United the UNPROFOR, response a As BalkanTragedy BalkanTragedy

InternationalCommission on the

g hr, n te dmne mltr int military demanded they and there, ng ,273. ,273.

Bosnian ground which provided human provided which ground Bosnian fre rpbi o Ygsai wt n significant no with Yugoslavia of republic former l 64

powerful countries meant that littlehad theythat meant willingness powerfulcountries

hs iem ws never was dilemma This

of the European Community and they left it to to it left they and Community European the of Union Soviet the between buffer a as served via 17 Balkans,

Nedovršenimir 62

fe te ig o Sarajevo of siege the After , 56. , reto fo the from ervention

ul rsle, n no and resolved, fully

itarian aid, but it was was it but aid, itarian te eadd help demanded ities rightafter the involved.

major CEU eTD Collection 68 67 66 65 happen to continued horrors other and cleansing ethnic atrocities, the and delegates, Serbian byallnot obligationsseriously takenHowever, more. and the closingwere thethe camps, war Government Serbian the that demanded recognize not EuropeanCommunitythe that would of violation the co kindofcountry.ofdivisionthe signature defined, were units the Before in divided be shouldBosnia that agreedparties three the of leaders The plan. Cutileiro the as known became negotiations These Herzegovina. and Bosnia of Communityt got stronger. wi and ethnicity, on based attempte proposal peace Every Nation. United the and USA, the Community, European the by offered forcesanand aggressor‖. external recognized‖ had they that state Bosnian the defend not would they that meant conflict the in militarily

Ibid. Tindemans, Ibid. Ibid. nference of European Community m Community European of nference

Before and during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, several peace proposals were were proposals peace several Herzegovina, and Bosnia in war the during and Before Very soon after the Lisbon conference, the war in Bosnia started and another another and started Bosnia in war the conference, Lisbon the after soon Very Eu the of power great the referendum, Bosnian the of results the After d to reach an agreement between the three national communities. The proposals were were proposalsThe communities. nationalthree the between agreement anreach to d

10 days after days 10 65 Nedovršenimir hn t a vr cer ht Bosnia that clear very was it when international laws by Serbian forces on Bosnian territory. Bosnian on forces Serbian by laws international ogether inFebruaryinogether Lisbon osiuinl omnte participated communities constitutional

he signed the agreement the signed he ,48.

th every new offer, the ethnic the offer, new every th

66 h P the

embers was held in London with the aim of stopping stopping of aim the with London in held was embers eiet f ona Aia Izetbegovic Alija Bosnia, of resident release civil prisoners, the protection of minoriti of protection the prisoners, civil release 18 to 1992 to talk about the new constitutional order newthe to constitutionaltalkorder about 1992

, three constitutional units based on ethnicity. ethnicity. on based units constitutionalthree

because he was not willing to accept any accept to willing not was he because a a te ae ie takd y ―rebel by attacked time same the at was the territorial changes materritorialchanges

division within the country became country the within division

n h ne the in gotiations. Firstly, the the Firstly, gotiations. 68 de by force; they force;they by de

It was declared declared was It

withdrew his his withdrew ropean es, es,

CEU eTD Collection 73 72 71 70 69 as themselves identified who people parents; or marriages mixed from people Serbs; and Herzegovina(pro and Bosnia ofidea the to committed those of fate ― Herzegovina. and Bosnia of history and tradition multiethnic the aside set community becomeofCroatia.part e would Bosnian Bosnia of the by rejected was part Serbian the implemented, plan were plan a such if that The clear very was it because government Government. Bosnian the to given be would gi be would territory states.‖ ethnic three of confederation a into Bosnia divided and Lisbon of principles ethnic the to ―returned plan divi ethnic the recognized it because continuedrage war the to country. the of composition be sovereignty.‖ Bosnian of idea the reconstitute to and a f solution asa proposalVance Owenpeace stopinternational war.the community to Bosnia. in

―heroic effort to move away from the presumption of ethnic partition in the Lisbon Accord Lisbon the in partition ethnic of presumption the from awaymove to effort ―heroic Ibid. Ibid.,310. Ibid. Woodward, Tindemans, raie it tn rvne, ae o hsoia, geographical historical, on based provinces, ten into organized

After the second failure, infailure,internationalsecondtheAfter the January 1993, the community of presented h Oe Sotneg ln a a rca mmn i wih h international the which in moment crucial a was plan Stoltenberg Owen The Owen the as known proposal, peace next The 69

BalkanTragedy Nedovršenimir hs ofrne a yt nte idcto o te la the of indication another yet was conference This ventually become part of Serbia, and the Croatian part of Bosnia would would Bosnia of part Croatian the and Serbia, of part become ventually 72 ven to Bosnian Serbs; 17% would be given to Bosnian Croats; and 30% 30% and Croats; Bosnian to given be would 17% Serbs; Bosnian to ven

The plan would divide the country in a manner in which 53% of the the of 53% which in manner a in country the divide would plan The 73 ,48.

,304.

In May of 1993, Serbian Leaders refused to accept the plan and and plan the accept to refused Leaders Serbian 1993, of May In 71

sion of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Herzegovina. and Bosnia of sion

or the Bosnian crisis. It wasthe BosniantheIt crisis. or 19

70 - Stoltenberg Plan, will be remembered remembered be will Plan, Stoltenberg

A ccording to the plan, Bosnia would would Bosnia plan, the to ccording ck of a strong strong a of ck - Bosnian Muslims, Croats Croats Bosnian Muslims,

criteria last plan that made lastplan that Owen

and - Stoltenberg Stoltenberg

will h ethnic the of the the of The The CEU eTD Collection 75 74 controlofBosniaks unde territory the officiall was Herzegovina and Bosnia the Serbia Izetbegovic, Alija of Herzegovina, president and Bosnia of president the by signed was It 1995. multiethnic traditionthis of country the preserve to nothing did therefore and lines, ethnic along based all almost lost. non nonracial, a in believed who those and Bosnians;

Ibid. Ibid.,299. 75

h pae ln ta wr ofrd o ona n Hreoia o tpte a were war the stop to Herzegovina and Bosnia to offered were that plans peace The h wr a fnly ocue w concluded finally was war The

r the name the Republic of Srpska of Republic the name the r

, (BosnianMuslims)

Croatia of president the and Milosevic, Slobodan

y a divided country. Bosnian Serbs w Serbs Bosnian country. divided a y

andwasgiven Croats 51%. ith the Dayton Peace Agreement in December of of December in Agreement Peace Dayton the ith 20

and the Federation which was under the the under was which Federation the and - exclusivist, or multi or exclusivist,

, ethnic state‖ ethnic

ere given 49% of of 49% given ere Franjo Tudjman. Tudjman. Franjo 74

was CEU eTD Collection 78 77 76 be to is what understood morethan mattersto local private and to beconnected often actionscan cleavage ―master the with correspond not do often very a an willwar the ofactor the conflict, ethnic asisan perceived war wars. class or religious, ethnic, ideological, as labeled be perceived deaths. which state, sovereign a of government 3.1 to wh examini just am I war, was Bosnia in war the that claiming not am I theories these using By Herzegovina. itself war ethnic of existence focus considere usually are

pproach in analyzing civil wars civil analyzing in pproach

Ibid.,475 Kalyvas,―The Ontology Of Violence‖:"Political Acti Fotini d the d the en it comes to its motivations, but also highlights what these theories omit when it comes comes it when omit theories these what highlights also but motivations, its to comes it en the Civil W Civil

caseof on providing other providing on , 76 One of the elements of elements the of One A a' mse cevg, n ta te oa eie rqety sd h wr s wa a as war the used frequently elite local the that and cleavage, master war's AllianceFormation inCivilWars violence will be categorized an ethnic an categorized be will violence

