DOCSLIB.ORG

Problems of Relative Growth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Problems of Relative Growth ^^—^^—^^^—^m^^—ii in lining—M^^^^M^^M^—^I^M JfniiHHIlillllllllilllilllliilliiiiillililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniikiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiininiiiiiHHiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiHiiiiiii! PROBLEMS OF RELATIVE GROWTH HETEROCIfELY AND REGENERATION IN THE COMMON LOBSTER i. Marine Lobster, Homarus (Gammarus) vulgaris, Normal Left-handed Specimen. 2. The Same Regenerating the Left 'Crusher' Claw after Autotomy. 3. Shed Skin of the Same at the Next Moult. 4. The Same after this Moult, showing Direct Regeneration of Left Crusher. Note the slenderer propus and absolutely longer dactylus in the smaller (' nipper ') claw. PROBLEMS OF RELATIVE GROWTH BY JULIAN S. HUXLEY, M.A. Honorary Lecturer in Experimental Zoology, King's College, London WITH IO5 ILLUSTRATIONS LINCOLN MAC VEAGH THE DIAL PRESS NEW YORK • MCMXXXII PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN TO D'ARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON — ' The morphologist, when comparing one organism with another, describes the differences between them point by point, and " character " by " character." If he is from time to time constrained to admit the existence of " correlation " between characters (as a hundred years ago Cuvier first showed the way), yet all the while he recognizes this fact of correlation somewhat vaguely, as a phenomenon due to causes which, except in rare instances, he cannot hope to trace ; and he falls readily into the habit of thinking and talking of evolution as though it had proceeded on the lines of his own descriptions, point by point, and character by character. But if, on the other hand, diverse and dissimilar fishes can be referred as a whole to identical functions of very different co-ordinate systems, this fact will of itself constitute a proof that a com- prehensive " law of growth " has pervaded the whole structure in its integrity, and that some more or less simple and recog- nizable system of forces has been at work.' D'Arcy Thompson (Growth and Form, p. 727). vn , PREFACE this book I have attempted to give some account of INthe chief results emerging from a study of the relative growth of parts in animals which I have undertaken during the last ten years. I have tried to correlate my own findings and conclusions with those of other workers in the same and related fields, but am well aware of the many gaps that remain. However, it has not been my main intention to produce an exhaustive survey of the subject, but rather to set forth certain new facts and ideas and some of their chief implications. There are, I think, four chief points in the book which are more or less new. One is the quantitative formulation of heterogonic growth (Chapters I and II) ; a second is the dis- covery of the widespread existence of growth-gradients, and their quantitative analysis (Chapters III and IV) ; a third is the recognition that growth of logarithmic spiral type as seen in Molluscan shells, etc., operates with the same growth- mechanisms (growth-centres and growth-gradients) as does growth of ordinary type as seen in a Crustacean antenna or a sheep's leg (Chapter V) ; and the fourth is the application of these results to certain evolutionary problems, as set forth in the final chapter. I owe a great deal to previous work in this field : first and foremost to D'Arcy Thompson's Growth and Form, but also to the books and papers of Champy, Teissier, Schmalhausen and others too numerous to mention. I have to thank Professor L. T. Hogben and Dr. R. A. Fisher, F.R.S., for reading the book in typescript and making various useful suggestions ; and I owe a great deal to Pro- fessor H. Levy for helping me with some of the mathematical problems involved. My thanks are also due to Dr. C. F. A. Pantin and Professor Selig Hecht, whose discussions with me of various problems raised in this book have helped greatly in clarifying my ideas. And especially I would like to thank my pupils