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I the Immigrant Saloon in Denver

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I the Immigrant Saloon in Denver _I I I I ( The Immigrant Saloon in Denver l I BY THOMAS J. NOEL* In their struggle to establish roots in a new country, immigrants relied on saloons as both a haven for old world culture and an introduction to their new home. Although the family, the church, and r other institutions also played major roles in the lives of immigrants, r saloons sheltered many of the activities of foreigners. While some citizens of Denver attacked the saloon as a nest of political corruption, l moral debasement, and inferior peoples, many foreign-born newcom­ ers to the Queen City felt differently. They relished their taverns as ethnic clubs and community centers for a wide range of social, I political, and economic activities. ( The Germans in Denver were among the most prominent, prosper­ ous, and populous foreign-born groups with homes and taverns scat­ r tered throughout the city .1 By 1880 over one-third of all Denver saloons were German owned. Inside these Teutonic taverns , customers I could speak and sing German, enjoy German music and dance, read ( German newspapers and magazines, procure strudel and sauerkraut, [ and quaff German beer and wine. Establishments such as the Turn • Hall , Bavarian House, the Kaiserhof, Deutsches House, Germania I Hall , Mozart Hall, Saxonia Hall, Heidelberg Cafe, Walhalla Hall , and the Edelweiss served not only " Dutch (German) lunches" but also the l customs and the culture of the old country. ( The best known of the German taverns was the Turn Hall. Founded in 1865 the Turners remain the oldest continuously operating ethnic l club in Colorado. Initially the Turners met in Adolph Schinner's City Bakery and Saloon, but , over the years, they moved into increasingly larger quarters culminating with the fine , four-story, turreted hall they * Thomas J. Noel wishes to thank the National Science Founda1ion for a research and travel gra nl funding Swiss immigrant Florian Spa/ti's saloon and bakery on the corner of Hand thi s study. Blake streets in Denver was often a gathering place for members of the 1 S1ephen J. Leonard makes this poi nt in the text and the cluster maps of his •·Denver's Foreign-Born local Swiss Society and the Turnverein . Spalti (foreground on corner) used Immigrants. 1859-1900" (Ph .D. diss .. Claremont Gradua1e School. 1971), the mos1 extensive treatment 10 date; see also Leonard, "The Iri sh. English, and Germans in Denver. 1859-1890.'' The Colorado MaKa:ifle his saloon as a stepping stone to success in his rise to the status of "capitalist. " 54 (Spring 1977):126-53. The Immigrant Saloon in Dem·er 203 the Germans ejected the officer and sent a hot letter to city hall: "We want it clearly understood that we want no policeman in our hall in any official capacity. " 5 In deference to the powerful Teutonic com­ munity, Mayor Francis Chase sent an apologetic letter promising to ignore the midnight closing law in the case of the Turners. Germans, including many in the liquor business, quickly became members of the Denver aristocracy. One-time saloon keepers John J. Reithman and his brother-in-law, John Milheim, and the brewers John Good, Philip Zang, and Adolph Coors made enough money to place themselves in the upper circles of the Denver elite. Many solid Germans promoted their countrymen's fortunes in Denver. Frederick Steinhauer, a founder of the Turnverein and member of the territorial legislature, wrote to old country newspapers extolling Colorado as "a better place for a young man to secure his living and independence." ( As a member of the Denver School Board, Steinhauer promoted German language and culture and ordered ninety readers for the ( German school .6 Many Denverites benefited from the German interest in music and the arts. Denver Turners organized the first singing society, the Maennerchor. In 1873 the saloon-keeping Kaltenback family ordered a erected on Arapahoe Street in 1889. 2 Besides a drinking hall, the $10,000 orchestrion from Berlin. When the elaborate organ arrived a Turnverein contained exercise rooms that were equipped with the help year later the Kaltenback's joyously renamed their tavern Orchestrion of donations from various German-owned breweries in Denver. At the Hall. It took one week to assemble and tune the massive, eleven-foot urging of the German community, exercise classes were also inaugu­ high machine and attach all of the reeds, horns, drums, and a rated in the Denver public schools after the Turnverein donated the xylophone. To celebrate the premiere of the instrument, hundreds of salary of the pioneer physical education instructor, Professor Schmitt.3 Denverites and mountain people crowded into the hall. ·'No one,'' an By 1880 the Turnverein, or " the German Temple of Art" as historian observer recalled, "had ever supposed there were so many Germans in William B . Vickers called it, was the most commodious hall