An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion Michael J

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85369-9 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion Michael J. Murray and Michael C. Rea Index More information

Index

Adams, Robert M., 239, 240–2, 243, 245, Christology 248, 249 three-part, 84 afterlife, see immortality two-part, 83–4 Alston, William, 108, 109 see also Incarnation Anselm, of Canterbury St., 8, 12–13 Commissurotomy, see Trinity, and and perfect-being theology, 8 commissurotomy Ontological Argument, 124–35 compatibilism, 54, 61 Apollinarianism, 81 Constitution Trinitarianism, see Trinity, Aquinas, Thomas St., 30, 61, 100, statue–lump analogy 238, 263 Cosmological Argument, 135–46 Arianism, 81 Kalam version, 143–6 Aristotle, 73 counterfactual, 53 aseity, see self-existence of freedom, 59, 60–1 Assumption, 84 power, 53–4 atemporality, 40; see also eternity see also Molinism; Ockhamism Athanasian Creed, 66 Craig, William Lane, 143, 145 atheism creation, 22–3, 26–33 arguments for, see God, arguments Cryptomnesia, 277 against the existence of evolutionary argument against, see Davis, Stephen, 76 Evolution Dawkins, Richard, 97, 221 Augustine, St., 61, 70 Dembski, William, 215–16 Descartes, Rene´, 17, 125–6, 263 basic belief, 108 Design Arguments, 146–55 Basil, St., 69 argument from analogy, 147–8 Bayle, Pierre, 252 inference to the best explanation Behe, Michael, 216–20 argument, 148–9 Bergmann, Michael, 110 fine-tuning argument, Boethius, 40, 41 150–5 Brower, Jeffrey, 66, 67 determinism, 54 divine command ethics, see ethics; Calvin, John, 61 divine commands Calvinism, see Providence Docetism, 81 Chalcedonian Creed, 80 Draper, Paul, 178–80

287

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85369-9 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion Michael J. Murray and Michael C. Rea Index More information

288 Index

dualism, 263–4, 265–6, 271–4 evolutionary argument against atheism, and St. Thomas Aquinas, 263 see evolution Cartesian dualism, 263 mind–body dualism, 263 faith property dualism, 262 and rationality, 103–11 substance dualism, 263 and properly basic belief, see properly basic belief Ebionism, 81 and religious experience, 110 Edwards, Jonathan, 61, 63 and religious pluralism, see religious Edwards, Paul, 272, 275, 277, 279, 281 pluralism eternalism and underdetermination, 101–3 and divine eternity, 44 characterized, 93, 94–103 defined, 36–7 fatalism versus presentism, 37–9 logical, 51–4 eternity, 40, 41–7 theological, 50–4 and agency, 45, 46 fideism, 93–4 and change, 43 foreknowledge and omniscience, 46–7 and freedom, 35, 49–54, 55–6; see also and perfect-being theology, 42–7 fatalism, theological and personality, 45–6 chessmaster analogy, 55, 57 and presentism versus eternalism simple foreknowledge theory of debate, 44 providence, see Providence ethics see also omniscience divine commands and, 246–9 four dimensionalism, 37 subjectivism and objectivism in, see also eternalism 228–32 freedom theological grounding for, 235–45 and divine foreknowledge, see Euthyphro Dilemma, see ethics, divine foreknowledge commands and and time travel, 52–3 everlastingness, 40 divine, 26–33 evidence, 98–100 see also compatibilism; counterfactual; and underdetermination, determinism; Ockhamism; see Underdetermination hard fact experiential, 99 forensic, 98 Geach, P. T., 72 propositional, 99, 105 God evidentialism, 104–7, 110–11 arguments for the existence of evil Cosmological Argument, 135–46; argument for atheism from, 158–80 see also Cosmological Arguments evolution Design Arguments, 146–55 and evolutionary psychology, 222–5 arguments from morality, 235–45 and intelligent design, 214 ontological argument, 124–35 and religious creation accounts, arguments against the existence of 209–12 the argument from evil, evolutionary argument against atheism, the argument from hiddenness, 180–8 119–22 concept of, 3–12