and co-workers, Mr. E. B. Ford, Mr. F. N. Rat- cliffe, Miss M. Shaw (Mrs. White), Miss M. A. Tazelaar, Mr. ix x PROBLEMS OF RELATIVE GROWTH S. F. Bush, Professor F. W. Kunkel, Mr. J. A. Robertson, Miss I. Dean, Mr. A. S. Edwards and Mr. F. S. Callow, without whose collaboration I should never have been able to collect and analyse the data on which this treatment of the subject is founded. Finally, I must not forget my secretary, Miss P. Coombs, whose aid has been invaluable in preparing the book for the press. Many of the figures have been drawn for this book. As regards the others, I would like to express my thanks for the willingness of the authors and publishers concerned for allow- ing me to reproduce them. Acknowledgements have been made in the list of illustrations : the citations there made refer to the literature list for fuller details. JULIAN S. HUXLEY King's College, London December, 1931 ERRATUM Page Fig. " 84, 46, legend. For dactylus ; ischium " " read dactylus ; carpus ; ischium "—problems of relative growth. CONTENTS PAGE Preface ......... ix List of Illustrations. ...... xiv CHAPTER I CONSTANT DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH-RATIOS § i. Introductory ........ i § 2. Constant Differential Growth-Ratios ... 4 § 3. Examples of Constant Differential Growth-Ratios. 13 § 4. Inconstancy of Form and Constancy of Form-change 38 CHAPTER II THE COEFFICIENT OF CONSTANT GROWTH- PARTITION ; AND SOME SPECIAL CASES § 1. The Heterogony of Deer Antlers .... 42 § 2. The Coefficient of Constant Growth-partition . 49 § 3. Heterogony in Holometabolous Insects 55 § 4. Heterogony and Polymorphism in Neuter Social Insects ......... 61 § 5. Heterogony, Moulting, and Dimorphism ... 68 CHAPTER III GROWTH-CENTRES AND GROWTH-GRADIENTS §1 Growth-gradients within Single Organs ... 79 §2 Steepness of Growth-gradient within an Organ and Growth-intensity of the Organ as a whole . 83 §3 Reversal of the Sign of the Growth-gradient in Negative Heterogony ...... 87 §4 The Form of Growth-gradients. .90 §5 Growth-gradients in Regions of the Body . 92 §6 Graded Growth-intensity in the Different Planes of Space ......... 95 §7 Gradients in Growth-rate of Epidermal Structures 100 §8 Conclusion ......... 102 xi xii PROBLEMS OF RELATIVE GROWTH PAGE CHAPTER IV GROWTH-GRADIENTS AND THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF GROWTH-POTENTIAL IN THE ANIMAL BODY § i. General Growth-gradients : D'Arcy Thompson's Graphic Method . .104 §2. General Growth-gradients: Quantitative Analysis iio § 3. The Two Phases of Growth . .118 § 4. Growth-changes Correlated with High Local Growth- intensity ........ 120 § 5. Some Cases of Teratological and Abnormal Growth 128 § 6. The Law of Antero-posterior Development and its Effect upon Growth ...... 132 § 7. The Mathematical Formulation of Relative Growth in Embryonic Life ....... 139 § 8. Conclusion ......... 147 CHAPTER V GROWTH-CENTRES AND GROWTH-GRADIENTS IN ACCRETIONARY GROWTH § 1. The Accretionary Method of Growth . 149 § 2. Logarithmic Spirals as the Result of Growth- gradients . .151 § 3. Growth-gradients and the Shells of Molluscs . 154 4. Conclusion 163 § ......... CHAPTER VI HETEROGONY, GROWTH-GRADIENTS AND PHYSIOLOGY § 1. Normal Proportions as Result of a Partition-equili- brium ......... 165 § 2. The Initial Determination and Physiological Basis of Growth-gradients . .167 § 3. Other Gradient Theories . .170 § 4. Heterogony and Hormones . .176 § 5. Heterochely and Relative Growth-rates. 1S9 § 6. Specific Growth-intensities and their Interaction . 191 CONTENTS Xlll page § 7. The Influence of External Conditions 197 § 8. Rhythmical Irregularities of Growth-ratio 203 CHAPTER VII BEARINGS OF THE STUDY OF RELATIVE GROWTH ON OTHER BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY § 1. Heterogony and Taxonomy : Sub-species and Taxo- nomic Forms ........ 204 §2. Heterogony in Groups Higher than the Species . 212 §3- Heterogony and Evolution . .216 §4- Heterogony and Comparative Physiology . 224 §5- Relative Growth and Genetics . .229 §6. Relative Growth, Embryology, and Recapitulation 234 §7- General Approach to the Problem of Qualitative Form-change ........ 