They are usually described as binary conflicts, and their nature and cause are are cause and nature their and conflicts, binary as described usually are They - to be to ii wr s osdrd o be to considered is war civil 476. C ars HAPTER 3: NON 3: HAPTER BosniaHerzegovina. and

based on their gener their on based

d as ethnic. Th ethnic. as d ng the parts of theories which will give other perspective other give will which theories of parts the ng

explanations

, and then applying those theories on the war in Bosnia and and Bosnia in war the on theories those applying then and , the

labeled as ethnic, due to the fact ―actions on the ground‖ ground‖ the on ―actions fact the to due ethnic, as labeled Bosnian war was a civil war, and motivations and war, civil a was war Bosnian , - al cleavage. Following cleavage. al

ETHNIC MOTIVES ETHNIC is chapter is 9.

for the conflict the for an causes

on andIdentity internal armed conflict, directed against the the against directed conflict, armed internal . aim 77

It is very problematic to have this kind of of kind this have to problematic very is It s to examine to s

t es 10 cmltv battle cumulative 1000 least at besides ethnic and eve and ethnic besides ‖.

78 As

the the in Civil Wars,in

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FOR THE WAR FOR a also aforementioned, civil wars can can wars aforementioned,civil

result of this approach, if the the if approach, this of result theories on civil wars which which wars civil on theories

be viewed as ethnic actors actors ethnic asviewed be 476.

this n

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for the war war the for

to the war the to - related related a civil civil y to to y CEU eTD Collection 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 causewar. ofthe ethni of meaning underminethe not does It constructed. isethnicity that claimswhich―constructivist‖ case. the not often very is it practice in and ethnic, be to considered usually are identities ground the isarguable. actor‖ ―single a are leaders their and groups ethnic that Assuming characteristic level. micro considered is misleading.be canas unitary war ofthe because actors perceiving ethnic, it behindas the on focus and war the of cleavage master the from away step scholars few very and war civil actors local masta connected behindto usuallynot aretheir whichcreation war.‖ the of causes the to relation no or little bearing often conflicts private or local their ―settle

Ibid. Kalyvas Ibid.,1063. K Ibid. Kalyvas,―The Ontology Of,‖481. Fotini Ibid.,476. alyvas,―Ethnic Defection inCivil War,‖ August 1,2008, 1045. events 79

n sho One This raises the question of whether ethnicity whether of question the raises This city in these conflicts, but I point out that ethnicity cannot be consider be cannot ethnicity that out point I but conflicts, these in city AllianceFormation inCivilWars nlzn all Analyzing , ―CivilWars,‖ , 420.

on the

82 as a as n qetos h vr eitne f tnc a itself. war ethnic of existence very the questions and

cnetd o tnc rus hne as change groups ethnic to connected s

to be the main motivation on the macro level very often is not the ca the not is often very level macro the on motivation main the be to Despite the fact that wars can start as a consequence of ethnic divisions, the divisions, ethnic of consequence a as start can wars that fact the Despite l b eycrfl n aeigwr, its wars, labeling in careful very be uld

86 means rather than a goal. All this is very often neglected from the studies of of studies the from neglected often very is this All goal. a than rather means ground.

ac frain n ii wr as offers also wars civil in formation iance 80

, 2012. ,

fixed and stable during civil wars, which are labeled as as labeled are which wars, civil during stable and fixed

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CEU eTD Collection 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 a introduces She them. among fractionalization group the on focuses and war in parties the BosniaHe and claiming but it,drivenit bywasthe motivation only misleadingbe would no did of preconditions institutional and geopolitical sovereignty‖ the by but territory, the for aspirations Tragedy Balkan was? actionsthewhat for motivator only the not Christian both are they that fact the Se between that be would alliance logical only The characteristics. not would alliances book Croats‖ against Muslims with and Serbs Croats, Muslims, with Serbs Croats, and Muslims against ―Serbs enemies: and allies the on exclusive, wa the during groups ethnic that notice to surprising very is it that of as represented is division ethnic times conflict 3.2

Ibid.,272. Woodward,Balkan Tragedy. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Fotini Woodward, The

A t , The Fotini dedicated the whole chapter to alliance formation and group group andformation alliance to chapter whole the Fotinidedicated

lliance Formation in Civil Wars Civil in Formation lliance , AllianceFormation inCivilWars play especially C

ase Bosniaase Herzegovinaof and characterization of characterization BalkanTragedy

. 93 important role in the conflict, and that some actions during the war were not not were war the during actions some that and conflict, the in role important rzegovina

But there are also other explanations.Butalso other are there

contrary.

actions were actions hn t oe t activities to comes it when e p be . ,272. She

88 ossible, because these groups do not share the same identity identity same the share not do groups these because ossible,

During the conflict in different periods parties in the war were war the in parties periods different in conflict the During

examines process formation and termination of alliances termination andformationof examinesprocess

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not not , 2012, , 153. s, but but s, driven b driven 89 s in Yugoslavia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia and Yugoslavia, in s the main cause off cause main the

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the conflict the the case the of just rbs and Croats, because of of because Croats, and rbs .

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in Bosnia and because because and Bosnia in an ethnic nature these these nature ethnic an . wr nt fixed not were r

fractionalization 90

F that ethnicity that otini in her her in otini as ethnic ethnic as 87 among among

Many Many

or or in in CEU eTD Collection 99 98 97 96 95 94 is group the of division This uncertainty. of time inthe relations intergroup of complexity ofthe reasons meaningfu more be will that population the for reasons provide could they so elites the by invented simply are together alliances keep allegedly which narratives goal. political strategic their achieve them help can which alliance and cohesion group actions. characteristicidentity at looking by narratives construct t choose parties war the power by mainly driven and strategic, ideology. eliteslanguage,of The religionor by identity,race, not victory, distributionand and is wars civil multiparty in formation alliance regardl group Fotini to According betwe formed be will alliance an that Lebano and Herzegovina and Bosnia in case the was which Muslims, domesticinfluenceandexcludesany parties, the she of actors. external formations. in because research her of subject the not are parties two between conflicts The conflict. the in involved are which parties domestic more or three mu term, new Fotini Ibid.,7. Ibid.,6. Ibid. Ibid.,4. Ibid.,12 very often a regional one or or one regional a often very

, Fotini starts by pointing out that in multiparty civil wars between Christians and and Christians between wars civil multiparty in that out pointing by starts Fotini Another factor of civil wars is group fractionalization, which occurs as a consequence consequence a as occurs whichfractionalization, group is wars civil of factor Another AllianceFormation inCivil Wars 98 for warthe

This argument shows that elites are elites that shows argument This 94

ess of its homogeneity can be th be can homogeneity its of ess Fotinipoint ltiparty civil wars. By multiparty By wars. civil ltiparty . 99 ,

―there is no impossible alliance in the context of civil wars‖, civil of context the in alliance impossible no is ―there

s heir alliances based on the aforementioned factor, and then they they then and factor, aforementioned the on based alliances heir

out

that her definition that of happens as a result of the elites‘ disputes, but the main reason reason main the but disputes, elites‘ the of result a as happens ,

n hitas bt n elt this reality in but Christians, en 24 offering groupness narratives in order to crea to order in narratives groupness offering e

civil wars she refers she wars civil object of fractionalization. of object multipart a s