Index 289

creator, 22–3 Malebranche, Nicholas, 25 goodness of, 19, 26–33; see also Moral Martyr, Justin, 68 Unsurpassability materialism, 262, 264–6 necessity of, 14 Matrix, 79, 99, 267 see also freedom, divine; eternity; Menzel, Christopher, 14 omnipresence; omnipotence; Merricks, Trenton, 70–1, 285 omniscience; self-existence middle knowledge, 59–60 Gould, Stephen Jay, 197–9 see also Molinism Guanilo of Mormoutier, 126–8 miracles, 200–9 modalism, 67 hard fact, 54 Molina, Luis de, 58 Helander, Samuel, 276–7 Molinism, see Providence heresy, 65–6 see also counterfactual Hick, John, 177 Monophysitism, 81 Howard-Snyder, Daniel, 31–3, 76, 77, 79, 177 Monothelitism, 81, 84 Howard-Snyder, Frances, 31–3 moral unsurpassability, 26–33 Hume, David Morris, Thomas V., 9, 14, 70, 87–8 on immortality, 271–2 Moser, Paul, 187–8 on miracles, 200–9 Murphy, Bridey, 275–6

idealism, 263 Nazianzus, Gregory of, 69 immortality Nestorianism, 81 and mind–body dependence, 271–4 Nicene Creed, 258 arguments pro and con, 271–85 Nyssa, Gregory of, 69 theories of, 259–62 see also reincarnation; resurrection occasionalism, 25–6 incarnation, 75 Ockham, William of, 54 heresies, 81 Ockhamism, 54 kenosis, 85–7 omnibenevolence, see God, Lord–Liar–Lunatic argument, 75, 76–80 goodness of; moral philosophical problems, 81–3 unsurpassability two-minds view of, 87–90 omniscience, 47–54 Intelligent Design Theory, 214 definition of, 47–9 see also foreknowledge; Kant, Immanuel, 128–9, 243, 252–3 Providence karma, 244 omnipotence, 15–22 kenosis, see incarnation, kenosis omnipresence, 40, 44 Kent, Clark, see Superman Ontological Argument, 124–35 Kretzmann, Norman, 40, 41 Modal Version, 130–5 open theism, see Providence Latin Trinitarianism, see Trinity, original guilt, 63 Latin theory Orphism, 261 Leibniz, Gottfried, 30, 237 orthodoxy, 65–6 Lewis, C. S., 68, 75 Liar Paradox, 48–9 Pascal, Blaise, 75 Locke, John, 251–2 Perfect-Being Theology, 7–12

290 Index

personal identity, 266–70 evaluated, 114 psychological continuity criterion, see also religious pluralism; religious 268–9 skepticism same body criterion, 269–70 religious pluralism, 111–19 Plantinga, Alvin, 108, 109, 117, 120–2, 164 characterized, 112–13 Plato, 261 see also religious skepticism; religious Pojman, Louis, 95, 97 exclusivism political philosophy and religion religious skepticism, 112 religion in liberal democracy, 254 see also religious pluralism; religious religious toleration, 250–3 exclusivism Polkinghorne, John, 68–9 responsivism, see Providence polytheism, 67, 70 resurrection, 261–2, 264, 280–5 presentism and ‘‘body-snatching,’’ 284–5 and eternity, 44 cannibalism problem, 281–2 and grounding, 38–9 of Jesus, 280 and temporal passage, 38 reassembly view, 281–2 defined, 37 Rowe, William, 31–3, 165, 169 versus eternalism, 37–9 Russell, Bertrand, 123 properly basic belief, 108–9 Providence, 22–6, 54–63 Schellenberg, John L., 181–4 Calvinism, 61–3 self-existence, 12–15 Molinism, 58–61 shade, 261 Openism, 55–7 simple foreknowledge theory, see Open Theism, see Openism Providence Responsivism, 58 social trinitarianism, see Trinity, social Simple Foreknowledge Theory, see analogy Responsivism specious present, 41–2 psychological continuity, see personal Stevenson, Ian, 276–8 identity Stoics, 261 Pythagoras, 261, 274–5 Stump, Eleonore, 40, 41 Pythagoreans, 261 subordinationism, 67 Superman, 67, 72 Rawls, John, 254–6 Swinburne, Richard, 74–5 Rea, Michael, 66, 67, 97 Reid, Thomas, 100 temporal passage reincarnation, 261, 264, 274–9 and eternity, 42 and hypnosis, 275–6, 277 and presentism, 38 and the work of Ian Stevenson, see Tertullian, 93, 278 Stevenson, Ian theodicy, 170–8 objections, 278–9 timelessness, divine, see atemporality population problem, 278–9 Transporter Room, 282–3 relative identity, see relative sameness Trinity, 66 relative sameness, 71–3 and multiple personality disorder, 71 reliabilism, 104, 106–11 and commissurotomy, 70–1 religious exclusivism, 114 arguments for belief in, 73–5 characterized, 114 heresies, 67

Index 291

Latin theory, 70 underdetermination, 101 logical problem of, 66–73 popular analogies, 68–9 van Inwagen, Peter, 57, 72, 283–5 psychological analogy, 70 Voltaire, 281 social analogy, 69–70 statue–lump analogy, 71–3 Weithman, Paul, 256 threeness–oneness problem, see Trinity, Wells, H. G., 36 logical problem of Wright, N. T., 76 Twain, Mark, 96 Wykstra, Stephen, 167 two-minds view, see incarnation, two-minds view of zombie, 261