240 §8. Conclusion ......... 243 Bibliography ........ 245 Addenda . ... 257 Index of Authors ....... 267 Subject Index ........ 270 Index of Organisms ....... 274 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. PAGE Heterochely AND REGENERATION IN THE LOBSTER Frontispiece (From Przibram, 1931) i. Diagram illustrating some quantitative aspects of heterogony ........ 5 2. Changes in absolute and percentage weight of the large claw during growth in fiddler-crabs . 9 3. heterogony of the large claw in 4oi male fiddler- CRABS ......... IO (From Huxley, 1927k) ' 4. HETEROGONY OF STEM-WEIGHT AGAINST ROOT-WEIGHT IN VARIOUS PLANTS . .13 (From Pearsall, 1927) 5. HETEROGONY OF PETIOLE LENGTH AGAINST LAMINA DIA- METER in Nasturtium leaves . -14 (From Pearsall, 1927) 6. Changes in relative abdomen-breadth during the growth of the shore-crab . .15 7. heterogony of abdomen-breadth in 625 shore-crabs io (After Huxley and Richards, 1931) 8. HETEROGONY OF THE CHELA IN THE PRAWN PALAEMON MAL- COMSONI . 17 g. heterogony of face relative to cranium in sheep- dogs and baboons . 18 10. Baboon skulls of various ages to show change in pro- portions ......... 19 (From Zuckerman, 1926) 11. HETEROGONY OF TAIL-LENGTH IN THE MOUSE PHENACOMYS 22 12. HETEROGONIC RELATION OF DORSAL AND VENTRAL EYE- LOBES IN THE BAR-EYED MUTANTS OF DROSOPHILA . 22 (Modified from Hersh, 1928) 13. HETEROGONY OF INTER-OCULAR DISTANCE IN CRABS . 23 (After Teissier, 1931) 14. Change of proportions in shore-crab ... 24 (From unpublished drawings kindly supplied by Dr. G. Teissier) 15. HETEROGONY OF THORACIC GANGLION IN CRABS . 25 (After Teissier, 1931) 16. HETEROGONY OF WATER-CONTENT IN TENEBRIO LARVAE 26 (After Teissier, 1931) 17. HETEROGONY OF NITROGEN-CONTENT IN TENEBRIO LARVAE 26 (After Teissier, 1931) 18. HETEROGONY OF PHOSPHORUS-CONTENT IN TENEBRIO LARVAE ......... 28 (After Teissier, 1931) xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv FIG. PAGE ig. Heterogonic relation of heat of combustion to body- weight in Tenebrio larvae ..... 28 (After Teissier, 1931) 20. Heterogony of water-content in wax-moth larvae (Galleria) . -3i (After Teissier, 1931) 21. Heterogony of male and female chelae in two species of prawns (palaemon) ...... 33 (A, from Tazelaar, 1931) 22.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A New Brontothere from the Eocene of South China
    A new brontothere from the Eocene of South China ALEXANDER AVERIANOV, IGOR DANILOV, WEN CHEN, and JIANHUA JIN Averianov, A., Danilov, I., Chen, W., and Jin, J. 2018. A new brontothere from the Eocene of South China. Acta Palae- ontologica Polonica 63 (X): xxx–xxx. The upper Eocene Youganwo Formation in Maoming Province, Guangdong Province, China, produced abundant re- mains of turtles and crocodiles, but mammalian remains are rare. The previously found mammals from Youganwo Formation include a nimravid carnivore and an amynodontid perissodactyl. Here we report on a new brontotheriid perissodactyl from the Youganwo Formation. Maobrontops paganus gen. et sp. nov. is described based on a maxillary fragment with P4 and M1–2 (SYSU-M-4). Maobrontops paganus gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by the combination of a simple P4 without a hypocone with derived molars having large molar fossae and large anterolingual cingular cusp. A parsimony implied weighting character analysis places Maobrontops gen. nov. in the clade Embolotheriita as a sister taxon to the terminal subclade containing Nasamplus, Protembolotherium, and Embolotherium. Maobrontops paganus gen. et sp. nov. is one of the largest Asian brontotheres. The brontotheriid fauna of South China is endemic and includes at least three valid taxa: Dianotitan from Brontotheriita and Pygmaetitan and Maobrontops gen. nov. from Embolotheriita. Key words: Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Brontotheriidae, Eocene, China. Alexander Averianov [[email protected]], State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, St Petersburg 199034, Russia; and Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str.