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civil warsconcentrate civil

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Ibid.,1052. Kalyvas,―Ethnic Defection inCivil War,‖ August 1,2008, 1045. Ibid.,33. suggested that the main motivation for ethnic defection and taking sides with the enemy enemy the with sides taking and defection ethnic for motivation main the that suggested igt i, t s oe likely more is it him, to ding The divis The Fotini emphasizes that i that emphasizes Fotini 102

Ethnicdefection -

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100 homogeneous groups which share the same identity characteristics is is characteristics identity same the share which groups homogeneous

ht s motn t epaie hn t oe t group to comes it when emphasize to important is What o ccurs inw the ccurs

f one wants to get the real picture of the war, they cannot omit omit cannot they war, the of picture real the get to wants one f

t alliance. Like Fotini Like alliance. t that ethnic defection ethnic that s

cannot cannot ars that are perceived to be are perceived that to ars 25

portance of geographical location, because because location, geographical of portance co ethnics co

is be changed in such a fast way that way fast a such in changed be the realthe one

, Kalyvas a Kalyvas , .‖ will 101 .

occur if the part of the ethnic ethnic the of part the if occur

With many examples Kal examples many With lso argues that ―rebels‖ that argues lso ethnic, which raises the the ethnic,raises which

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to to

CEU eTD Collection 1989 in Cited 5(1). Religions Political and Movements Totalitarian 106 105 104 103 officersArmyofthe Republic Serbs Belgrade‘sof payroll.‖on of were plans. and strategies army‘s the creating in involved paycheck provided Milosevic fully remained (Se Yugoslavia of Republic Federal inheritjust not war civil 1992. from Fotini to USA 3.3 external factors. for alliance factor external of influence do and war civil a was Bosnia in war the that claims Fotini that find explanationelse. and somewhere wars, civil for reasons main be to considered are which characteristics other Ramet, Sabrina P. (2004) Martyr in His Own Mind: The Trial and Tribulations of Slobodan Miloševic , , Miloševic Slobodan of Tribulations and Trial The Mind: Own His in Martyr (2004) P. Sabrina Ramet, SabrinaRamet, Ibid.,154. Fotini ,291. E The Influence of

104 the the the The theories on civil war can war civilon theories The Shortly after Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognized was Herzegovina and Bosnia after Shortly ,

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war broke out. The members of three ethnic groups formed their armies. Accor armies. formedtheir groups ethnic three of members The out. broke war

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―1,800 ―1,800 Since s s did did s roup roup ding the the an an CEU eTD Collection 112 111 110 109 108 107 Kradjordjevo. in Milosevic President the at Croatia sta Herzegovina and Bosnia in in deeper considerationain factors, external between issues minutes‖. resolve to able be would he B the Tudjman Franj President Croatian of politics the under dawn broke combine (ARBiH) Herzegovina and Bosnia of Republic the of Army and end alliancenot did played war power.‖ divide to Muslims and Croats leaving were they where areas certain from withdrew forces Serb when power of balance Serbs‖ stronger the between alliance the Marko Ramet, Ibid.,85. Ibid.,83. Ibid. Fotini in Bosnia started started Bosnia in osnian Army from Army osnian

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pressure of political disagreement, structural incompatibility and the treasonous treasonous the and incompatibility structural disagreement, political of pressure

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m the ―in order to balance against the militarily the against balance to order ―in , 263. , an of March, President Tudjman met with with met Tudjman President March, of the

towards Bosnia. towards ona Am ad HVO and Army Bosnian beginning of the conflict the of beginning

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CEU eTD Collection 119 118 117 116 AcademicUniverse cited in 115 114 113 (Croat HDZ soon central its and Bosnia from separate exi were the opposed openlyand Srpska Croatiato diss Yugoslavia after Hudelist, Darko Herzegovina. agreement, Bosnianthe about ajust temporary.wasdivision academics. and experts between held was which meeting agreement of kind some they until subject same the on talk to academics and experts political their sent they t and Osijek near place the ―short the during existed that borders the on based country the of territory the expend to wanted after Croatia in election presidential the won who division potential

Ibid. Ramet, Hudelist, Ramet, Tanjung(10 April 1991), Ibid. Ibid.264. s ted from November of 1991 but under the statement that it does not have any wish to to wish any have not does it that statement the under but 1991 of November from ted still -

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CEU eTD Collection 124 finished 4.1 Abdic partFikret was other loyal the and central thein government to Sarajevo. whic (APWB) self cr Abdic, unconstitutional, Fikret presidency, the of members the of one war, the during that fact a with km 1.500 of 4.1 isethnicandjust misleading.Herzegovinaas conf Muslim intra The alliance. this in changes big no were there and war whole the during side same the on were Croats and Muslims region this in Also, case. the not was this but weaker, be would it Serbia, with Croats and Serbs Bosnian by cleansing ethnic of victims members the between ethnical as characterized often of part western the Krajina, Cazinska in place took that conflict

Smail .1 Background InformationBackground lict is just another example which contributes to the fact that perceiving the war in Bosnia inperceivingBosnia fact the that war theto example another justis contributes whichlict

Fikret Abdic: An IntroductionFikretAn Abdic: CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER The most puzzling part of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the intra Muslim Muslim intra the was Herzegovina and Bosnia in war the of part puzzling most The Fikr of area western most the is Krajina Cazinska The Kličić, school t bi ws on n 99 n a in 1939 in born was Abdic et Međubošnjački Sukobu Cazinskoj Krajini 1992. rsle in resulted h ,

he started to work for the for work to started he population of 150.000. What makes this part of Bosnia interesting is the the is interesting Bosnia of part this makes What 150.000. of population xetd ht h uiy f h gop hud ae eoe togr not stronger become have should group the of unity the that expected - pro : f h sm ehi gop A a At group. ethnic same the of

THE INTRA MUSLIM CONFLICT IN CAZINSKA CAZINSKA IN CONFLICT MUSLIM THE INTRA

lie ent claimed

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t, h Atnmu P Autonomous the ity, KRAJINA local agricultural firm. Twenty firm. agricultural local

31 ml vlae er Velik near village small

One part of the population population the of part One

- 1995

the country that occupies a occupies that country the ie hn ona Muslim Bosnian when time ,101.

rovince of Western Bosnia Bosnia Western of rovince

the the country. In a In country. the support of Croatia and and Croatia of support a Kladusa. When he he When Kladusa. a - five years five

124 was loyal to to loyal was

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territory territory later he he later an ated s

were were CEU eTD Collection 129 128 127 126 125 region. per popularity affair. controversial the after apart falling from Agrokomerc Republics. P Communist the asrecover to able washetime short collapse.‖ with threatened was en the consequence a as and scale, huge a on system bond bank Yugoslav the abusing by itself for money printing effectively been had Agrokomerc with charged Thenickname child their of care take fathers like population Krajina the of care taking was he that out then and visionary, a as first himself to refer people.‖ many lives of the touched influence hisindirectly, or directly where region Bihac the in man powerful very a and figure national emerging an was ―He influence. Bosn the joining by and person, important very a from region Krajina the 13 employed which Agrokomerc, called to in it transformed

Malcolm, Ibid. O‘Shea, Huskić, Brendan ceived him as a person whopersona ceivedhim as

129 The golden days of Agrokomerc and Fikret were put in danger wh danger in put were Fikret and Agrokomerc of days golden The

Svi ZločiniSvi Fikreta Abdića Crisisat Bihać O‘Shea, Bo very As a very successful and capable businessman he was also able to save save to able also was he businessman capable and successful very a As snia corruption and held in investigative detention for two years. ―It was alleged that allegedthat was ―It years. two for detentioninvestigative in held and corruption

has much. He was respected respected was He much. ,2002, 209. Crisisat Bihać

stayed with himstayedwith until today. ry n ee became even and arty one of the biggest agricultural food agricultural biggest the of one ,

15.

