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Abundance of Adventive Thrips Palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Populations in Florida During the First Sixteen Years§

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Abundance of Adventive Thrips Palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Populations in Florida During the First Sixteen Years§ Seal et al: Population abundance of Thrips palmi 789 ABUNDANCE OF ADVENTIVE THRIPS PALMI (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) POPULATIONS IN FLORIDA DURING THE FIRST SIXTEEN YEARS§ 1, 2 3 4 DAKSHINA R. SEAL *, VIVEK KUMAR , GARIMA KAKKAR AND SIMONE COSTA MELLO 1University of Florida-IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031, USA 2University of Florida-IFAS, Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, Apopka, FL 32703, USA 3University of Florida-IFAS, Ft. Lauderdale Research & Education Center, Davie, FL 33314, USA 4Universidade de Sao Paulo/ESALQ, SP, Brazil, CEP 13418-900 *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] §Summarized from a presentation and discussions at the “Native or Invasive - Florida Harbors Everyone” Symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Florida Entomological Society, 24 July 2012, Jupiter, Florida. ABSTRACT Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), invaded Miami Dade-county in 1990 and caused significant economic damage by defoliating various vegetable crops. It commonly oc- curs on the abaxial surface of host leaves where eggs are deposited individually inside the leaf tissues. Highest abundance of T. palmi was recorded on bean and eggplant in 1991-1994 in Tropical Research and Education Center research plots and commercial fields in Miami- Dade County. Density of T. palmi decreased significantly in subsequent years after the use of spinosad and other effective chemical insecticides. Thrips palmi populations increased in 2008 in spite of use of spinosad and showed increasing pattern causing crops loss at eco- nomic level. Orius insidiosus Say population was low in both TREC research fields and com- mercial fields due to harsh chemical management program, where insecticides belonging to various chemical classes were used alone (TREC fields) or in combination (commercial fields) to control T. palmi and other insect pests. None of the commonly used available insecticides alone or in combination provided satisfactory control of T. palmi in the early stage of inva- sion. Amongst various insecticides tested spinosad provided significant control ofT. palmi on the crops until 2008 after which there was reduced effect of the chemical due to frequent use for managing multiple pests. Key Words: melon thrips, population abundance, insecticides, minute pirate bug RESUMEN Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) invadió el sur de Florida en 1990 y causó daño económico significativo al desfoliar varios cultivos de hortalizas. Esta especie ocurre con frecuencia en la superficie abaxial de las hojas de las plantas hospederas, donde deposita los huevos individualmente dentro de los tejidos de las hojas. Se registró la mayor abundancia de T. palmi sobre la habichuela (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae) y la berenjena (Solanum melongena L., Solanaceae) entre 1991-1994 en las parcelas de investigación y campos comer- ciales del Centro de Investigación Tropical y Educación en el Condado de Miami-Dade en la Florida. La densidad de T. palmi disminuyó significativamente comenzando en 1996 por el uso de spinosad y otros insecticidas eficaces. La poblacion deThrips palmi incrementó a partir de 2008 a pesar de la utilización de spinosad y causó pérdidas de cultivos económica- mente importantes. La población de Orius insidiosus fue baja en los campos de investigación y de campos comerciales, debido al programa intensivo de manejo con sustancias químicas, donde se utilizó insecticidas de diferentes clases de químicas solos (en los campos de inves- tigación) o en combinación (en los cultivos comerciales) para el control de T. palmi y otros insectos plagas. Ninguno de los insecticidas aplicados solos o en combinación proporcionó un control satisfactorio de T. palmi en las etapas tempranas de invasión. Entre los varios in- secticidas probados el spinosad proporciona un control significativo deT. palmi en el campo comercial hasta el 2008, pero después su eficacia se disminuyó debido a su uso frecuente en el manejo de varias plagas. Palabras Clave: Thrips palmi, abundancia de la población, insecticidas, Orius insidiosus 790 Florida Entomologist 96(3) September 2013 Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Fig. 1). Its distribution was limited to Southeast is a polyphagous pest of much economic impor- Asia until the mid 1970s (Capinera 2008) when tance (Kirk 1997). It has a wide host range that a serious outbreak occurred in southern Japan includes at least 50 different plant species (Wang (Sakimura et al. 1986). Subsequently, it became & Chu 1986). Damage caused by T. palmi is pri- established in most of the Asian countries; Ban- marily due to feeding by adults and immatures gladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Hong Kong, on leaves and fruits of its host crop. Feeding may India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, result in damaged terminals of the host, bronzing Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and