    [Show full text]
  • The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume
    T. Lehmann & S.F.K. Schaal (eds) The World at the Time of Messel - Conference Volume Time at the The World The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 2011 Frankfurt am Main, 15th - 19th November 2011 ISBN 978-3-929907-86-5 Conference Volume SENCKENBERG Gesellschaft für Naturforschung THOMAS LEHMANN & STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL (eds) The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference Frankfurt am Main, 15th – 19th November 2011 Conference Volume Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung IMPRINT The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Conference Volume Publisher PROF. DR. DR. H.C. VOLKER MOSBRUGGER Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Editors DR. THOMAS LEHMANN & DR. STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Language editors JOSEPH E.B. HOGAN & DR. KRISTER T. SMITH Layout JULIANE EBERHARDT & ANIKA VOGEL Cover Illustration EVELINE JUNQUEIRA Print Rhein-Main-Geschäftsdrucke, Hofheim-Wallau, Germany Citation LEHMANN, T. & SCHAAL, S.F.K. (eds) (2011). The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates. 22nd International Senckenberg Conference. 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main. Conference Volume. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main. pp. 203.
    [Show full text]
  • SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References
    Samuels et al. Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References Supplementary Table S1: Mammals$ Higher taxa Genus sp. Estimated. age of Patellar Comments# (partial) specimen, location state 0/1/2 (absent/ ‘patelloid’/ present) Sinoconodonta Sinoconodon Jurassic 0 Patellar groove absent, suggests no rigneyi (Kielan- patella Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo, Sinoconodon is included on our 2004) phylogeny within tritylodontids. Morganucodonta Megazostrodon Late Triassic, southern 0 rudnerae (Jenkins Africa & Parrington, 1976) Morganucodonta Eozostrodon sp. Late Triassic, Wales 0 Asymmetric patellar groove, (Jenkins et al., specimens disarticulated so it is hard 1976) to assess the patella but appears absent Docodonta Castorocauda 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 Semi-aquatic adaptations lutrasimilis (Ji, China Luo, Yuan et al., 2006) Docodonta Agilodocodon 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 scansorius China (Meng, Ji, Zhang et al., 2015) Docodonta Docofossor 160 Mya 0 brachydactylus (Luo, Meng, Ji et al., 2015) Docodonta Haldanodon 150-155 Mya, Late 0 Shallow patellar groove exspectatus Jurassic, Portugal (Martin, 2005b) Australosphenida Asfaltomylos Mid-Jurassic, South ? Postcranial material absent patagonicus America (Martin, 2005a) Australosphenida Ornithorhynchus Extant 2 Platypus, genome sequenced Monotremata anatinus (Warren, Hillier, Marshall Graves et (Herzmark, 1938; al., 2008) Rowe, 1988) Samuels et al. Australosphenida Tachyglossus + Extant 2 Echidnas Monotremata Zaglossus spp. (Herzmark, 1938; Rowe, 1988) Mammaliaformes Fruitafossor 150 Mya, Late Jurassic, 0 Phylogenetic status uncertain indet. windscheffeli (Luo Colorado & Wible, 2005) Mammaliaformes Volaticotherium Late Jurassic/Early ? Hindlimb material incomplete indet. antiquus (Meng, Cretaceous Hu, Wang et al., 2006) Eutriconodonta Jeholodens 120-125 Mya, Early 0 Poorly developed patellar groove jenkinsi (Ji, Luo Cretaceous, China & Ji, 1999) Eutriconodonta Gobiconodon spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae): Larval Descriptions, Biological Notes and Phylogenetic Placement
    Eur. J. Entomol. 106: 95–106, 2009 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1431 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Afromontane Coelocorynus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae): Larval descriptions, biological notes and phylogenetic placement PETR ŠÍPEK1, BRUCE D. GILL2 and VASILY V. GREBENNIKOV 2 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viniþná 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] 2Entomology Research Laboratory, Ottawa Plant and Seed Laboratories, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Key words. Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Cetoniinae, Valgini, Trichiini, Cryptodontina, Coelocorynus, larvae, morphology, phylogeny, Africa, Cameroon, Mt. Oku Abstract. This paper reports the collecting of adult beetles and third-instar larvae of Coelocorynus desfontainei Antoine, 1999 in Cameroon and provides new data on the biology of this high-altitude Afromontane genus. It also presents the first diagnosis of this genus based on larval characters and examination of its systematic position in a phylogenetic context using 78 parsimony informa- tive larval and adult characters. Based on the results of our analysis we (1) support the hypothesis that the tribe Trichiini is paraphy- letic with respect to both Valgini and the rest of the Cetoniinae, and (2) propose that the Trichiini subtribe Cryptodontina, represented by Coelocorynus, is a sister group of the Valgini: Valgina, represented by Valgus. The larvae-only analyses were about twofold better than the adults-only analyses in providing a phylogenetic resolution consistent with the larvae + adults analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Online Publication