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, 17. , had

After 26 months in detention he was released and in a very very a in and released was he detention in months 26 After

brought a politician and politicianand ,

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ian Communist Party Communist ian as businessmen as - processing industries in industries processing tire economy of north of economy tire 128 126

The affair did not affect his affect not did affair The one. Fikret Abdic became a a became Abdic Fikret one.

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CEU eTD Collection 131 130 describ country the not was Herzegovina and Bosnia that obvious very is It tyranny. a into turn can order Islamic necessaryconditions, these Without Islam.practicing are people majority of the be cannot government Islamic and society Islamic that states which text Declaration‘s the of part the to refers Malcolm all. at Herzegovina and Bosniamentioneven not does and world inthe Islam and politicsgeneral History State.‖ Islamic fundamentalist a into Bosnia of transformation the for blueprint a ―as it presented Serbs Bosnian Islam. in was tha saying of way Izetbegovic‘s was it that thought some and elections inbeforethe 1990 in Sarajevo was republished It trail. inthe him against held main document whi essay Declaration Islamic the for famous also w He jail. inyears four spending after released was he apart fell Party Communist after but prison, of years 14 to sentenced was He nationalism. Muslim by inspired were that activities h was that trial memb the not was who governance the of head only the was who Izetbegovic, Alija was SDA of leader The Action. Democrati party Serbian Serb (SDS), Community, Democratic Croatian (HDZ), party Croat a was there Bosnia, In Bosni of scene political the on appeared 4.2

Malcolm, Ibid.,219. Abdic’s P Abdic’s ed in the essay considering the fact that Bosnian Muslims are considered to be the the be to considered are Muslims Bosnian that fact the considering essay the in ed After the disintegration of of disintegration the After , the B

osnia Islamic declaration was nothing of nothing was declaration Islamic olitical Career eld ,2002, 219

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– Part c 220.

introduced without an already existing Islamic society where where society Islamic existing already an without introduced 130 and Relationship withtheFirst P , n te an ulm party, Muslim main the and y,

the Communist Party in 1990, several nationalist parties parties nationalist several 1990, in Party Communist the Accor a and Herzegovina and in and Herzegovina and a ding to Noel Malcolm in his book, his in Malcolm Noel to ding 33

ulm activist Muslim

t he ch he wrote in 1960, and which was was which and 1960, in wrote he ch aforementioned. contrary, he was famous for the the for famous was he contrary, s , with charges of conducting conducting of charges with ,

SDA, Party of Democratic Democratic of Party SDA, other Yugoslav republics. republics. Yugoslav other 131 resident of B&Hresident

t the future of Bosnia Bosnia of future the t The essay was about was essay The

Bosnia, A short A Bosnia,

the the as as CEU eTD Collection 134 133 132 raised Ejup impossible. considered successf and checkpoints Bosnian and Serb comeItwas heveryall studio. from the surprising was to through able Bihacpassthat and the hos TV the and Ganic Izetbegovic, between discussion the During arrest was he that announced and station TV Sarajevo‘s called he himso to available telephonewas Y the forcesof Bosnian commanding that fact the and Sarajevo of city the divide was to Serbs Bosnian of situationattempts the by worsened the that aware not was and Lisbon, in conference peace the from returning controve many of source a fac the in found be can Council. Presidential the of member a be to continue to planned he that but president, of job the accept to going not was he that announced he surprisingly Abd that showed results the over, were elections the After president. Bosnian future a as and party the of leader as Izetbegovic Alija to opponent main the as forth came Abdic Fikret SDA, joining after Bosnia, of part western theirtraditionand culture. majo the and world the in Muslims secular most nd there was also a lacka nd wasalso there of

Ejup GanicEjup was oneof membersthe of Bosnianthe O‘Shea, Ibid.,210 NA soldiers and taken to a villageawas controlled WhenheNA by Serbs. that arrivedto soldierstakenand ed by the JNA and nominated Ejupnominated andJNA bythe ed the Because of Because The relationship between these two prominent Bosnian politicians would become the the become would politicians Bosnian prominent two these between relationship The Crisisat Bihać possibility that Abdic was in cooperation with Serbs and that he was involved in the inheinvolvedthe wasSerbsAbdicin with that cooperation andwas possibility that – 220.

officer of of officer

which demanded the surrender of all weapons. I weapons. all of surrender demandedthe which

his enormous popularity among popularity enormous his ,15. t that he did not have the support of the other members of the party, party, the of members other the of support the have not did he that t the

132 rs Yugoslav People‘s Army ( Army People‘s Yugoslav e atr May 2 after ies from Serbthemembers support of

Ganic immediat Ganic

Ganic i hd 200, had c ully arrive in Sarajevo. At this At Sarajevo. in arrive ully ely started to doubt Abdi doubt to started ely

1992. On that day, President Izetbegovic was was Izetbegovic President day, that On 1992. 34 Presidency

134

rity of them perceive Islam only Islam perceive them of rity as a person to take his place in his absence. absence. hisin hisplace take to person a as

the 000 votes more than Izetbegovic, but but Izetbegovic, than more votes 000 Y

Muslim NA) Milutin Kukanjac was in control control in was Kukanjac Milutin NA) the populations, especially in the the in especially populations,

The reason for reason The zetbegovic was captured by captured zetbegovic was Presidency. t, Fikret Abdic walked into into walked Abdic Fikret t, c‘s good intentions and and intentions good c‘s

moment that moment 133

this decision decision this

as part of of part as there, a a there,

was was the the CEU eTD Collection 138 137 136 135 Western of Province Autonomous the of creation the announce soon very would Abdic that only the as Herzegovina and Bosnia and aggression were towards oriented people moment that at because enough not was that but inhabitants, region Krajina the of eyes the in person respectable very a already was He Kladusa. Velika to back came he change. wa power Krajina the which fromcentralthe here.was government, definitely case the Bosnia afo in parts of other lack in a situation was the There about information blockaded. completely almost region Krajina the leaving system t of center the totally with Communication was km. 330 Krajinaby Sarajevo from Herzegovina. off cut and and forces Serb Bosnia by surrounded of territory the of percent 70 of control 4.3 still was he where region Krajina and important. considered Kladusa Velika to returned he event, this after this support would that evidence no is There place. his take to expecting president, Bosnian the of kidnapping

Kličić, Kalyvas,―Ethnic Defection inCivil War,‖ August 1,2008, 1059. Ramiz O‘Shea, rementioned that ethnic defection is more possible if the part of the ethnic group is isolated ethnicofthe group if ethnicpart morerementionedtheis possible that defection P roclamation of Autonomousroclamation Province Western Bosnia of When Abd When Abdic announced his return by saying that he was coming back to save the people of of people the save to back coming was he that saying by return his announced Abdic 138 Dreković, MeđubošnjačkiSukob u Cazinskoj Krajini 1992. s enormous, but with hisreturn with but senormous, Crisisat Bihać

he state was cut off because Serb forces controlled the entire radio and television television and radio entire the controlled forces Serb because off cut was state he According to domestic scholars, Abdi scholars, domestic to According region. People started to feel much safer, because the confidence in Abdic‘s Abdic‘s in confidence the because safer, much feel to started People region. U obručuU the crtre rmSrjv oCznk rjn,teSrswr led in already were Serbs the Krajina, Cazinska to Sarajevo from returned ic theory, but after that Abdic‘s political career in Sarajevo was over. Shortly Shortly wasover. inSarajevo Abdic‘s career political that after but theory, Bosnian Army and Army Bosnian 135 ,17.