in the region and were amazed that the beer held out through the long Denver.4 As such, it not only housed German community affairs but night." As Teutons swilled their brew and sang along, the largest also public concerts, plays, operas, lectures, and political rallies. musical apparatus between the Missouri River towns and California The Turn Hall not only harbored German cultural life, it also hosted ground out "Die Wacht am Rhein," Robert Schumann's services for the dead. Traditionally members planned in advance to "Traumerei," George Schweitzer's "Yodel Hi Lee Hi Loo . ., and treat their funeral party to lunch and beer at the hall. Ludwig van Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata. " 7 An 1874 incident at Turn Hall demonstrated the political clout of Teutons gave Denver not only music and culture but also one of its the Germans, which protected them while some other foreigners first festivals, Bock Beer Day. This traditional German holiday came underwent varying degrees of discrimination. When a Denver police­ in the spring when brewers cleaned out their beer fermenting vats and man attempted to arrest a Turn Hall patron for after hours drinking, made from the residue a syrupy brew called bock beer. Editor William Byers of the Denver Rocky Mountain News reported that all 2 Den\er Tum\erems. Sm11·e111r deJ Dem·er Turn\·ere1ns (Denver: n.p .. 1890). p. 29: Frank S. Woodbur). ~~1msts ' Guule ro Dem·er <Den..,er· Time\ Steam Pnntmg House and Blank Book Manufacturing. 1882). p. !'! Denver Rocky Mountain News. 18. 20 Februa ry 1874. cited in Leonard. "Denver's Foreign -Born Immigrant s. 1859-19CXl." p. 110. 3 Dem·er Rodo._\ Mountain \ ms. 6 Oc.:1ober 1866; ··Tue Denver Turners ... pp 57-64. 82. cited in Jake 6 '' Leners of Frederick Steinhauer.·· lran slated from 1he German b) Karl Steinhauer. The Colorado Ma~a:.int' Schae1zel. Memo n e.{ of Dt·m·er (Denver· priva1el}' pnnted. 1975) 10 (Jul} 1933): 156·58. 4 William B Vickers. Huron of the Cin· of Denver. Arapahoe Counry. and Colorado (Chicago. Ill. : O.L. 7 This account of the orchest rion is drav.n from Sanford A. Linscome. "A Histor:r of Musical Development Baskin & Co. 18801. p NI in Denver. Colorado. 1858-1908'' (D. M.A. diss ., University of Texas. Austin. 1970). pp . 65-66 . The Immigrant Saloon in Denver 205 patnot1sm, German-Americans were fired from their jobs, illegally im prisoned, and physically and verbally abused. Denver public schools outlawed German language classes and restaurants began calling sauerkraut "liberty cabbage" and hamburgers "liberty I steaks. " 10 After the double-barreled blow of prohibition and World r War I, the once ubiquitous German saloon largely vanished from the Denver cityscape. r The Irish, like the Germans, experienced little trouble melting into the mainstream of nineteenth-century Denver. "No Irish Need Apply" signs stayed back on the eastern seaboard for several reasons. The f presence of Indians, Orientals, and Blacks at the bottom of society tended to push the English-speaking, white-skinned Irish up a few notches in western cities. Irishmen were also well received in Denver because those able to travel this far west usually had some money or a guaranteed job with the railroads, smelters, or other employers. By the time they reached Denver the children of Erin typically had lived in Denver Turners "dress right" preceding gymnastics in 1907. other North American cities, as the Irish immigration stream flowed nationalities joined in the beer fest as large wagons from the local through Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Canadian port cities and breweries, decorated with flags and laden with kegs of beer, rumbled then across the country. This previous experience in America meant continuously through the streets to the saloons. Otto Heinrich's saloon that the Irish reaching Denver generally spoke understandable English at Sixteenth and Larimer set the record for Bock Beer Day, 1874, and had acquired job skills. serving some 3 ,000 glasses of beer, 50 loaves of bread, and 125 Many Irishmen came as "terriers," as the Irish railroad crews pounds of meat. 8 called themselves. And, like the railroads, many of these laborers Although Germans enjoyed a happier life in nineteenth-century made Denver their headquarters. Irishmen moved into trackside, Denver than many other groups, the twentieth century changed that. working-class neighborhoods in Auraria, North Denver, and North As the most powerful Denver ethnic group and one whose wealth was l Central Denver. Soon after their arrival, some of these Irishmen heavily invested in the liquor business, Germans came under attack established blue collar bars, strategically located between the jobs and from Prohibitionists. To counter the attacks of the "temperentzlers," I the homes of their countrymen. Passersby reported barroom fights Teutons met at the Turn to organize the Citizens Protective Union, between Irish Catholics and Irish Orangemen.
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