    ChinaXiv合作期刊 古 脊 椎 动 物 学 报 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA A new species of Brontotheriidae from the Middle Eocene of Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China Li Shuo1,2 (1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 [email protected]) (2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049) Abstract A new species of large Irdinmanhan brontothere, Epimanteoceras mae sp. nov., is described based on an incomplete skull which was collected from the Üqbulak Formation of Sangequan site, Junggar Basin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The new specimen can Advancedbe assigned to the genus Epimanteocerasonline by the large superorbital publication processes, the broad frontal bone, the shallow central fossae on the molars, and the absence of the anterolingual cingular cusp on molars and the hypocone on M3. E. mae is characterized by the slightly laterally bowed zygomatic arches, the medially arched parasagittal ridges, the posteromedially angled external auditory pseudomeatus, and the prominent occipital pillar processes. E. mae and E. formosus are closely related. It is uncertain whether E. mae or E. formosus forms the sister group to Brontotheriina, but both of them are the basal group of the latter in the phylogenetic analysis. They are both closed to the Irdinmanhan brontothere Protitan grangeri from Nei Mongol but much primitive than Aktautitan hippopotamopus from Kazakhstan. The discovery of E. mae in Sangequan indicates that the age of Üqbulak Formation is Middle Eocene, and earlier than that of Kyzylbulak Formation bearing A. hippopotamopus in Kazakhstan. Moreover, the discovery of E.
    [Show full text]
  • New Specimens of the Multituberculate Mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for Phylogeny and Biology of Taeniolabidoids
    New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids FANG-YUAN MAO, YUAN-QING WANG, and JIN MENG Mao, F.-Y., Wang, Y.-Q., and Meng, J. 2016. New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (2): 429–454. Multituberculates are the most diverse and best known group of Mesozoic mammals; they also persisted into the Paleogene and became extinct in the Eocene, possibly outcompeted by rodents that have similar morphological and pre- sumably ecological adaptations. Among the Paleogene multituberculates, those that have the largest body sizes belong to taeniolabidoids, which contain several derived species from North America and Asia and some species with uncertain taxonomic positions. Of the known taeniolabidoids, the poorest known taxon is Sphenopsalis nobilis from Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China, represented previously by a few isolated teeth. Its relationship with other multituberculates thus has remained unclear. Here we report new specimens of Sphenopsalis nobilis collected from the upper Paleocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, during a multi-year field effort beginning in 2000. These new specimens document substantial parts of the dental, partial cranial and postcranial morphologies of Sphenopsalis, including the upper and lower incisors, partial premolars, complete upper and lower molars, a partial rostrum, fragments of the skull roof, middle ear cavity, a partial scapula, and partial limb bones. With the new specimens we are able to present a detailed description of Sphenopsalis, comparisons among relevant taeniolabidoids, and brief phylogenetic analyses based on a dataset consisting of 43 taxa and 102 characters.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Cenozoic Mammal Baramins
    The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Volume 8 Print Reference: Pages 217-221 Article 43 2018 A Survey of Cenozoic Mammal Baramins C Thompson Core Academy of Science Todd Charles Wood Core Academy of Science Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Browse the contents of this volume of The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism. Recommended Citation Thompson, C., and T.C. Wood. 2018. A survey of Cenozic mammal baramins. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism, ed. J.H. Whitmore, pp. 217–221. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Thompson, C., and T.C. Wood. 2018. A survey of Cenozoic mammal baramins. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism, ed. J.H. Whitmore, pp. 217–221, A1-A83 (appendix). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. A SURVEY OF CENOZOIC MAMMAL BARAMINS C. Thompson, Core Academy of Science, P.O. Box 1076, Dayton, TN 37321, [email protected] Todd Charles Wood, Core Academy of Science, P.O. Box 1076, Dayton, TN 37321, [email protected] ABSTRACT To expand the sample of statistical baraminology studies, we identified 80 datasets sampled from 29 mammalian orders, from which we performed 82 separate analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Furry Folk: Synapsids and Mammals