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from the Serb Serb the from moment imagine imagine CEU eTD Collection 142 Yugoslavia, CitedinOwen, 141 140 139 plan Peace Owen APWBwhic the create and step a take to Fikret encouraged had 1993 October in Plan Peace Stoltenberg the such any block to wanted who Muslims those about Insettlement.many adopt muchitwaseasier thenwaysto approachthis Izetbegovic scathing and settlement, a achieve the from different and confident forthright, Muslims.Sarajevo wasHe was region…He Krajina the in war the stay to during wanted Fikret that collective was snag The the votes. of number of largest the member pulled had he the Muslim, fact in b was governing the He was which leader…presidency Muslim rebel a and businessmen imphis Inbook his negotiator. himandfor politician a as but su That Herzegovina. Owen David by supported zone. they that fact the despite Bihac, protect to means no had UN the that co Izetbegovic. war of present that to hopelessthenand one, a regionas presentwas to first step The people. theBosnia divide and

nflict they would have to rely to have would they nflict David DavidOwen was Co the O‘Shea, Ibid.,76 conflict, specifically the Vance Owen Peace Plan in January of 1993 and the Owen Owen the and 1993 of January in Plan Peace Owen Vance the specifically conflict, According Some even argue evenSome … was Fikret APWB, of proclamation the before that mention to important very is It ressions after meeting after firstressionsthefor Abdic with time: eas te bidy fo blindly they because Owen, Fikret Abdic the leader of the Bihac Muslim. Though later often described as a a as described often later Though Muslim. Bihac the of leader the Abdic Fikret – Crisisat Bihać 77. 139 h resulted in the intra Muslim conflict. Asinintra hMuslim resulted the conflict.

BalkanOdyssey e ad ht f the if that said He

to him theto sought pport was not directly aimed at the creation of a of creation the at aimed directly not was pport ,18. - ChairmanofSteering the Committee International of the Conference on Former the BalkanOdyssey. that that

141 in favor favor ofandnegotiationinwith compromising Croat to divide Bosnia into ten provinces and Cazinska Krajina was was Krajina Cazinska and provinces ten into Bosnia divide to ,87. 5 th the

who was involved in delivering the peace plans for Bosnia and Bosnia for plans peace the delivering in involved was who Corps wassimilarly Corps

lw h pltc fo Srjv, ih n mhss n Alija on emphasis an with Sarajevo, from politics the llow

peace plans that were being offered to war parties to resolve partiesto war to offered being were that planspeace on themselves, because according to him it was very clear clear very was it him to according because themselves, on epe f h Kaia ein atd o tp h bloody the stop to wanted region Krajina the of people

ody of Bosnia and Herzegovina; popular as a secular secular a as popular Herzegovina; and Bosnia of ody 36

the

not ableprovide not sametheprotection.to Bosnian Army5 andBosnian BalkanOdyssey hasmentionedbeenalready the alreadythe

, David Owen expresses expresses OwenDavid ,

had difficult situation in the insituationdifficult the

third entity in Bosnia Bosnia in entity third th designated it a safe safe a it designated

Corps are in favor favor in are Corps s

and Serbs to , the Vance Vance the , … 142

140

CEU eTD Collection 147 146 145 144 143 in were who Agrokomerc) of workers present or (ex people ordinary the For region. Krajina F 17,238 collect to able were they days several In Bosnia. Western of Province Autonomous ofthe establishment promotethefor Initiativethe to aimedwhich committee the meeting the held and Izetbegovic. negotiationsfor wasan readyAbdic who fact the of so the of part 1939 of period the from Croatia of boundaries A Izetbegovic. especially Bos the against announcement its of because government Tudjman that surprising in met Abdic Fr government. central the by marginalized already was he when little province. his create to decision his influenced Stoltenberg and Owen David by politician a as wasfactapprecia some Fikret theand andnumberscholars, this to provinceone, according ikret claimed ikret greement because greement

SilberandLittle, Magas andZanic, Ramet, O‘Shea, Kličić, Franjo Tudjman to come back on back come to Tudjman Franjo He was also also was He The following events made clear Abdic‘s intentions. Supported by important madeEuropean Supported followingintentions. Abdic‘sThe events clear MeđubošnjačkiSukob u Cazinskoj Krajini 1992. Centraland Southeast EuropeanPolitics Since 19 143 Crisisat Bihać

that that

called Turkish Croatia: Cazin, Velika Kladusa i Bihac. i Kladusa Velika Cazin, Croatia: Turkish called

that he had an overwhelming support of the population from all parts of the the of parts all from population the of support overwhelming an had he that rjn, an Brijuni, it would be much easier to accomplish any kind of settlement with Fikret Fikret with settlement of kind any accomplish to easier much be would it

TheDeath ofYugoslavia in Agrokomerc‘s offices in Velika Kladusa with his supporters and formed formed and supporters his with Kladusa Velika in offices Agrokomerc‘s in RatHrvatskojU I BosniHercegovini 1991 ,

in at that meeting that at ,21. negotiation 144 was

hs a b cnetd o th to connected be can This sad f rai, to Croatia, of island

meeting s

, with

Tudjmanhewith Milosevic agreed that ,306. with

the political scene, political the the d a partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina, unlike Alija unlike ofBosnia Herzegovina, and partition a d

a person who was already rejected by the central central the by rejected already was who person a president of Croatia of president 37

19 - 1995 4 89 discuss 1 , 263 , , - , , 106. 145 1995

– and also that he would be given the the given be would he that also and 264. , 35. ,

147 aoeetoe Karadjordjevo aforementioned e uue negotiation future in A nian

on the 7 the on ,

FranjoTudjman a rm n 146 o uja and Tudjman jo y and the presidency, presidency, the and y th

September 1993, he 1993, September Tudjman was aware aware was Tudjman

would s . It was very very was It . ,

at the time time the at signatures. restore the the restore Fikret Fikret ted ted CEU eTD Collection 149 148 why reasonsof also onethe Sarajevo them, For Krajina. Cazinska of people the from confidence and support of lot a enjoyed who person a from coming was this little had blockaded, completely the and Bosnia, of parts almost other and Sarajevo in on going was what were about information they that fact the of because especially its aggressionwithpeople…togetherIzetbegovictowards Alija hisand extremists… com the by understood not is freedom..This you...Ou with choice that share and participate to ablebe not would I and damnation, your mean will that offer thisaccept not do you if and and Kladusa initia thisVelika that know leave I this world. the inwould place acceptpleasant more aI to move then not because do favor, great you a me If do delivered. h would I (Father) you initiative, Babo promised your I you, that for Everything worked interests. I‘ve your that betrayed years 34 to the want in prosperity…I and that life you, of remind instead death you for choose blackest and faith the your about and decide misery poverty, fear, of island the Stalinis dungeon, and isolation blood, in life and bread without lifemeans that and opinion, their share who others and Ganic Izetbegovic, on mean can Bosnia Western following: militarily. and politically divided soon very was proclaimed self APWBwas the fact, this Despite population. the majorityof the from support receive not did Fikret that and way, any in Agrokomerc with connected were who people from that came support that obvious fr government the than paychecks higherprovide to members those 5 ofthe For admiration. and trust their of subject the was who Fikret, like someone from especially woul future safer a for promise any war, thebeginning of the from isolation

