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Pest Categorisation of Haplaxius Crudus

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Pest Categorisation of Haplaxius Crudus SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 10 July 2020 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6224 Pest categorisation of Haplaxius crudus EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappala, Ewelina Czwienczek, Virag Kertesz, Franz Streissl and Alan MacLeod Abstract The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the planthopper Haplaxius crudus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) for the EU. This species occurs from south-eastern USA to Northern Brazil and on many Caribbean islands. Adults oviposit on grasses, mostly Poaceae and Cyperaceae in the vicinity of palms (Arecaceae). The pest can also be found on plants of the families Arecaceae, Heliconiaceae, Pandanaceae and Verbenaceae. Preimaginal development takes place on the roots of grasses, where nymphs feed. Upon emergence, adults move to palms for feeding and return to grasses for oviposition. H. crudus is regulated in Annex IIA of Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072 as Myndus crudus, a junior synonym. This species is a competent vector of Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae, the causal agent of coconut lethal yellowing, a disease also regulated in Annex IIA of the same regulation. Within this regulation, potential entry pathways for H. crudus, such as Arecaceae and Poaceae plants for planting with foliage and soil/growing medium, and soil/growing media by themselves can be considered as closed. However, plants for planting of the families Cyperaceae, Heliconiaceae, Pandanaceae and Verbenaceae are not specifically regulated. Should H. crudus arrive in the EU, climatic conditions and availability of susceptible hosts in a small area in southern EU (e.g. eastern Cyprus and south-western Spain) may provide conditions for limited establishment, and further spread to neighbouring areas in the Mediterranean basin during summer months. Economic impact is anticipated only if Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae is also introduced into the EU. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry. H. crudus satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. This species does not meet the criteria of being present in the EU and plants for planting being the main pathway for spread for it to be regarded as a potential non-quarantine pest. © 2020 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. Keywords: American palm cixiid, coconut lethal yellowing, phytoplasma, plant health, plant pest, quarantine, vector Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2020-00122 Correspondence: [email protected] www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal EFSA Journal 2020;18(7):6224 Haplaxius crudus: Pest categorisation Panel members: Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent, Jonathan Yuen and Lucia Zappala. Suggested citation: EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques M-A, Jaques Miret JA, Fejer Justesen A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H-H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, ZappalaL, Czwienczek E, Kertesz V, Streissl F and MacLeod A, 2020. Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Haplaxius crudus. EFSA Journal 2020;18(7):6224, 31 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6224 ISSN: 1831-4732 © 2020 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder: Figure 1: © Bugwood.org, Figure 2: © EPPO, Fig. 4+6 © Science Publishers Inc. The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2020;18(7):6224 Haplaxius crudus: Pest categorisation Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................4 1.1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor.................................................. 4 1.1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Terms of reference ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2.1. Terms of Reference: Appendix 1................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2.2. Terms of Reference: Appendix 2................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2.3. Terms of Reference: Appendix 3................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference....................................................................................... 8 2. Data and methodologies .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1. Data........................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Literature search ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2. Database search ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Methodologies............................................................................................................................. 9 3. Pest categorisation ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Identity and biology of the pest.................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1. Identity and taxonomy................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.2. Biology of the pest ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.3. Intraspecific diversity................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.4. Detection and identification of the pest......................................................................................... 12 3.2. Pest distribution .......................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1. Pest distribution outside the EU.................................................................................................... 13 3.2.2. Pest distribution in the EU............................................................................................................ 14 3.3. Regulatory status ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.3.1. Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072 .......................................................................... 14 3.3.2. Legislation addressing the hosts of Haplaxius crudus...................................................................... 15 3.3.3. Legislation addressing the organisms vectored by Haplaxius crudus (Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072) ................................................................................................................ 17 3.4. Entry, establishment and spread in the EU .................................................................................... 17 3.4.1. Host range.................................................................................................................................. 17 3.4.2. Entry .......................................................................................................................................... 17 3.4.3. Establishment ............................................................................................................................. 18 3.4.3.1. EU distribution of main host plants ............................................................................................... 19 3.4.3.2. Climatic conditions affecting establishment...................................................................................
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