    FURRY FOLK: SYNAPSIDS AND MAMMALS Of all the great transitions between major structural grades within vertebrates, the transition from basal amniotes to basal mammals is represented by the most complete and continuous fossil record, extending from the Middle Pennsylvanian to the Late Triassic and spanning some 75 to 100 million years. —James Hopson, “Synapsid evolution and the radiation of non-eutherian mammals,” 1994 At the very beginning of their history, amniotes split into two lineages, the synapsids and the reptiles. Traditionally, the earliest synapsids have been called the “mammal-like reptiles,” but this is a misnomer. The earliest synapsids had nothing to do with reptiles as the term is normally used (referring to the living reptiles and their extinct relatives). Early synapsids are “reptilian” only in the sense that they initially retained a lot of primitive amniote characters. Part of the reason for the persistence of this archaic usage is the precladistic view that the synapsids are descended from “anapsid” reptiles, so they are also reptiles. In fact, a lot of the “anapsids” of the Carboniferous, such as Hylonomus, which once had been postulated as ancestral to synapsids, are actually derived members of the diapsids (Gauthier, 1994). Furthermore, the earliest reptiles (Westlothiana from the Early Carboniferous) and the earliest synapsids (Protoclepsydrops from the Early Carboniferous and Archaeothyris from the Middle Carboniferous) are equally ancient, showing that their lineages diverged at the beginning of the Carboniferous, rather than synapsids evolving from the “anapsids.” For all these reasons, it is no longer appropriate to use the term “mammal-like reptiles.” If one must use a nontaxonomic term, “protomammals” is a alternative with no misleading phylogenetic implications.
    [Show full text]
  • By We Mu S T Ever D R a W a Ve R Y S H a R P D I S T I N C T I O N B E T We
    E ig h t e e n P r in c ip l e s o f A d a p t a t io n in A lloiometrons a n d A r is t o g e n e s .1) By H enry Fairfield O sborn t Honorary Curator in Chief of Vertebrate Palaeontology, The American Museum of Natural History (New York). With 12 figures. (Eingelangt am 8. April 1935.) We must ever draw a very sharp distinction between the CAUSES of the origins and adap­ tations of biocharacters which may remain partly or wholly mysterious, and the MODES of adaptation which the various branches of zoo­ logy and palaeontology are now revealing with surprising fullness. It is a great pleasure to contribute to the Festschrift of a palae­ ontologist who, through his scientific and popular writings during the past two decades has surpassed all others in setting forth in twelve popular volumes of synthetic description the remarkable discoveries in vertebrate palaeontology of the last half century. In Othenio Abel’s voluminous and graphic style the life of all periods of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is philosophically described. In sym­ pathy with the new subdivision of the biological sciences which he terms Palaeobiologie, may I, in the present contribution, supplement his effort to conjoin the spirit of the science of the past (Palae­ ontology) and the spirit of the science of the present (Zoology) A) This ist the fourteenth contribution by the author on the “Origin of Species“ and the principles of biomechanical evolution as demonstrated in palaeontology, the series beginning in the year 1925.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Paleogene of Mongolia