The P The O‘Shea, These kinds of proclamations had a significant impact Thesehad on regionsignificantitsofthekindsa andproclamations population, …Not accepting the Initiative about the formation of Autonomous Province of of Province Autonomous of formation the about Initiative the accepting …Not m. Don‘t let tyrants, non tyrants, let Don‘t m. roclamationof AbdicFikret toP Crisisat Bihać

,22 th

Corps fromKladusaitFikretCazin,wouldwasthat clear be Corps and able –

23. Fikret Abdic had more influe more hadAbdic Fikret

of views the to according exist will region Krajina The one. ly - Krajsnici, and non and Krajsnici, opulationof Western in Velika Kladusa on 27 September 1993, and the region region the and 1993, September Kladusa27 on inVelika seemed very far because of the blockade the of because far very seemed mand of 5 of mand 38

r future is not giving up from up giving not is future r

- om Sarajevo was able to. It soon became soonbecame It to. able was Sarajevo om 148 Bosnia Bosnians, foreign citizens and extremists extremists and citizens foreign Bosnians,

th h tx o a iiitv sae the stated initiative an of text The

Corps because they are carrying out out carrying are they because Corps nceon

people tha people tive is your unique chance, chance, unique your is tive n AlijanIz d get their support theirsupport get d democracy and and democracy and 149 etbegovic etbegovic

s never as fact that that fact

that is that CEU eTD Collection 1995 152 151 150 fightin were they that claiming by that replaced they so ethnicity, their on based population the mobilize to able not were preserve wantedmultiethnicwho oneframe to the of and lines ethnic on based Bosnia of partition the advocated who ones w calledhe represent to same the in started Bosnia media Croatian and Serbian The Milosevic. Slobodan and Tudjman it before Yugoslavia of the Republic to Federative Ambassador US the Warren, Zimmerman to 5 according the fundamentalism of members even were them of many and citizens other like privileges the all enjoyed they andmistreated not were region the in stayed Serb Bosnian of thing. common a nationalitieswas different between t In them. of one not was wantedto who militaryofficers politiciansand 1992 Krajina Cazinska promisedpeacepeopleprosperity.and with contact peop sincedifficult that not waswhich government, central the discredited bad already an presented Abdic Basically, did.

Zimmerman, Ibid.,103. Kličić, he Bihac region where there was no conflict between Muslims and Croats, cooperation Croats, and Muslims between conflict no was there where region Bihac he ,104. In analyzing Abdic‘s statements, Smail Klicic in his book book his in Klicic Smail statements, Abdic‘s analyzing In h pltcl lt o te self the of elite political The MeđubošnjačkiSukob u Cazinskoj Krajini 1992.

as the heart of Europe, butthis Europe, of heart the as Originsofa Catastrophe hm acsd h 5 the accused them, s

who stayed in Bihac during the war. According to him, Bosnian him, to According war. the during Bihac in stayed who manner that its government wanted government its that manner

The - 199

generalizations based on the individual cases would be misleading. misleading. be would individualcases the onbased generalizations 5,

acknowledge the fact that there were some religious officials, officials, religious some were there that fact the acknowledge fr W for g , 143. , th

- 150 op to Corps proclaimed Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Bosnia Western of Province Autonomous proclaimed

CitedKličić, in sen eorc un democracy estern

was not the case. Milosevic and Tudjman were the the were Tudjman and Miloseviccase. the not was 39 s

see Bosnia as an Islamic state and Izetbegovic Izetbegovic and state Islamic an asBosnia see

lnl follow blindly - disinte 1995

situation in the region as a worse one, one, worse a as region the in situation

Me BosniaHerzegovina.‖ and To confirmthis To th , , 75

rto, ee is satd by started first were gration, đubošnjačkiSukob Cazinskoju Krajini1992.

Corps. to establish the I the establish to – 76.

ie P like 151 ing

h cam aot Islamic about claims The

zteoi‘ odr and orders Izetbegovic‘s resident Izetbegovic who who Izetbegovic resident

nr Msi cnlc in conflict Muslim Intra he quotes the statements statements the quotes he

―Izetbegovic was the the was ―Izetbegovic slamic state in what what in state slamic le did not have any not ledid 152

Serbs who who Serbs

Socialist Socialist Franjo Franjo - CEU eTD Collection 158 157 156 civilwar,467. 155 154 153 Herzeg of Republic Croatian the of president C C The 4.4 oppositeside. Eachblameother.thethe side places on Abdic the and supported who betweenthose debate of istopic a firststill Who started ground. conflict another and that after soon very started sides two the unconstitutional. as it declared and APWB the of establishment the about decision the abolished Herzegovina and Bosnia of Republic the of Court Constitutional mini the of trappings usual the all with complete parliament, and government a Minister, Prime a feudalizetribes, isheishe tryingandto Serbsgiving us, our territory to Croats.‖ and into isus cleaving He state. the headof becomea to just backyearsfifty least at for pullus to Musli that stated Izetbegovic hand, other the On Islam. radical advocating was Izetbegovic portray to tried Herzeg and and Bosnia Croatia Serbs, of Republic the Serbia, from politicians as rhetoric same the Izetbegov by written declarationIslamic the 5 and them to according ountries ountries

O‘Shea, Foti OfficialJournal of RB&H, 1/94number NewThe York Times,July 1994.Cited2 inFotini, Following the Money: Muslimversus Muslim inBosnian‘ Ibid.,103. Kličić, - state mania state th ni, Following ni, Money:the Muslimversus Muslim Bosnian‘ in civil war,468.

On the 21 the On WesternBosnia of AutonomousProvince The Corps were represented as the fundamentalist mujahidin, and Fikret also mentioned mentioned also Fikret and mujahidin, fundamentalist the as represented were Corps MeđubošnjačkiSukob u Cazinskoj Krajini 1992. Crisisat Bihać ooperation withtheBo

that had swept the formerYugoslavia…‖ the swept had that st

wanted to create an Islamic state on Bosnian territory. The Bosnian Army Army Bosnian The territory. Bosnian on state Islamic an create to wanted of October 1993 A 1993 October of ,23.

ms finally became constitutional people and that ―Abdic is trying ―Abdicis trying that and finallybecameconstitutionalpeople ms

snian Serb, Croats Neighboring and Bosnian bdic went to Zagreb to sign a signa Zagrebto to went bdic ic to support his claims.his support to ic 40

- 1995 - ona Mt Boban. Mate Bosnia, , , 101. 157 had many had

155

As a response to its cr Asto response a

elements of a state: a of elements a cetd n h Bosnian the on created was peace agreement with the the with agreement peace 156 153

Basically, Abdic used used AbdicBasically, The fighting between between fighting The 158

hr ae some are There eation, the eation,

154 ―There is ―There

- CEU eTD Collection 162 161 160 159 that fact the of aware was He Belgrade. and Zagreb in support finding was Abdic for way Belgrade. emphasize also Owen community‖. financial ―Croatian the with connections strong his of because Abdic Fikret to assistance provide would Serbs attack the under were Bosnia of territories protect would they so Serbs Bosnian to fuel selling were Serbs. Bosnian the to it sell t outlets media 19 end inthe Croatia, of president former Mesic,Stipe to According firstrepresentederathe ofautonomy. signature. his Slobodan parties, added the between Milosevic difficulties the of case the in mediator a be to obligation A level. other every and cultural economic, Ow the to according const three the APWBof one as thefor respect and recognition Serbs declared Srpska of Republic the pr the with agreement peace another sign to Belgrade to travelled Abdic Milosevic, the from invitation an with day next The this. concrete no is there but present, also was FranjoTudjman allegationsthat h ro