of leaves, which at the time of severe infestation Thailand. Currently, T. palmi has a wide distri- may completely dry and die off, as well as produc- bution around the globe and it occurs in almost tion of scarred and deformed fruits. T. palmi may all the habitable landmarks of the world: Austra- also cause host damage by transmitting at least lia, Guam, New Caledonia, Samoa, Wallis and 6 of the known tospoviruses (Nagata et al. 2002). Futuna (Oceania); Netherland (Europe); Mau- Worldwide serious infestation of T. palmi has ritius, Nigeria, Reunion, and Sudan (Africa); been detected on plants from family Solanaceae Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela (South America); (eggplants, pepper, and potato), Cucurbitaceae Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Do- (cucumber, watermelon, cantaloupe, and squash), minican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, and Leguminosae (kidney bean, snap bean, broad Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Kits and bean, cowpea, soybean, and whiteclover) (Naka- Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago (Central America and hara 1984; Talekar 1991). In family Solanaceae, Caribbean); Hawaii and Florida (North America) tomato is reported as a host of T. palmi only in the (CABI 1998). Within the continental United Caribbean (Capinera 2000) as the breeding popu- States, the field population ofT. palmi is limited lation of T. palmi on tomato has not been reported to the south of Orlando (Capinera 2000). elsewhere. Additional hosts include onion, cotton, The wide host range of T. palmi provides avocado, citrus, peach, plum, muskmelon, hairy abundant resources for it to dwell and survive gourd, carnation and chrysanthemum (Gutierrez throughout the year. Thrips palmi generally ap- 1981: Riddle-Swan 1988; Ruhendi & Listinger pears with the onset of cropping season on the 1979; Wangboonkong 1981; Yoshihara 1982). In newly emerged leaves of its host plant and inhab- south Florida, T. palmi has been reported as an its the field until the maturation of the host crop devastating pest of bean, squash, cucumber, egg- (Capinera 2000). In South Florida irrespective of plant, pepper, potato and okra (Seal & Baranows- the host, populations of T. palmi are reported to ki 1992). be abundant from Jan to Mar and decrease after Thrips palmi is native to Southeast Asia, spe- the month of May which could be because of the cifically Sumatra and Java (Indonesia) where it rainy season in this region that extends from mid- was reported by Karny (1925) as a pest of tobacco May to mid-Sep. Information on temporal vari- Fig. 1. Global distribution of melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny. = Present, no further details; O =Widespread; = Localized; = Occasional or few reports. Seal et al: Population abundance of Thrips palmi 791 ability in the T. palmi population is imperative for collected from commercial fields at the same time early planning and time management in order to as our experimental data, from farms located in avoid substantial monetary loss due to the pest the Homestead area (within 2 miles [3.2 km] di- damage. am of TREC). Commercial fields were managed Use of chemical insecticides is considered as by growers using standard cultural practices. In- a primary mode of management for this pest, secticide programs for managing T. palmi were however, frequent application of the foliar insec- variable using 2 to 3 insecticides in a tank mix ticides have resulted in reduced susceptibility of which consisted inter alia of methomyl, azinphos- T. palmi to a broad spectrum of insecticides over methyl, oxamyl, endosulfan and pyrethroids. Spi- time. Pyrethroids, inorganic and chlorinated hy- nosad was added to the management program drocarbons are ineffective in managing T. palmi, after 1996. and chemical groups such as organophosphates The experimental fields for both the crops and carbamates have only limited effect on this in TREC and growers fields were divided into 4 pest (Seal & Baranowski 1992). Widely used in- equal blocks for the ease of sampling. Sampling secticides such as Azinphos-methyl, Methomyl was initiated 3 wk post planting and 4 samples and Oxamyl also do not provide control of T. pal- of 10 full grown young bean leaves or 5 eggplant mi and are known to achieve only 45-60% reduc- leaves (one leaf/plant) were collected from each tion of this pest. However, fermentation products block. All leaf samples belonging to each plot such as abamectin (Seal & Baranowski 1992; Seal were placed in a separate ziplock® bag marked 1997) and spinosyn (Seal & Sabines 2012) have with the date of collection and plot. Samples were been quite effective in managing T. palmi in com- transported to the laboratory and processed as de- parison to other classes of insecticides. Although scribed by Kakkar et al. (2012). The total number T. palmi is not a recent invasive pest in south of T. palmi adults and larvae in each sample were Florida, there is not much information on effec- recorded using a binocular microscope (10X). The tive control strategies for this pest. In the present mean number of thrips from the samples collected study we have summarized the population trend in a season are presented in the figures. of T. palmi on beans and eggplants in Homestead, Florida during the first 16 years of its introduc- tion.
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