    HYRACODONTIDS AND RHINOCEROTIDS (MAMMALIA, PERISSODACTYLA, RHINOCEROTOIDEA) FROM THE PALEOGENE OF MONGOLIA by Demberelyin DASHZEVEG· CONTENTS Page Abstract, Resulue ............. , .......... ,................................................ 2 Introduction ......................... , ................................. "., ............. 3 The key localities of the Paleogene of Mongolia and adjacent territories of Northern China with fossil hyracodontids and rhinocerotids .......................... , . 5 Mongolia ........................................................................... 5 Eastern Gobi Desert ........................................ ,...................... 5 The Valley of Lakes ............................................................... 9 Northern China: Inner Mongolia .............. , ........................ , .... , ......... '. 11 The Basin of Irell Dabasu .......... , .......... , .................................. " 11 Tbe Valley of tbe Shara MUfun River ................................................. 13 The EoceneJOligocene Boundary in Mongolia and Northern China ................................. 14 Mongolia: Eastern Gobi Desert . .. .. .. .. .. 16 Northern China: Inner Mongolia ......................................................... 17 Eocene and Oligocene correlation in the Eastern Gobi Desert (Mongolia) and North China .............. 18 Systenlatics .......................... , ........ , ...................................... " 22 Family Hyracodolltidae ............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Status of Metarhinus Pater (Brontotheriidae: Perissodactyla) from Southern California and Species Variation in Meta
    Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ISSN: 0272-4634 (Print) 1937-2809 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujvp20 Phylogenetic status of Metarhinus pater (Brontotheriidae: Perissodactyla) from Southern California and species variation in Metarhinus from the middle Eocene of North America Matthew C. Mihlbachler & Thomas A. Deméré To cite this article: Matthew C. Mihlbachler & Thomas A. Deméré (2010) Phylogenetic status of Metarhinus pater (Brontotheriidae: Perissodactyla) from Southern California and species variation in Metarhinus from the middle Eocene of North America, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30:4, 1229-1244, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2010.483568 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2010.483568 View supplementary material Published online: 13 Jul 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 61 View related articles Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ujvp20 Download by: [SDSU San Diego State University] Date: 20 April 2017, At: 13:09 Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(4):1229–1244, July 2010 © 2010 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology ARTICLE PHYLOGENETIC STATUS OF METARHINUS PATER (BRONTOTHERIIDAE: PERISSODACTYLA) FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND SPECIES VARIATION IN METARHINUS FROM THE MIDDLE EOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA MATTHEW C. MIHLBACHLER*,1,2 and THOMAS A. DEMER´ E´ 3 1Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568, U.S.A., [email protected]; 2Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 11024, U.S.A.; 3Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California 92112, U.S.A.; [email protected] ABSTRACT—In addition to its abundance in the middle Eocene of the Western Interior of North America, fossils of the brontothere Metarhinus are known from similar aged deposits in Southern California.
    [Show full text]
  • App.00431.2017 190 ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA POLONICA 63 (1), 2018
    A new brontothere from the Eocene of South China ALEXANDER AVERIANOV, IGOR DANILOV, WEN CHEN, and JIANHUA JIN Averianov, A., Danilov, I., Chen, W., and Jin, J. 2018. A new brontothere from the Eocene of South China. Acta Palae- ontologica Polonica 63 (1): 189–196. The upper Eocene Youganwo Formation in Maoming Province, Guangdong Province, China, produced abundant re- mains of turtles and crocodiles, but mammalian remains are rare. The previously found mammals from Youganwo Formation include a nimravid carnivore and an amynodontid perissodactyl. Here we report on a new brontotheriid perissodactyl from the Youganwo Formation. Maobrontops paganus gen. et sp. nov. is described based on a maxillary fragment with P4 and M1–2 (SYSU-M-4). Maobrontops paganus gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by the combination of a simple P4 without a hypocone with derived molars having large molar fossae and large anterolingual cingular cusp. A parsimony implied weighting character analysis places Maobrontops gen. nov. in the clade Embolotheriita as a sister taxon to the terminal subclade containing Nasamplus, Protembolotherium, and Embolotherium. Maobrontops paganus gen. et sp. nov. is one of the largest Asian brontotheres. The brontotheriid fauna of South China is endemic and includes at least three valid taxa: Dianotitan from Brontotheriita and Pygmaetitan and Maobrontops gen. nov. from Embolotheriita. Key words: Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Brontotheriidae, Eocene, China. Alexander Averianov [[email protected]], State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, St Petersburg 199034, Russia; and Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str.
    [Show full text]