Ibid.,384. Owen, Žanić, OfficialJournal of Autonomous Province of Bosnia,Western December 1993, number2. ugh the territory under Serb control to Velika Kladusa and Fikret Abdic Fikret and Kladusa Velika to control Serb under territory the ugh Since he was not able to get support from the central government in Sarajevo, the only only the in Sarajevo, government central fromsupport get the able to not was he Since Othe TheWar inCroatia and Bosnia BalkanOdyssey,1996 162

en o coeain ee rsn between present were cooperation of means discovered that an enormous amount of fuel was transported from Croatia, Croatia, from transported was fuel of amount enormous an that discovered

en Stoltenberg Peace Plan. They declared cooperation on political, political, on cooperation declared They Plan. Peace Stoltenberg en of the Bosnian Army. Another motivation was to assure that Bosnian that assure to was motivation Another Army. Bosnian the of ,

aoa Krdi. codn to According Karadzic. Radovan

160

David Owen states in his book book his in states Owen David 159 - Herzegovina,1991

hs areet according agreements These 41

a ins o ti agreement this of witness a s

rsdn o Rpbi o Srpska of Republic of president - 1995 s ,260.

that Abdi that

this agreement, the Republic of of Republic the agreement, this

Balkan Odyssey Balkan the c was also supported from from supported also was c

93, Croatian independent independent Croatian 93, aforementioned parties. parties. aforementioned o bi‘ followers, Abdic‘ to evidence to support evidenceto ,

who would then then would who ituent republics n Cro n 161 ,

, that Croats that , which took took which , Slobodan Slobodan , esident of of esident ats which ats CEU eTD Collection 166 165 164 163 B the in found be also can this of evidence group‖ bylossa experienced ―asymmetric Fotini accordingthe is important to moreis which factor Another claim. thisfor example perfect a as serves Abdic Fikret Izetbegovicand polit The disputes. elite‘s the in found be can fractionalization the for reasons the of One wars. civil in fractionalization group the about theory her prove E Existing 4.6 themreturnbecausedecidedto they afraid hostilities.wereof the of 000 10 only year following the In homes. their to region Krajina the to return to allowed af Soon end. an to war the put and agreement Kladusa. Velika 5 the of agreement, cooperation consequence a As long. very for last not did era second The autonomy. of era second a be to is considered period thit and Kladusa, Velika Croatia. 30 and He position. losing the in was Abdic summer. the until lasted and again started fighting the year, following the of February long. for last not did this but parties, two the between signed was ceasefire a and Corps 4.5 lead.interestfollowthatEvery its hadinpartyown creation the APWB. ofthe Mi and Tudjman from support over won he when

Fotini O‘Shea, Ibid. Fotini The End of The End Province of the Autonomous Bosniaof Western

At the beginning of 1994, most of the territory of the APWB was taken over by over taken was APWB the of territory the of most 1994, of beginning the At Fotini in her book book her in Fotini , ―Following , the Money,‖ 468.

AllianceFormation inCivilWars In December of 1994, the situation had changed and Abdic was again in control of of control in again was Abdic and changed had situation the 1994, of December In Crisisat Bihać xp 164 lanations lanations theIntrafor Muslim C

Abdic‘s political career was over after Izetbegovic signed the peace peace the signed Izetbegovic after over was career political Abdic‘s ,238.

Alliance Formation in Civil Wars Civil in Formation Alliance

Corps was much stronger and was able to finally take back back take finally to able was and stronger much was Corps

, 2012, , 33. , 0 o hs upres lef supporters his of 000 osnian war, considering the fact that when Abdic Abdic when that fact the considering war, osnian

ter the war was over, Abdic‘ supporters were supporters Abdic‘ over, was war the ter

losevic, Bosnian Serbs and Croats would Croats and Serbs Bosnian losevic,

h nw ra (rm Croatia) (from Croat new the onflict onflict

uses the intra Muslim conflict to to conflict Muslim intra the uses

165 t their homes and went to to went and homes their t cl iar bten Alija between rivalry ical

- Muslim Muslim 166 163 . The .

5 In In th

CEU eTD Collection 170 169 168 167 b freedom, conditions,peace, better willoffer who elites local strong are there if only possible be will this that emphasizes she article her In ethnics. co their fightingagainst start will characteristics, ethnic same the with group, ethnic same the th possibility a is there role main the play not does ethnicity When benefits. economic the to given be will place first the and place second the occupy willit and motivator main the be the in important lo charismatic of prove presence still can initiatives economic ―local ethnic, as perceived general ve mentioned events. comple a in and government central the from isolated si business successful a was Abdic that fact the Considering lives. use to started and back came he when but returned Abdic before even good from far was region the in situation The factors. contributing the of one as isolation geographical mentions also He alliance. that from come that benefits the are the that fact the itisfor afraidwhen group ethnic asitan can but conflict arguesHe canexample, easily this beapplied. ofthat occur event kind 5 the and losses, some suffered Bosnia central from Army Bosnian the APWB, his proclaimed th des, the benefits from aligning from benefits the des,

ss ulm i Bsins Civil Bosnian’s in Muslims rsus

Ibid.,463. Fotini Ibid.,1052 Kalyvas,―Ethnic Defection inCivil War,‖ 2008. Corps wassuccessfully Corps but regionthe defending In the article the In te epaain cn lo b also can explanations Other , ―Following , the Money.‖

- 1059. y do not share the same identity characteristics. The main motivations for this this for motivations main The characteristics. identity same sharethe not ydo

Ethnic Defection in Civil in Defection Ethnic

the

cal leadership.‖ cal 168 above mentioned rhetoric people were even more afraid for their their for afraid more even were people rhetoric mentioned above

All these elements can be found in the intra Muslim intra the in found be can elements these All s with him were obvious. The fact that Cazinska Krajina was was Krajina Cazinska that fact The obvious. were him with

survival and it willevenit survival and

War fud I hr article her In found. e 169 170

oii rus ht vn n ofit ta ae in are that conflicts in even that argues Fotini In a situation like this, ethnicity is not going to to going not is ethnicity this, like situation a In 43

Wars

was ,

Kalyvas not progressing.not ut at the same time give access to the to accessgive same time the at ut e lcae lo otiue to contributed also blockade te align with the stronger sidestronger despite withalign the Following 167 man who cooperated with all all with cooperated who man

does not take intra Muslim intra take not does

the Money: Muslim Muslim Money: conflict. conflict.

the the at at

CEU eTD Collection 175 174 173 172 171 the specifically APWB, the of creation Jan in plan Owen the Vance aforementioned in agreement peace the and community happenedwhichbetweenthem. from Muslims and them between differences the only out point this still but Bosnia, of parts other from Muslims than religious aforementioned the of ideologies the followed persons. who person a as him perceived traitor Germans. and Croats fascist a in problems have not did who War World Second the of period the in lived alliance.‖ ethnic of nature flexible the in believed ―who period Ottoman the in lived who Hrnjica Mujo of example the gives grou ethnic other with cooperating problems have not did who leaders charismatic its by characterized is region this that out points she Krajina Cazinska of history the examining geograp the to due center, theirZagrebas towards oriented more Krajinafromwere people war the before even that adds she also but role, main the plays isolation where Kalyvas as way same the and geographical the account theory benefits. economic Ibid.,471 Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.,471. Ibid. .

Fotini also briefly offers other alternative explanations for the conflict. She takes into into takes She conflict. the for explanations alternative other offers briefly also Fotini s n o te osbe expl possible the of one As

174 -

472

nte tig ht a mnind s h fc ta Kaia Mu Krajina that fact the is mentioned was that thing Another hical proximity. Another reason Fotini finds is the history of the region. By By region. the of history the is finds Fotini reason Another proximity. hical

171 h ue te nr Msi cnlc i Cznk Kaia o rv that prove to Krajina Cazinska in conflict Muslim intra the uses She

Those who supported Abdic supported who Those

historical elements. historical 175

173 te prs f ona and Bosnia of parts other

anations she mentions the role of the international international the of role the mentions she anations nte eape s uk Mlkvc a ulm who Muslim a Miljkovic, Huska is example Another uary of 1993 and the Owen Stolten Owen the and 1993 of uary 44

172

The geographical element is explained in in explainedis element geographical The as well those who considered him a a him considered who those well as does not explain the conflict conflict the explain not does berg plan which which plan berg lm wr less were slims inn wi ligning ps. She ps. th th CEU eTD Collection 178 177 176 inte the of members (some factors external several of influence the shows case this Also ethnic. as qualified usually is which non of example another just represents conflict purpo a different for case this present I thesis. my in answer to trying am Krajina Cazinska of aim an with enemy the withcooperated who traitor, a was he others for and prosperity and freedom, events. the take Bosnia in war the of account full a give to wants mention inlocalexpla elite levelthe of role themicro and Croatia of president Serbia of president the the Tudjman, from provided support the and countries neighboring regio happen. would that like something that expected could th proclaimed before Abdic that out pointing by conflict the in role Abdic‘s of importance the emphasizes she end the In that. for blamed be cannot definitely they but APWB, the of proclamation the with followin the of December inplace took

Ibid.,469. Ibid. Ibid.,474. n the division started to ndivisionplace.take the to started

What Fotini omits to mention in her book and as her ar her as and book her in mention to omits Fotini What to create the APWB. Whether Fikert Abdic wasWhethera Fikert APWB. thecreate to one For

xenl fac external and just as an alternative explanation are are explanation alternative an as just and

at f h pplto, Abdic population, the of part e APWB e is still the subject of many debates in the country, but this is not what I I what not is this but country, the in debates many of subject the still is tors into into tors

the political situation in Caziska Krajina was good and no one one no and good was Krajina Caziska in situation political the consideration because they played an important role in those those in role important an played they because consideration ,

Slobodan Milosevic Slobodan ntoa communit rnational g year. g 177

45 176

ethnic motivations for the conflict in the war war the in conflict the for motivations ethnic

ining the conflict iningconflict the was a savior who wanted to bring peace, peace, bring to wanted who savior a was She admits that the peace plans were in line in were plans peace the that admits She

and this specific conflict one also needs also one conflict specific this and the ,

and David Owen. She focuses on the the on focuses She Owen. David and above mentioned peace plans. If one one If plans. peace mentioned above , h P the y, traitor or savior or traitor Only after Abdic came back to the the to back came Abdic after Only resident of Croatia and the the and Croatia of resident ticle is the influence of the the of influence the is ticle and the only factor that she that factor and only the 178

of the po ofthe se. Intra Muslim Muslim Intra se. , pulation

Franjo Franjo

to to CEU eTD Collection literature.existingthe wa that in and BosniaWestern of Province Autonomous the creating in factors external of influence the highlights also it ethnic, perceivedas very often war inthe motivation non ethnic exampleof asanother usedis Besides perspective. different a from case the presents thesis my in offered study case The war. Bosnian the of part this on focus scholars few very biased, and descriptive very usually is which literature domestic the from Aside researched. befromthey omitted cannot overallofthe picture events. but itself conflict Muslim intra the for blamed directly be cannot which Serbia), of President h ita ulm ofit hc ocre i Cznk Krajina Cazinska in occurred which conflict Muslim intra The

y contributing to the conflict, which is very often omitted from omitted often very iswhich conflict, the to ycontributing

the fact that trough my thesis the case case the thesis my trough that fact the

s o widely not is CEU eTD Collection importanceofethnicity even the undermines and argument this of line the follows conflict Muslim intra the how shows fa other by driven were actions Their maincoursebehadrole. aif not possibletheplayed which ethnicity took would ethnic groups betweenformationthree alliancethe time periods different motivation.Inthe by ethnicdriven formation alliance the because ethnic as only considered be cannot Wars Civil in Formation Alliance book her and Fotini Christia of work the especially and ethnic as labeled war the in motives abovementionedprocesses. the to contributed factors external how analyze to was aim second The actions. these behind ininwar Herzego and Bosnia the inpartieswar follownot questiondidlinethis ofthis argument ver is that war a In one. only the not certainly not was it that am but it, I of part important war, an not thewas ethnicity that for claiming motivation ethnic non the on focusing By picture. incomplete an labeand elements hadaforementionedthe all It Serbia. and Croatia countries neighboring the of aggression an as motivation,or ethnic non or ethnic with war civil a as war this characterize to misleading be would it that highlights works. scholarly The complexity of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina still represents a represents still Herzegovina and Bosnia in war the of complexity The the on focus who scholarsof work inthe found I mythesis for support The parties war the between formation alliance the examine to was thesis this of aim The y xmnn te eeat xsig ieaue on literature existing relevant the examining By y often characterized as ethnic it is very surprising to notice that the the that notice to surprising very is it ethnic as characterized often y

more. vina and show that ethnicity vina mainthethat and motivation not theshow was . As Fotini argues, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzegovina and Bosnia in war the argues, Fotini As .

CONCLUSION ctors like power distribution, and victory. This thesis thesis This victory. and distribution, power like ctors ling the war with just one of them would provide ofonethemjust provide would with lingwar the 47

of the war parties was not not was parties war the of

the topic this thesis thesis this topic the

challenge for for challenge non ethnic ethnic non CEU eTD Collection the process. consideration into simplificatio taking the represent without would war actors exogenous this aforementioned analyzing that argued has paper this research, this in findings the on Based Herzegovina. and Bosnia of case the on only focuses the of members of role the addressee internationalweresettle peaceandplans that community offeredto war the also thesis This Bosnia. Western of Province for the encouraged also but Serbs, Bosnian and Croats Bosnian of behavior Franjo the influenced highly Milosevic, Slobodan Serbia, Croatia, of president the and ofTudjman, President the of politics irredentist The conflict. the within formation Without giving any implications on the wider understanding of ethnic war ethnic of understanding wider the onimplications giving any Without th on impact key havea to shown were events and actors external Moreover, .

mation of the Autonomous Autonomous the of mation n of a very complex complex very a of n

s, this thesis thesis this s, e alliance alliance e CEU eTD Collection Emin.Huskić, Darko.Hudelist, Attila.Marko Hoare, Glenny,Misha. Dreković,Ramiz. Dragovic J.,and JohnDonia,A.Robert Fine V. Jr. Fotini,Christia SabrinaRamet, Steven Burg, andShoup. PaulL., S. Brubaker,Rogers. Michael Brown, ed. E., Christopher. Bennett, Fotini ,

Institute, 2004. Institute, 2004. Yugoslavia’sPerspectiveson Disintegration Section.Explanations.‖ Book Columbia ed. 1995. University Press, ComparativePolitics 2013. International 1993. Press, Edition.1995. Press,NYU Christia - Soso, Jasna. ―WhySoso, AnYugoslavia Did Disintegrate? OverviewContending of

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